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Due to the inherent uncertainty and intermittence of wind power, and the geographical mismatch between the wind power bases and the load demand, the problem of wind curtailment is becoming increasingly serious in China. To promote the consumption of wind power, this paper studies the short-term operation of a wind farm-pumped storage hydropower plant (WF-PSHP) hybrid system which transmits power to multiple cross-regional power grids through ultra-high-voltage (UHV) transmission lines. In this study, the forecasted error distribution of wind power is fitted using kernel density estimation. An optimization model that considers the peak shaving demands of receiving-end power grids (REPGs) is then established to determine the daily operation of the WF-PSHP system. The hydraulic constraints of the PSHP and individual unit operation constraints are also taken into account to make the model more accurate. To improve the solving efficiency, the original stochastic model is transformed into a deterministic mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem through several deterministic conversion and linearization techniques. The real-world case studies demonstrate that the integrated transmission of the WF and PSHP can reduce the peak-valley difference of the REPGs while absorbing large-scale wind power on different typical days in summer and winter.

This study innovatively combines a set of methods to assess the economic potential of pumped hydro energy storage. It first provides a method based on geographic information systems to study the potential of pumped-hydro for different topologies. Second, using cost estimates for each identified site, cost-potential curves are derived. Finally, these curves are used for planning a fully renewable system to assess their impact on investment recommendations. Applications to Chile, Peru, and Bolivia show the usability of the methods. Over 450 pumped-hydro locations are identified, totaling around 20 TWh (or 1600 GW of installed capacity with 12 h of storage). These numbers exceed by 20-fold the projected daily energy demand of the corresponding countries. When taking into account investment costs, most locations are cheaper than current Li-ion batteries, but only some are expected to remain competitive in the future. When using the resulting cost-potential curves to design a future energy system, the planning tool recommends about 1.6 and 5.0 times more pumped-hydro storage compared to using average values and literature values, respectively. These differences underline the significance of the found cost curves.

Large greenhouse gas reductions are possible with a fully decarbonised grid and electric land transport. Additional electric load could pose a significant challenge to a grid with high levels of variable and non-dispatchable renewable energy sources. This scenario is not well-examined, nor is the use of pumped hydro energy storage for low-cost energy balancing. In this paper, we investigate the electrification of land transport within a photovoltaics and wind dominated 100% renewable electricity system. Only technologies that are deployed at scale and widely available globally are considered, namely photovoltaics, wind, battery electric vehicles, high voltage transmission, and pumped hydro. As a case study we present an hourly energy balance analysis of the Australian National Electricity Market with 100% renewables and 100% uptake of electric vehicles for land transport. The cost of the system is determined by occasional periods (days-weeks) of low renewable generation, and therefore only weakly dependent on the charging regime. The 40% increase in electricity demand due to electric land transport can be incorporated with a 4%–8% increase in the levelized cost of electricity. An exception occurs if most passenger vehicle charging occurs during the evening peak period, in which case the average price increases by about 18%.

In the paper are presented and discussed the results of a more complex research of technology portfolio competitiveness in power systems with high penetration of i-RES. Possible technology portfolios compositions are analyzed. The portfolios comprise very high participation of i-RES, as well as a certain participation of energy storage technologies, but also and other energy technologies like nuclear and fossil fueled power plants. Within the research are developed new competitiveness indicators i.e., dispatchability indicator and the technology portfolio’s assured capacity. The latter is defined on the basis of recently published Ulrich’s and Schiffer’s paper. Obtained results point out that inclusion of pumped-hydro storage plants improves portfolio’s dispatchability. However, within the researched interval up to PHS installed capacities relative to i-RES capacities of 0,3; numerical values of the dispatchability indicators are still below their values for the portfolio without i-RES. Increased participation of nuclear power plants contribute to the improvement of numerical values of the dispatchability indicators. The sensitivity analysis for the case of two times smaller cost of pumped hydro storage capacities is also performed. Hypothetical change of power system’s technology structure in sense of substitution hard coal and lignite fired power plants with wind generators or with nuclear power plants is also analyzed. The analysis points out that the substitution with nuclear power plants enables much better results regarding power system’s ability to change the power on demand than substitution with wind generators, particularly in the countries with high participation of hard coal and/or lignite in electricity generation.

