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The article deals with a joke in vv. 34–36 of Aristophanes’ “Acharnians.” Dicaeopolis describes the anguish he feels because of the war and the unwillingness of his fellow citizens to make peace. He longs for his village and his deme and dreams of peace; the city disgusts him. Recalling his former happiness in the village, Dicaeopolis says that his deme unlike the city οὐδεπώποτ’ εἶπεν “ἄνθρακας πρίω”, / οὐκ “ὄξος”, οὐκ “ἔλαιον”, οὐδ’ ᾔδει “πρίω”, / ἀλλ’ αὐτὸς ἔφερε πάντα χὠ πρίων ἀπῆν (34–36). The following interpretation of the joke is argued for. Firstly, the joke is based on the wordplay πρίω / ὁ πρίων. Secondly, πρίω “buy” should be understood not as the shouting of the sellers, but as demands coming from those close to Dicaeopolis or from Dicaeopolis himself. Finally, in the form ὁ πρίων one should see not a proper name or a designation of a saw, but a substantivized participle “gnashing (one’s teeth),” used figuratively to mean “irritated,” “angry.” This participle does not refer to the sellers, but to Dicaeopolis himself and other peasants who are forced to buy goods in the city.

Over the years, service quality has been a topic that has continued to garner a lot of interest. This study sought to appraise electronic service quality, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions in online shopping in South Africa. A unique conceptual model was developed to investigate the factors that led to customer loyalty, positive word-of-mouth, and ultimately repurchase intention toward goods online. This study aims to determine the influence of e-service quality on customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions in online shopping in South Africa. Non-probability sampling was used to select the participants. A structured questionnaire, based on the conceptual model, was developed and distributed online. A total of 307 usable response questionnaires were collected, and descriptive and regression analyses were conducted using SPSS 27. The major findings indicate that customer satisfaction and positive word of mouth are closely associated. The implication is that marketing practitioners should pay more attention to customer behavior after receiving services.

Through ethnographic fieldwork in cosmetic surgery clinics in Seoul, South Korea in 2018, in this article I investigate how professional clinicians persuade consumers to purchase surgery during consultations. Enamored by the ascendancy of the Korean cultural industry, many non-Koreans are drawn to Korea for the storied, domestic brand of surgery believed to be inextricable from the aesthetic appeal of their idols. Clinical professionals capitalize on this Korean ascendancy by transforming the meanings of surgical success (as symbolic attainment of moral-existential satisfaction) and failure (as deficiency of its symbolic rewards) to trust in their moral authority and expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine how a firm’s decision to post on social media affects the propensity of its followers to (1) purchase its products and (2) unfollow the firm. Using a unique dataset from a large fashion retailer which frequently sends mass non-customized information-only posts on social media (i.e., non-coupons), findings indicate that such posts increase short-term purchases by 6%. However, these posts also increase followers’ propensity to unfollow the firm by 280%, significantly reducing long-term sales. Strikingly, this punitive effect ofsocial media posting appears to manifest under very specific circumstances. Results indicate that these changes in unfollowing and long-term sales are larger if posts are sent in more crowded cities or during commuting hours (suggesting that the stress formed by personal crowding and the follower’s environment may play a key role in followers’ reactions to social media postings). These results underscore the potential downsides of sending blanket, non-customized, messages to followers, notably during times ofintense psychological stress, as well as avenues to avoid such pitfalls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background A tax of one-Mexican peso per liter of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) came into effect in January 2014 in Mexico as a national health policy to tackle the high overweight and obesity prevalence. Previous studies have shown an overall reduction in SSB purchases after the tax implementation. However, it remains unknown whether and to what extent SSB consumers switched to cheaper taxed beverages, attenuating the potential effect of the policy. Our study’s objective was to estimate changes in household purchases of taxed SSBs by tertiles of SSB prices (low, middle, and high) in urban areas after the SSB tax implementation in 2014. Methods Based on purchase data for 2012–2015 from households living in 54 Mexican cities with a population > 50,000 inhabitants, we calculated unit-value SSB prices for the full period and sorted them on a monthly basis to create monthly price tertiles. We merged these price tertiles to household purchases and created average monthly ml/capita/day SSB purchases by price tertile at the city level. We assessed SSB purchase switching patterns before and after the tax implementation through price-tertile stratified linear models. The main variable in the models was a dummy indicator that allowed us to identify the pre-tax period (2012–13) and post-tax period (2014–15). We controlled our models for time trends and contextual economic variables. Results In the regression adjusted models, we found a statistically significant purchase reduction ranging between 10.80 and 13.79 ml/capita/day (p-value