Frequent condition changes of pumped storage hydropower system make it inclined to stuck in extreme energy conversion process, posing great threats to steady operation. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework to specify optimal operation strategy for admirable transient process under extreme conditions. Three principles consist the framework, the refined model of successive load rejection is primarily established, which accedes time-varying and strong nonlinear characteristics and accurately grasps the trait of successive load rejection. Furthermore, an improved genetic algorithm with excellent capabilities of exploration and exploitation is proposed, multiple control schemes are investigated with variations of control parameters. Whereafter, a hierarchical decision-making structure of operation strategy considering qualitative and quantitative indicators is firstly constructed, the intuitionistic fuzzy analytic hierarchy process is innovatively introduced to specify optimal scheme. The originality of the framework lies in comprehensiveness and completeness. Multiple complexities of refined model, multiple schemes of optimization strategy, multiple determinants of decision-making are fully considered. Testifying to real cases, the optimal strategy can effectively improve water pressure indicators of volute and draft tube by at most 64.4 m and 32.52 m. These results highlight the effectiveness and availability of the proposed framework for sustaining safe operation simultaneously reducing investments of pumped storage hydropower systems.

Renewable energy production is one of the most important policy instruments to fight climate change. However, despite global benefits, renewable energy production entails some local challenges, such as requiring more space per unit production capacity. In this paper, we study the external effects of large-scale conventional and renewable electric power generation facilities on local house prices. We combine information of all coal, gas, and biomass plants, as well as all wind turbines in the Netherlands, with 1.5 million housing transactions over a period of 30 years. Using a difference-in-difference as well as a repeated sales model, we study the effects of facility openings and closings. Our results show negative external price effects for gas plants and wind turbines, but positive effects for biomass plants, conditionally upon ex-ante lower priced locations. The external effects of power generating facilities on local housing markets are important to consider, especially with the current focus of public policies on the expansion of renewable energy generation. Our paper is one of the first to present a large-scale study, using detailed information, and comparing several different energy sources in one framework.

Several American states mandate zero-carbon electricity systems based primarily on renewable technologies such as wind and solar power. Reliable and affordable electricity systems based on these va...

In the last few decades, the energy demand is increasing globally which, given the present dependency of the energy generation on fossil fuels, results in a continuous increase in CO2 emissions. In an isolated electric grid system like in the SIDS, the majority of the electricity is produced by fossil fuels, therefore most of the SIDS nations are now focusing on Variable Renewable Energy sources (VREs). VREs such as wind and solar are hardly predictable and bring instabilities in the electric power system if not buffered by a storage system. Here we investigate the possibility of using Seawater Pump Storage Hydropower Systems (S-PSHS) as a renewable energy storage solution in an isolated electric grid. For this, the island of Curacao (one of the SIDS nations) is used as proof of the concept. For detecting potential locations for the S-PSHS sites on the island, GIS application was developed. The application of this conceptual proposed solution in similar systems is straightforward and it can be easily upscaled in other geographies. The concept of using seawater for the pumped hydro project is not common in practice and it is anticipated to have technical, environmental and financial challenges which are discussed in this paper.

Due to their fast response ability and high ramping rates, pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) plants are playing an increasingly critical role in mitigating power generation fluctuations induced by the growing proliferation of renewable energy resources. However, because they are energy-limited resources, actual reserve deployment from PSHs would cause the deviation of state-of-charge (SOC) from the scheduled value, which, once accumulated over time, could induce potential violations of SOC limits and cause non-dispatchability of PSHs. In recognizing this potential issue, it can become important to securing the reserve schedule of PSHs and other energy limited resources preventively in the day-ahead market clearing. To ensure reserve dispatchability of PSHs despite SOC deviations, this paper proposes the reserve secure constraints, which are cast as a distributionally robust chance-constrained formulation by judiciously introducing random parameters to describe deployment ratios of scheduled regulation reserve from PSHs. These constraints are converted into tractable second-order cone constraints, and further approximated as linear constraints to be compatible with the current ISO day-ahead market clearing model. A modified IEEE 118-bus system with multiple PSHs is adopted to verify the proposed approach.

The time-varying mismatch between electricity supply and demand is a growing challenge for the electricity market. This difference will be exacerbated with the fast-growing renewable energy penetration to the grid, due to its inherent volatility. Energy storage systems can offer a solution for this demand-generation imbalance, while generating economic benefits through the arbitrage in terms of electricity prices difference. In the present study, a method to estimate the potential revenues of typical energy storage systems is developed. The revenue is considered as the income from the energy storage plant with various roundtrip efficiencies. Thus, an optimal methodology was developed to determine the largest revenue through the charging and discharging operations based on the price profile. It is then applied to the California market in the United States to investigate the potential economic performance of three primary energy storage technologies: Lithium-Ion Batteries, Compressed Air Energy Storage and Pumped Hydro Storage. In particular, the maximum daily revenue from arbitrage is calculated considering various strategies of charging and discharging times as well as the technology’s roundtrip efficiency. The estimated capacity cost of energy storage for different loan periods is also estimated to determine the breakeven cost of the different energy storage technologies for an arbitrage application scenario. Pumped hydro storage (PHS) is found to be the most cost-effective but is not a good candidate for increased capacity in many countries due to concerns associated with developing new dams. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES), was found to be the second most cost-effective but still requires much more technology development before it is ready for widespread usage. Lithium battery is well-developed but is currently much too costly (by a factor of four) for a large scale energy storage application. The proposed method can be applied as these and other technologies and their associated costs evolve.

Congestion in power flow, voltage fluctuation occurs if electricity production and consumption are not balanced. Application of some electrical energy storage (EES) devices can control this problem. Pumped hydroelectricity storage (PHS), electro-chemical batteries, compressed air energy storage, flywheel, etc. are such EES. Considering the technical maturity level, storage time, capital cost, life cycle, potential etc., in India, PHS is found to be the best possible option with no additional fuel needs. In India, the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has identified 63 sites where 96,524 MW PHS can be installed but at present 9 PHS with a total installed capacity of 4785.6 MW are in operation and 1205 MW is under construction [February 2021, CEA]. Therefore, India has wide scope to enhance its hydropower generation along with PHS. Generally, the lifespan of a PHS project is at least 50 years and these hydro projects help in reducing carbon footprint of Indian power sector as well as conserving scarce fossil fuels. So, in this paper, all the technical views related to PHS are discussed along with total PHS scenario of India as well as the constraints and policies are summarized.

Purpose Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH) is considered as an effective method to moderate the difference in demand and supply of electricity. This study aims to understanding of the high capacity of energy production, storage and permanent exploitation has been the prominent feature of pumped-storage hydroelectricity. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the optimization of energy production and maintenance costs in one of the large Iranian PSH has been discussed. Hence, a mathematical model mixed integer nonlinear programming developed in this area. Minimizing the difference in supply and demand in the energy production network to multiple energies has been exploited to optimal attainment scheme. To evaluate the model, exact solution CPLEX and to solve the proposed programming model, the efficient metaheuristics are utilized by the tuned parameters achieved from the Taguchi approach. Further analysis of the parameters of the problem is conducted to verify the model behavior in various test problems. Findings The results of this paper have shown that the meta-heuristic algorithm has been done in a suitable time, despite the approximation of the optimal answer, and the consequences of research indicate that the model proposed in the studied power plant is applicable. Originality/value In pumped-storage hydroelectricity plants, one of the main challenges in energy production issues is the development of production, maintenance and repair scheduling concepts that improves plant efficiency. To evaluate the mathematical model presented, exact solution CPLEX and to solve the proposed bi-objective mixed-integer linear programming model, set of efficient metaheuristics are used. Therefore, according to the level of optimization performed in the case study, it has caused the improvement of planning by 7%–12% and effective optimization processes.

Despite the increasing level of renewable power generation in power grids, fossil fuel power plants still have a significant role in producing carbon emissions. The integration of carbon capturing and storing systems to the conventional power plants can significantly reduce the spread of carbon emissions. In this article, the economic-emission dispatch of combined renewable and coal power plants equipped with carbon capture systems is addressed in a multiobjective optimization framework. The power system's flexibility is enhanced by hydropower plants, pumped hydro storage, and demand response program. The wind generation and load consumption uncertainties are modeled using stochastic programming. The dc power flow model is implemented on a modified IEEE 24-bus test system. Solving the problem resulted in an optimal Pareto frontier, while the fuzzy decision-making method found the best solution. The sensitivity of the objective functions concerning the generation-side is also investigated.

This study proposes a design model for conserving and utilizing energy affordably and intermittently considering the wind rush experienced in the patronage of renewable energy sources for cheaper generation of electricity and the solar energy potential especially in continents of Africa and Asia. Essentially, the global quest for sustainable development across every sector is on the rise; hence, the need for a sustainable method of extracting energy cheaply with less wastage and pollution is on the priority list. This research, integrates and formulates different ideologies, factors and variables that have been adopted in previous research studies to create an efficient system. Some of the aforementioned researches includes pumped hydro gravity storage system, Compressed air gravity storage system, suspended weight in abandoned mine shaft, dynamic modelling of gravity energy storage coupled with a PV energy plant and deep ocean gravity energy storage. As an alternative and a modification to these systems, this research is proposing a Combined solar and gravity energy storage system. The design synthesis and computational modelling of the proposed system model were investigated using a constant height and but varying mass. Efficiencies reaching up to 62% was achieved using the chosen design experimental parameters adopted in this work. However, this efficiency can be tremendously improved upon if the design parameters are modified putting certain key factors which are highlighted in the limitation aspect of this research into consideration. Also, it was observed that for a test load of 50 × 103 mA running for 10 h (3600 s), the proposed system will only need to provide a torque of 3.27Nm and a height range of 66.1 × 104 m when a mass of 10 kg is lifted to give out power of 48 kwh. Since gravity storage requires intermittent actions and structured motions, mathematical models were used to analyse the system performance characteristics amongst other important parameters using tools like MATLAB Simscape modelling toolbox, Microsoft excel and Sysml Model software.