Behavioral finance has uncovered that investor engage emotionally when trading. We investigate how three psychological factors influence purchase and repurchase decisions: representativeness, the influence of prior gains, and reference points. Using trading data of 7200 UK investors we find that purchase decisions are influenced by representative heuristic and repurchase decisions are influenced by both representative heuristic and prior profitability. Further survival analysis showed that investors use the prior selling price as a unique reference point. Investors are more likely to repurchase a stock when trading above its reference point, but more likely to initiate the repurchase when trading below. Investors are influenced by previous experience and engage learning behavior when they seek to reinforce past success. As reference points are inferred but infrequently researched, this research adds to the literature and provides important and robust results for those engaging with financial planning clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Social Research / Turkiye Sosyal Arastirmalar Dergisi is the property of Turkish Journal of Social Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The author reviews the monograph by the famous Ural historian Vladimir P. Motrevich, which is devoted to an important and relevant topic. It is emphasized that the monograph analyses the entire range of issues related to the state and dynamics of the development of the agrarian sector of the Ural region in the extreme period of the USSR’s history. The issues considered in the monograph are related to the material and technical base of the regional agricultural sector in the context of farming and stockbreeding, its two most important areas, as well as labor resources, living conditions of rural workers, etc. At the same time, the leitmotif of the study is the activity of authorities at all levels – from local to all-union authorities – in the field of agricultural production management.

Background: A tax of one-Mexican peso per liter of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) came into effect in January 2014 in Mexico as a national health policy to tackle the high overweight and obesity prevalence. Previous studies have shown an overall reduction in SSB purchases after the tax implementation. However, it remains unknown whether and to what extent SSB consumers switched to cheaper taxed beverages, attenuating the potential effect of the policy. Our study's objective was to estimate changes in household purchases of taxed SSBs by tertiles of SSB prices (low, middle, and high) in urban areas after the SSB tax implementation in 2014. Methods: Based on purchase data for 2012–2015 from households living in 54 Mexican cities with a population > 50,000 inhabitants, we calculated unit-value SSB prices for the full period and sorted them on a monthly basis to create monthly price tertiles. We merged these price tertiles to household purchases and created average monthly ml/capita/day SSB purchases by price tertile at the city level. We assessed SSB purchase switching patterns before and after the tax implementation through price-tertile stratified linear models. The main variable in the models was a dummy indicator that allowed us to identify the pre-tax period (2012–13) and post-tax period (2014–15). We controlled our models for time trends and contextual economic variables. Results: In the regression adjusted models, we found a statistically significant purchase reduction ranging between 10.80 and 13.79 ml/capita/day (p-value < 0.001) across taxed beverages from the middle-price SSB after the tax implementation. We observed no statistically significant reductions in purchases of low-price SSBs and high-price SSBs. Conclusions: Our findings show purchase reductions in the middle-price SSBs, which represents ≈30% of the overall SSB purchases in urban Mexico. Future studies should be conducted to test if the redesign of the current the tax, by either doubling the tax amount or taxing sugar content, might reduce more effectively purchases across all SSBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers attitude towards online shopping refers to their psychological state in terms of making purchases over the internet. Online shopping behaviour process refers to the products purchased online. Through online shopping consumers can buy faster, more alternatives and can order product and services with comparative lower prices. Both primary and secondary data has been used for the study. The proportionate sampling technique were used. The sample size for the study is 514 by using structured questionnaire. The findings of the study shows that the important factors influencing the consumers to purchase through online are convenient, reducing waiting time, product features, Discounts & Coupons. The above variables are highly motivating factors for the consumers to purchase through online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waiting is a mundane yet inevitable customer experience. Surprisingly, little research has analyzed the effects of waiting on subsequent customer behavior. The current research