Increasing capacity of intermittent generation brings new challenges to balance demand and supply in power systems. With retirement of conventional fossil generation, the role of energy storage is increasing. One of the most competitive storage technologies is pumped storage hydropower plant (PSHP). Usually, such PSHPs are constructed as green field solutions, but in some cases conversion of a hydropower plant into a pump storage hydropower plant by building a pump station is possible. To evaluate the feasibility of such modernisation it is necessary to estimate the benefits of PSHP operation. The simplified model was developed for simulation of charging and discharging cycles of PSHP in Latvian power system and trading electricity in Nord Pool power exchange. The nature of this task is stochastic as the price volatility has a trend to increase with expansion of wind and solar power plant capacity. Results of PSHP operation simulation were then used in the economic model to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed conversion.

A radical transformation of the global energy system is underway. Solar photovoltaics and wind now comprise three-quarters of the global net new electricity-generation-capacity additions because they are cheap. The deep renewable electrification of energy services including transport, heating and industry will allow solar and wind to largely eliminate fossil fuels over the next few decades. This paper demonstrates that Nepal will be able to achieve energy self-sufficiency during the twenty-first century. Nepal has good solar and moderate hydroelectric potential but has negligible wind- and fossil-energy resources. The solar potential is about 100 times larger than that required to support a 100% solar-energy system in which all Nepalese citizens enjoy a similar per-person energy consumption to developed countries, without the use of fossil fuels and without the environmental degradation resulting from damming Nepal’s Himalayan rivers. Nepal has vast low-cost off-river pumped hydro-energy-storage potential, thus eliminating the need for on-river hydro storage and moderating the need for large-scale batteries. Solar, with support from hydro and battery storage, is likely to be the primary route for renewable electrification and rapid growth of the Nepalese energy system.

Capacity credit (CC) can be defined as the capacity of conventional generators that can be replaced by renewable energy sources (RES) and/or other resources such as energy storage without reducing system reliability. Conventional approaches for calculating CC typically treat the power system as a single area without considering transfer constraints and reliability of interconnectors. However, in multi-area power systems locational aspects are key to assess tradeoffs and synergies arising from transmission, storage and RES in providing adequacy of supply. In this work, we propose a new methodology to quantify the CC of RES and storage in a multi-area power system. Due to the large computational burden brought about by composite system adequacy evaluation, a new accelerated sequential Monte Carlo simulation strategy and a new adaptive sampling approach are specifically developed to achieve computation efficiency. The proposed methodology is tested by demonstrating the impact of interconnectors’ transfer constraints and availability on RES-storage CC in the case of the Australian National Energy Market (NEM) multi-area power system, with applications to wind, solar, and pumped hydro storage plants. The results from several realistic NEM case studies highlight how the proposed model can inform strategic, reliability-aware integrated system planning of large-scale interconnected low-carbon power systems.

Recently, Taiwanese Government has announced an ambitious energy policy: up to 20% of total power will be generated from renewable energy resources by 2025. Under such high-level penetration level of renewable energy resources, the typical net load curve will be definitely reshaped as the so-called duck curve. Operation modes of pumped hydro storage units in Taiwan power system will be totally changed. To tackle out this difficulty, the optimal scheduling of Taiwan power system is developed in this article for examining the coordination of highly penetrated renewable energy resources and pumped hydro storage plants under the required spinning reserve. The associated cost function and various constraints used in this optimal scheduling problem are described first. Physical characteristics of pumped hydro storage units in Taiwan will also be studied. By following the data format in the open source MATPOWER optimal scheduling tool, platform developments of this optimal scheduling program are reported. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, intensive simulations of both current scenarios and future scenarios are conducted. Simulation results indicate that existing pumped hydro storage units in Taiwan can indeed mitigate the impact of the duck-shaped net load curve in the generator scheduling of future Taiwan power system even under the worst scenario.