explores a counterintuitive effect of waiting times on behavior during a shopping trip: Longer waits, compared with shorter waits, can lead to a larger number of purchases despite generating more negative emotional reactions. Results of a field study and three lab experiments demonstrate this effect in the context of waiting for hedonic products. Consistent with a social-inference account, the experiments further show that the effect of waiting duration occurs when wait times are thought to depend on others’ preferences. This article explores the multifaceted effects of waiting duration on purchase behavior of hedonic products and sheds light on the social cognitions that underlie these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waiting is a mundane yet inevitable customer experience. Surprisingly, little research has analyzed the effects of waiting on subsequent customer behavior. The current research explores a counterintuitive effect of waiting times on behavior during a shopping trip: Longer waits, compared with shorter waits, can lead to a larger number of purchases despite generating more negative emotional reactions. Results of a field study and three lab experiments demonstrate this effect in the context of waiting for hedonic products. Consistent with a social-inference account, the experiments further show that the effect of waiting duration occurs when wait times are thought to depend on others’ preferences. This article explores the multifaceted effects of waiting duration on purchase behavior of hedonic products and sheds light on the social cognitions that underlie these effects.

E-commerce is one of the new virtual technologies that make life simpler for both traders, marketers, and customers. However, the main problem for the seller was how to know customer's intentions when they enter the website. This paper proposed to predict whether customers make a purchase or not from their previous behaviors. Therefore, this paper aims to predict the intentions of users that using online -shopping. the main aim of this study is to highlight customer behaviors to predict purchases and make a compression between the works that are related to the subject of this paper to conclude and suggest the best method to predict purchasing in e-commerce treading that depends on customer behaviors.

In offline purchasing settings (e.g., retail stores), consumers often encounter reminders that product information can be found on the Internet. The authors refer to a reminder of the availability of online information as a "cue-of-the-cloud" and explore its unique consequences on offline consumer behavior. This research finds that when consumers are presented with relatively large amounts of information in offline purchasing situations, a cue-of-the-cloud can enhance purchase intentions and choice behaviors. This occurs because the cue increases consumers' confidence in being able to retain and access the information seen in-store, which engenders positive feelings about the decision to purchase. Four studies, including two experiments in real brick-and-mortar field settings, demonstrate the consequences of a cue-of-the-cloud, along with some novel moderators of these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electronic auction is a form of bidding for the acquisition and contracting of common services and is mandatory for public bodies, including Federal Universities. The electronic bidding process consists of routines, procedures and information. Information has strategic value for organizational learning and decision making. For the information to be used properly, it is essential to manage information in the identification of needs, search, organization, distribution and use of information. This research aims to analyze how information management is characterized in electronic auctions in a Federal Education Institution. The study will be carried out at the Federal University of Alagoas, the largest public higher education institution in the State of Alagoas. The research is characterized by being descriptive with a qualitative approach. Interviews with a semi-structured questionnaire will be applied as a data collection instrument, having its construction based on the steps outlined in the information management model by Choo (2003). As a method of data investigation, content analysis will be applied. The research is relevant because by identifying how information management takes place in the institution, it can bring improvements in the use of information, in the development of information products and services based on the informational needs of purchasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Altering the availability of healthier or less-healthy products may increase healthier purchases, but evidence is currently limited. The current study aimed to investigate the impact of altering the absolute-and-relative availability of healthier and less-healthy products – i.e. simultaneously altering the number of options available and the proportion of healthier options – in hospital vending machines. Methods An adapted multiple treatment reversal design was used, altering products available in ten vending machines serving snack foods and/or cold drinks in one English hospital. Machines were randomised to one of two sequences for the seven 4-week study periods: ABCADEA or ADEABCA. In Condition A (study periods 1, 4 and 7) the proportions of healthier products