To overcome the topographic limitations of pumped hydro storage (PHS) system, novel gravity energy storage (GES) technologies are developing. In this paper, a pioneering work on the modeling and scheduling of a GES system is conducted. The GES system stores and releases energy by lifting and lowering concrete bricks. Since the working principle of the GES system is similar to that of a PHS plant, a double-tower based model of the GES system is established. In addition, a day-ahead scheduling model of the GES system is proposed to test the operation of such system. Specifically, the uncertainty of market price is considered with a data-driven distributionally robust optimization method. Some linearization and reformulation techniques are presented to transform the problem into a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem which can be solved easily. Numerical experiments indicate that the proposed model can effectively characterize the operation of the GES system. Concrete bricks are lifted up during low-price period and descend under gravity during high-price period to gain benefits. Additionally, the round trip efficiency considerably influences the total profits.

This article addresses the challenging task of developing a procedure for the day-ahead dispatch planning of wind power which emanates from a wide geographical area. Using the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition technique, it is shown that the low-frequency components of the area aggregated wind power account for the largest proportions of the perturbing energy harnessed from the wind. By taking advantage of the slow-varying characteristics of the low-frequency components, accurate forecast of these components is readily obtained and incorporated into the developed dispatch planning procedure. The dispatchability of the wide-area wind generation is facilitated by the buffering actions offered by a centralized power dispatch energy storage system, operating under a proposed power flows control strategy. The efficacy of the developed procedure is illustrated using a pumped hydroelectric system as the dispatch energy storage medium.

As India is a developing country which demands in more power requirement for the population. The conventional resources are also not making the requirement upto the needs of the customers. This brings our attention towards the non-conventional resources which includes renewable energy resources i.e., natural resources like sun, wind, ocean, geothermal, tidal etc. are some of the resources. Using this resources with the help of latest technologies we are equalizing the mismatch between the power generation and power demand. As far as the conventional power generation our country is performing great in the non- conventional means also, which results in the cost reduction of energy, carbon emission from the environment which will help a lot in the reduction of global warming. This paper presents the hybrid renewable energy system which consist of solar PV and wind energy system as generation unit and for the change of same traditional storage system here we are working with the pumped hydro storage system. All the system is being analyzed on the software for hybrid system known as Hybrid Optimization Model for Electrical Renewable (HOMER Pro).

With the wide application of renewable energy, energy storage technology has become a research hotspot. In order to overcome the shortcomings of energy loss caused by compression heating in compressed air energy storage technology, a novel constant-pressure pumped hydro combined with compressed air energy storage system was proposed. To deepen the understanding of the system and make the analysis closer to reality, this paper adopted an off-design model of the compressor to calculate and analyze the effect of key parameters on system thermodynamics performance. In addition, the results of this paper were compared with previous research results, and it was found that the current efficiency considering the off-design model of compressor was generally 2% - 5% higher than the previous efficiency. With increased preset pressure or with decreased terminal pressure, both the previous efficiency and current efficiency of the system increased. The exergy destruction coefficient of the throttle valve reached 4%. System efficiency was more sensitive to changes in water pump efficiency and hydroturbine efficiency.

Hybrid modular multilevel converter control and design for pumped hydro storage plants is presented, addressing application-specific shortcoming of conventional back-to-back half-bridge modular multilevel converter: high common-mode-voltage machine stress. Common-mode-voltage-free operation in the entire or partial frequency range is enabled by variable DC link voltage control, through introduction of minimal full-bridge submodule share in hybrid active front-end converter stage. The developed generalized converter design approach for arbitrary DC link voltage range operation and additional internal energy balancing control layers enable down-to-zero DC voltage control. The results are verified through high-fidelity switched-model simulations of 6 kV converter, with 10/6 ratio of full-bridge to half-bridge submodules in active front-end. The analyzed hybrid active front-end stage benefits from lower converter losses for equal machine operation flexibility compared to full-bridge design, while trade-off between grid-side power factor range and full-bridge submodule share is offered within the design stage. Compared to the state-of-the-art, zero-to-rated DC link voltage operation is possible at lower full-bridge submodule share (62% against 75 %), at the penalty of reduced grid-side power factor. Alternatively, operation at higher full-bridge submodule share (62% against 50% existing solution) enables grid-side reactive power support over wide speed range, without branch current overload.

Summary The difficulty of finding suitable sites for dams on rivers, including the associated environmental challenges, has caused many analysts to assume that pumped hydro energy storage has limited further opportunities to support variable renewable generation. Closed-loop, off-river pumped hydro energy storage overcomes many of the barriers. Small (square km) upper reservoirs are typically located in hilly country away from rivers, and water is circulated indefinitely between an upper and lower reservoir. GIS analysis of high resolution global digital elevation models was used to determine economically feasible closed-loop scheme locations outside protected and urban areas. This search identified 616,000 potential storage sites with an enormous combined storage potential of 23,000 TWh. This is two orders of magnitude more than required to support large fractions of renewable electricity, allowing flexible site selection. Importantly, the resource is widely distributed to effectively support large-scale solar and wind deployment for electrical grid decarbonization.

The grid-connected photovoltaics (GCPV) systems are a sustainable alternative to the conventional non-renewable electricity systems. However, GCPV systems create the many issues such as grid overloading, demand and supply variations, and power quality issues. A key way to address such issues is the integration of the effective energy storage technologies in GCPV systems. There are many storage technologies which can be connected with GCPV systems. The integration of a proper storage technology into the GCPV systems may provide a best alternative. This paper evaluates the different storage technologies for GCPV systems using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach. The goal of the AHP model was the selection of the best storage alternative for GCPV systems based on the multiple criteria. The criteria included the storage parameters as well as the parameters related to the compatibility with GCPV systems. The results exhibited that the pumped hydro storage is the best alternative if all the storage and compatibility parameters are equally desirable. However, if AHP model gives the highest preference to the criteria “integration simplicity regarding renewable energy” and “geographic limitations”, the several other storage technologies achieve the higher rankings. Hence, the AHP model provides a greater flexibility to evaluate the different storage technologies for GCPV systems under different circumstances.

The comprehensive and effective utilization of multiple renewable sources involving water, solar, and other energies have been receiving more and more attention, and the coordinated dispatching considering multiple uncertainties has become one of the research focuses currently. To cope with the stochastic dispatching of cascaded hydro-PV-PSH (pumped storage hydropower, PSH) complementary power generation system, this paper has proposed a two-stage optimized dispatching method combining uncertainties simulation and complementary dispatching schemes optimization. Firstly, a modified PCPS (probabilistic chronological production simulation) method is proposed to simulate the uncertain power output of each energy type, and thus the complementary dispatching schemes and performance parameters are obtained. In the simulation process, a special treatment method combining overall uncertainties, overall dispatching measures, and interstage distribution for cascaded hydropower stations is given out. Secondly, a dual-objective optimized model considering reliability and economic performance and MOQPSO algorithm is introduced to calculate the optimal Pareto solution set of stochastic dispatching schemes. The results of the case study verified the feasibility and calculating performance of the proposed method in developing optimized dispatching schemes.

Energy systems are dynamic and transitional because of alternative energy resources, technological innovations, demand, costs, and environmental consequences. The fossil fuels are the sources of traditional energy generation but has been gradually transitioned to the current innovative technologies with an emphasis on renewable resources like solar, and wind. Despite consistent increases in energy prices, the customers’ demands are escalating rapidly due to an increase in populations, economic development, per capita consumption, supply at remote places, and in static forms for machines and portable devices. The energy storage may allow flexible generation and delivery of stable electricity for meeting demands of customers. The requirements for energy storage will become triple of the present values by 2030 for which very special devices and systems are required. The objective of the current review research is to compare and evaluate the devices and systems presently in use and anticipated for the future. The economic and environmental issues as well as challenges and limitations have been elaborated through deep and strong consultation of literature, previous research, reports and journal. The technologies like flow batteries, super capacitors, SMES (Superconducting magnetic energy storage), FES (Flywheel Energy Storage), PHS (Pumped hydro storage), TES (Thermal Energy Storage), CAES (Compressed Air Energy Storage), and HES (Hybrid energy storage) have been discussed. This article may contribute to guide the decision-makers and the practitioners if they want to select the most recent and innovative devices and systems of energy storage for their grids and other associated uses like machines and portable devices. The characteristics, advantages, limitations, costs, and environmental considerations have been compared with the help of tables and demonstrations to ease their final decision and managing the emerging issues. Thus, the outcomes of this review study may prove highly useful for various stakeholders of the energy sector.

This paper examines the non-strategic and strategic participation of a pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) facility in day-ahead energy and performance-based regulation (PBR), which includes regulation capacity and mileage markets. The PHES is modeled with the capability of operating in hydraulic short-circuit (HSC) mode with detailed representation of its operational constraints, and integrated with an energy-cum-PBR market clearing model. For its strategic participation, a bi-level market framework is proposed to determine the optimal offers and bids of the PHES that maximize its profit. The operation of PHES is modeled at the upper level, while the market clearing is modeled in the lower level problem. The bi-level problem is formulated as a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) model, which is linearized and solved as a mixed integer linear programming problem. Several case studies are carried out to demonstrate the impact of PHES’ non-strategic and strategic operations on market outcomes. Furthermore, stochastic case studies are conducted to determine the PHES strategies considering the uncertainty of the net demand and rivals’ price and quantity offers.