were standardised across all machines, so that 25% of all snack slots and 75% of drink slots were healthier. In Condition B, 20% of vending machine slots were emptied by removing less-healthy products. In Condition C, the empty slots created in Condition B were filled with healthier products. Conditions D and E were operationalised in the same way as B and C, except healthier products were removed in D, and then less-healthy products added in E. Sales data were obtained from machine restocking records. Separate linear mixed models were conducted to examine the impact of altering availability on energy purchased (kcal) from (i) snacks or (ii) drinks each week, with random effects for vending machine. Results The energy purchased from drinks was reduced when the number of slots containing less-healthy drinks was decreased, compared to standardised levels (− 52.6%; 95%CI: − 69.3,-26.9). Findings were inconclusive for energy purchased from snacks when less-healthy snack slots were reduced (− 17.2%; 95%CI: − 47.4,30.5). Results for altering the number of slots for healthier drinks or snacks were similarly inconclusive, with no statistically significant impact on energy purchased. Conclusions Reducing the availability of less-healthy drinks could reduce the energy purchased from drinks in vending machines. Further studies are needed to establish whether any effects might be smaller for snacks, or found with higher baseline proportions of healthier options.

Abstract Background Veterinary clinic transaction records from the USA were examined to determine dog owner purchase patterns for three prescription ectoparasiticides. In-clinic purchases of formulations of fluralaner (with 12-week duration per dose) were compared with dog owner purchases of afoxolaner and spinosad (both with 4 week duration per dose) in a population of 231,565 dogs over a 12 month period. Prior studies in human and animal medicine have suggested that patients more closely adhere to prescriber dosing recommendations when they receive a longer-duration medication. Results Veterinary clinic transaction records were examined for the period June 2014 through March 2017 using records from approximately 650 veterinary clinics. Ectoparasiticide purchase patterns were compared for two products (afoxalaner and spinosad) with monthly dosing and one product (fluralaner) with an extended (12 week) dosing interval. The average dog owner who obtained fluralaner purchased significantly more months of flea/tick protection (5.7 months) over the 12-month study period than the average dog owner that selected either afoxolaner (4.6 months) or spinosad (3.3 months). The proportion of dog owners who obtained only one dose of ectoparasiticide per 12-month period was 42% for fluralaner, 30% for afoxolaner and 37% for spinosad. The proportion of dog owners who obtained 2 doses or less per 12-month period was 67% for fluralaner, 52% for afoxoalaner and 67% for spinosad. Owners that obtained fluralaner were significantly more likely to obtain 7.0–12.0 months of flea and tick protection and significantly less likely to purchase 1.0–6.9 months compared with dog owners who purchased afoxolaner or spinosad. Conclusions Dog owners who obtained a flea and tick medication with a longer duration of action acquired significantly more months of protection in a year than dog owners who obtained shorter duration (1 month) products. Dog owners were better able to adhere to veterinary recommendations on ectoparasites control with a longer-acting flea/tick medication.

The concept of public procurement is revealed. It has been determined that public procurements should be considered as a set of step-by-step actions, which form a holistic, regulated by the law (Law of Ukraine «On Public Procurement») procedure. The purpose of the public procurement procedure is to implement the functions of the public administration. The following definition of corruption risk in public procurement is given – this is the probability of a corrupt act, and will negatively affect the achievement of certain goals and objectives of public procurement. It is proved that corruption risks can arise at different stages of public procurement. The following possible corruption risks in the implementation of public procurement are defined: the creation of such a composition of participants, which makes it possible to avoid the use of bidding procedures with certain restrictions and, instead of using more simplified procedures, including direct conclusion of contracts or purchase from one executor; development of technical conditions or technical tasks with the purpose of promoting the sale of a particular product or service or preventing participation in the bidding of potential participants; determination of discriminatory criteria for the evaluation of tender (price) offers with respect to certain suppliers that are completely incompatible with the requirements of actual procurement; аbuse of «closed» tendering procedures (bidding with limited participation, request for quotations (quotations) or purchase from a single executor, etc.); development of contracting arrangements with the apparent intention of assisting a particular supplier; acceptance from the tenderers of incorrect information or tender (price) proposal prepared (th) in violation of the established requirements; manipulation of the decision-making process within the framework of the work of the tender committee.

Copyright of DYNA - Ingeniería e Industria is the property of Publicaciones Dyna SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Generally speaking, financial accounting textbooks are in harmony on the explanation of accounts payable and accrued liabilities/expenses. However, the same thing cannot be said for accounts payable turnover and days in accounts payable ratios. Different financial accounting textbooks and academic papers have different explanations for the accounts payable turnover ratio. The extant literature on the ratio is mainly comprised of two groups of authors. The first group relates the ratio to purchases and the second group relates the ratio to cost of goods sold (COGS). Purchases, in a purely theoretical sense, relate to periodic inventory method, whereas the perpetual inventory method relates purchases with inventory (being debit) and accounts payable (being credit). The second major group who explain the ratio by using the COGS figure ignore what is included in COGS. It should not include depreciation, amortisation, payroll and interest expenses to be meaningful for the purposes of the calculation of the ratio. In practice, manufacturing companies do not attempt to calculate these ratios due to the difficulty of obtaining the figures. These ratios can only be truly calculated from within the company if need be. Their accounting departments will be able to calculate the ratio correctly since they can reach the data. Any financial analyst not being able to reach a detailed breakdown of the expenses of the companies whose shares are being traded in stock exchanges will not able to calculate these ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Altering the availability of healthier or less-healthy products may increase healthier purchases, but evidence is currently limited. The current study aimed to investigate the impact of altering the absolute-and-relative availability of healthier and less-healthy products – i.e. simultaneously altering the number of options available and the proportion of healthier options – in hospital vending machines. Methods: An adapted multiple treatment reversal design was used, altering products available in ten vending machines serving snack foods and/or cold drinks in one English hospital. Machines were randomised to one of two sequences for the seven 4-week study periods: ABCADEA or ADEABCA. In Condition A (study periods 1, 4 and 7) the proportions of healthier products were standardised across all machines, so that 25% of all snack slots and 75% of drink slots were healthier. In Condition B, 20% of vending machine slots were emptied by removing less-healthy products. In Condition C, the empty slots created in Condition B were filled with healthier products. Conditions D and E were operationalised in the same way as B and C, except healthier products were removed in D, and then less-healthy products added in E. Sales data were obtained from machine restocking records. Separate linear mixed models were conducted to examine the impact of altering availability on energy purchased (kcal) from (i) snacks or (ii) drinks each week, with random effects for vending machine. Results: The energy purchased from drinks was reduced when the number of slots containing less-healthy drinks was decreased, compared to standardised levels (− 52.6%; 95%CI: − 69.3,-26.9). Findings were inconclusive for energy purchased from snacks when less-healthy snack slots were reduced (− 17.2%; 95%CI: − 47.4,30.5). Results for altering the number of slots for healthier drinks or snacks were similarly inconclusive, with no statistically significant impact on energy purchased. Conclusions: Reducing the availability of less-healthy drinks could reduce the energy purchased from drinks in vending machines. Further studies are needed to establish whether any effects might be smaller for snacks, or found with higher baseline proportions of healthier options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open-air markets are traditionally associated with the landscape of Polish towns and cities. In the beginning, they were in the very centre of the city – most often in the market around which the lives of the locals and the newcomers concentrated. With the development of urban areas, open-air markets were moved out of the city centre. They were transformed, though for a long time, also after the Second World War, they were the place of trade primarily in agricultural and craft products. During the People’s Republic of Poland, citizens were given the opportunity to buy goods not available in stores. Open-air market places gained a new meaning at the beginning of the socio-political transformation after 1989. They became the places of flourishing small businesses and were less and less associated with the sale of agricultural products and more and more with diverse assortments such as any groceries, clothing, chemicals and cosmetics. At present, in the period of the global economy, which in urban areas is typically expressed through the diminishing of the local economy related to small businesses in favour of the global economy introducing supermarkets, hypermarkets and chain outlets, the functioning of open-air markets takes place in the conditions of increased competition. It consists in particular in price competition and competition in the form of a large assortment of goods in stores mentioned above. As shown in the article, also entrepreneurs conducting business activity at the open-air markets in Kraków feel this competition. It manifests itself in the lack of a sense of stabilisation of small businesses. A large group of the surveyed entrepreneurs are also unable to sustain themselves only from this activity.