Increasing electricity generation from variable renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, has led to interest in additional short‐term and long‐term storage capacities. The core objective of this paper is to investigate the costs and the future market prospects of different electricity storage options, such as short‐term battery storage and long‐term storage as pumped hydro storage, as well as hydrogen and methane from power‐to‐gas conversion technologies. The method of approach is based on a formal economic framework with a dynamic component to derive scenarios up to 2040. The major conclusion is that the economic prospects of storage are not very bright. For all market‐based storage technologies it will become hard to compete in the wholesale electricity markets and for decentralized (battery) systems it will be hard to compete with the end users’ electricity price. The core problem of virtually all categories of storage are low full‐load hours (for market‐based systems) and low full charge/discharge cycles (for decentralized batteries). However, any new storage capacity should be constructed only in a coordinated way and if there is a clear sign for new excess production, in this case from variable renewables. In addition, for hydrogen and methane there could be better economic prospects in the transport sector due to both, higher energy price levels as well as a general lack of low carbon fuel alternatives. © 2020 The Authors. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Nowadays, variable speed (VS) pumped storage technology has become a new trend, for providing better support to power systems towards de-carbonization. This study intends to conduct a comparative evaluation of technical performance of two types of pumped storage hydropower plant (PSHP): the state-of-the-art PSHP based on doubly fed induction machine (DFIM) known as VS and conventional PSHP based on synchronous machine (SM) known as fixed speed (FS). Aiming at this purpose, a case of 343 MW hydro pump-turbine (HPT) coupled to DFIM with 381 MVA in comparison to the SM with same capacity, i.e., 381 MVA, is applied as a study case. The detailed model (discrete mode) in MATLAB/SimPowerSystem™ is adopted to conduct simulations under diverse conditions. Simulations and evaluations are for both architectures under two operation modes (generating, motor), in terms of the following items: (1) frequency regulation, (2) transient stability assessment under fault ride-through condition, (3) harmonic distortion, (4) damping of different oscillation modes in power systems, (5) reactive power support considering actual limitations based on P-Q capability curves. The results show the performance differences between the two types of PSHP in diverse aspects for safe, stable and economical operation, as well as the performance in grid ancillary services.

Quaternary pumped storage hydropower (Q-PSH) technology, as one of the new advanced-PSH technology, has been developed by taking advantage of Conventional-PSH (C-PSH) and Adjustable Speed-PSH (AS-PSH). By combining adjustable-speed pump unit and conventional hydropower turbine unit in the quaternary configuration, Q-PSH has the more competitive capability of providing fast power support in the future high renewable penetrated power system. Acting as energy storage (ES), Q-PSH provides promising power supply to deal with the uncertainty and variability from renewable energy generation. This paper focuses on the dynamic modeling of Q-PSH technology employing full-converter machine and the impact of Q-PSH on the frequency response in a system. The detailed model of Q-PSH is developed and implemented in the IEEE 14-bus system based on GE Positive Sequence Load Flow (PSLF) platform, which captures the dynamic of multiple operation modes, especially hydraulic short-circuit (HSC) operation mode. Several cases are set up to reveal the advantages of Q-PSH technology when power electronic based renewable energy generation is deployed in the system. Sensitivity studies of the controller in pump governor show the impact of parameters in pump response performance. The comparison case illustrates the impact of frequency response provided by the Q-PSH in the system.

This paper presents a new methodology for minimizing daily operation cost of a grid-connected hybrid energy system composed of photovoltaic (PV) and pumped hydro storage (PHS) and evaluates the impact of water level on the system operation cost. For this aim, daily operation cost is defined as objective function and the value of power purchased from the grid at each hour is considered as decision variable (here 24 decision variables). The value of objective function is minimized subject to balance equation and reservoir water level. Owing to complexity of this optimization problem, a new variant of crow search algorithm (CSA), named differential CSA (CSAdif), has been developed to optimally utilize the hybrid system. Simulated results show that optimal combination of the components leads to considerable reduction of daily operation cost. Moreover, search capability of the proposed approach is more promising than that of the other studied techniques.