Purpose/Objectives The purpose of the study was to determine types and frequency of local food products purchased by schools as part of FTS programs and to identify whether differences in purchasing exist relative to school size (number of lunches served). Methods A valid and reliable questionnaire was developed from qualitative interviews with hourly school nutrition staff and previous literature. Hourly school nutrition staff with hands-on experience processing local produce as part of Farm to School (FTS) programs, from across the United States, completed the questionnaire. Results Of the 369 questionnaires sent to hourly school nutrition staff at participating schools, 239 usable questionnaires were returned (65%). Results indicated that fresh fruits and vegetables were the most commonly and most frequently purchased local food items. However, dairy products was the local food item most commonly purchased on a daily basis. Large schools more frequently purchased local food items daily than small or medium sized schools while small schools purchased local food items more frequently on a weekly basis than both medium and large schools. Application To Child Nutrition Professionals Results of this study can be useful to school nutrition professionals involved with FTS with information that can guide development of relationships between prospective local food sources. This research will also provide school nutrition professionals and their partners with a better understanding of the variety and frequency of local products being purchased for schools of different sizes as part of FTS programs. Utilizing this information, school nutrition professionals can more effectively work with food producers in efforts to establish regional food systems and support local economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ethnographers have reported that young, urban males embraced blunt smoking in response to the crack cocaine epidemic that ravaged their neighborhoods in the 1980s. But, recent survey data has indicated high rates of other illicit drug use among blunt smokers. Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the association between blunt smoking and cannabis acquisition as a potential explanation for the correlation with other illicit drug use. Methods: The sample consisted of participants from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) who reported use of cannabis or blunts in the prior month (n = 6,040). Logistic regression was used in estimating measures of demographics, access to illicit drugs, access to medical cannabis, frequency of cannabis/blunt use, and type of blunt smoker as correlates of a cannabis purchase versus other means of acquisition (e.g. sharing it). Results: Accounting for other variables, current blunt smokers had 1.4 times the odds of purchasing cannabis relative to the cannabis users who had never smoked a blunt. Furthermore, the current blunt smokers had greater odds of purchasing cannabis frequently and making the purchases in outdoor settings. Conclusions/Importance: The findings suggest that current blunt smokers compared to other cannabis users are at greater risk of the dangers associated with illegal drug transactions. The legalization of recreational cannabis in some U.S. states is coinciding with the growth of a cannabis black market, highlighting the need for the continued assessment of cannabis acquisition in NSDUH questionnaires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The criteria to guide the selection in the varied publishing and commercial landscape of e-books concern many aspects, from platform contents to functionalities, from business models to digital right management. It is not easy to establish the best model among those offered, and information needs change from a library to another. The article examines the elements to take into account before the acquisition and during the monitoring activities, such as title price, use cost, collections’ updates. In particular, the paper analyses the parameters that led to the acquisition of some e-book packages of large academic publishers and access data over 12 months.