This paper presents the performance of a renewable autonomous hybrid grid composed of photovoltaic system, wind turbines, hydrokinetic turbines, diesel generator and energy storage systems. Three energy dispatch control and several storage systems have been studied. Technical, environmental and economic indicators have been used to determine the impact on the hybrid autonomous grid and its sizing optimization. However, this study goes further by conducting a sensitivity analysis such as capital cost, state of charge and time step, to choose the best system configuration. The results show that, when using the energy storage system composed of pumped hydro, under the load following energy dispatch control, the net present cost and cost of energy are lower with respect to others storage technologies proposed. However, the storage system with the lowest CO2 emissions is lead acid battery using the combined cycle energy dispatch control. In addition, the wind turbines have presented the greatest sensibility in the net present cost with respect to the capital cost variation and pumped hydro-storage present sensitivity response with respect to state of charge. All configurations have different several behaviors, therefore, the advantages and disadvantages of each one are analyzed.

Nowadays the planet is facing emerging global issues related to climate change, pollution, deforestation, desertification and the number of challenges is expected to grow as the global population is forecasted to reach 10 billion margin by 2050. A concept of circular economy can have a positive contribution to the current development trajectories. In order to implement it, preferably all the energy should be produced by using renewable energy sources, but there has always been a challenge for storage of renewable energy. Therefore, considering technical and economical parameters, construction options for a pumped storage hydropower plant in Latvia have been evaluated using the desk research methodology. Results have shown that Daugavpils PSHP is the most attractive project from the technological point of view, but it requires the greatest amount of investment and construction of Daugavpils HPP. At present all the construction options for PSHP in Latvia are economically disadvantageous and would not be viable without co-financing from European or national funds. Considering both technical and economical parameters, the authors emphasise Plavinas PSHP construction option.

Renewable electricity generation technologies provide a more sustainable solution than the non-renewables. However, as a complete system, renewable energy generation systems have some overall environmental impacts on humankind, resources and ecosystems. This paper will address the environmental effects caused by different types of renewable plants through life-cycle assessment. A comparative study is done among solar PV, biomass, and pumped storage hydropower plants in the United States. Life-cycle impact analysis has been carried out by the Eco-indicator 99, TRACI (Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other Environmental Impacts), CED (Cumulative Energy Demand), Ecopoints 97, RMF (Raw Material Flows) and IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) methods, using the SimaPro software. The impacts are considered in 10 mid-point impact categories and three end-point indicators. The results show that pumped storage hydropower plants have the highest impact on human health (7.74E-05/kWh) and the ecosystem (3.35E-06/kWh), whereas biomass plants have the maximum effect on resources (4.79E-07/kWh). Overall, the solar PV plants are found to be much more environment-friendly than other renewable electricity generation systems. These findings will guide investors in installing sustainable and clean power plants.

‘Grid-scale’ energy storage technologies (ESTs) provide energy storage at scales, capacity and power levels necessary to support the operation of electricity grids, particularly those with substantial renewable (e.g., wind and solar) generation capacity. Public perceptions of new and innovative technologies are known to influence their commercial success, yet there is little existing literature into perceptions and antecedents of grid-scale electricity storage among the general public. In this paper, we report on the findings of an online survey distributed to a diverse sample of the Canadian public ( N = 1 , 022), focusing on perceptions of four specific ESTs (i.e., compressed air energy storage, flywheels, lithium ion batteries, and pumped hydro storage) and the factors that influence intentions to accept ESTs. This research is part of a larger joint-project between researchers at the University of Waterloo and the University of Surrey designed to investigate the similarities and differences in public perceptions of grid-scale ESTs in Canada and the UK. This paper compliments an earlier one that presented the findings for the same survey conducted on a diverse sample of the UK public.

It has been globally acknowledged that energy storage will be a key element in the future for renewable energy (RE) systems. Recent studies about using energy storages for achieving high RE penetration have gained increased attention. This paper presents a detailed review on pumped hydro storage (PHS) based hybrid solar-wind power supply systems. It also discusses the present role of PHS, its total installed capacity, future research and technical challenges associated with the use of this storage in the context of RE based systems. This review paper considers the economical, environmental and technical aspects of solar-wind-PHS systems which have been discussed in the papers published over last 10 years. Additionally, studies are categorized with respect to objective, approach employed, location and key findings. Reflected from the literature, PHS technology has again emerged as a technologically and economically viable option. The integration of reversible pump turbine machines has increased the flexibility, response time and performance of PHS, however, hybridization of PHS with other storages can increase the range of services and overall system reliability, especially when RE systems are off-grid. This review will be useful for researchers to explore RE-based PHS systems in the fields of modelling and techno-economic optimization. Hybrid storage, like the PHS-battery, is an emerging option to supplement the weakness of each other and will be a promising field for future research.