Global trade agreements have shaped the food system in ways that alter the availability, accessibility, affordability, and desirability of ready-to-eat foods. We assessed the time trends of ultra-processed foods purchases in Mexican households from 1984 to 2016. Cross-sectional data from 15 rounds of the National Income and Expenditure Survey (1984, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016) were analyzed. Food and beverage purchases collected in a daily record instrument (over seven days) were classified according to their degree of processing according to the NOVA food framework: (1) Unprocessed or minimally processed foods; (2) processed culinary ingredients; (3) processed foods; and (4) ultra-processed foods. From 1984 to 2016, the total daily energy purchased decreased from 2428.8 to 1875.4 kcal/Adult Equivalent/day, there was a decrease of unprocessed or minimally processed foods (from 69.8% to 61.4% kcal) and processed culinary ingredients (from 14.0% to 9.0% kcal), and an increase of processed foods (from 5.7% to 6.5% kcal) and ultra-processed foods (from 10.5% to 23.1% kcal). Given that ultra-processed foods purchases have doubled in the last three decades and unprocessed or minimally processed foods purchased have gradually declined, future strategies should promote the consumption of unprocessed or minimally processed foods, and discourage ultra-processed foods availability and accessibility in Mexico.

Copyright of Revista de Administração is the property of Instituto de Administracao da FEA-USP and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The US Food and Drug Administration's updated nutrition labeling requirements will include added sugars starting in July 2018, but no measure currently exists to identify the added sugar content of products and what it represents among purchases. Beverages are one of the first targets for reducing added sugar consumption, and hence are the focus here. Objective: Our goal was to estimate trends in added sugars in nonalcoholic packaged beverage products available in the United States and to estimate amounts of added sugars obtained from these beverages given the purchases of US households overall and by subpopulations. Design: On the basis of nutrition label data from multiple sources, we used a stepwise approach to derive the added sugar content of 160,713 beverage products recorded as purchased by US households in 2007-2012 (345,193 observations from 110,539 unique households). We estimated the amounts of added sugars obtained from packaged beverages US households reported buying in 2007-2008, 2009-2010, and 2011-2012, overall and by subpopulations based on household composition, race/ethnicity, and income. The key outcomes are added sugars in terms of per capita grams per day and the percentage of calories from packaged beverages. Results: Packaged beverages alone account for per capita consumption of 12 g/d of added sugars purchased by US households in 2007-2012, representing 32-48% of calories from packaged beverages. Whereas the absolute amount of added sugars from beverages has not changed meaningfully over time, the relative contribution of added sugars to calories from beverages has increased. Non- Hispanic black households and low-income households obtain both higher absolute and relative amounts of added sugars from beverages than non-Hispanic white households and high-income households (all P < 0.01). Conclusions: These results provide measures of added sugars from packaged beverages at both the product level and the population level in the United States and can be used for comparisons after the revised nutrition labels are implemented and for future monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daily air pollution levels are known to influence the number of patients with acute asthma. We investigated the short-term effects of air pollution exposure on the daily number of asthma medication purchases in the Greater Stockholm area, Sweden., Methods: We conducted a time-series study with data on asthma medication purchases and daily mean values of particulate matter ≤10 µm (PM 10 ), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), and ozone during 2018-2019. We used nonlinear distributed lag quasi-Poisson regression models to estimate the associations between air pollution levels and medication purchases, adjusting for meteorological variables, pollen levels, day of the week, and long-term trends. The models established linear relationships between air pollutants and the outcome, and potential delayed effects were smoothed with a spline across a lag period of 2 weeks. We applied separate models for each municipality (n = 21) in Greater Stockholm, and calculated pooled estimates to achieve combined results for the whole region., Results: We observed associations between daily levels of air pollution and purchases of asthma medications, most clearly for PM 10 . The pooled estimates of the relative risks for asthma medication purchases across all 21 municipalities associated with a 10 μg m -3 increase in PM 10 the same day (lag 0) was 1.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2%, 2.1%], a cumulative increase of 4.6% (95% CI: 3.7%, 5.6%) over one week (lag 0-6), and a 6.5% (95% CI: 5%, 8%) increase over 2 weeks (lag 0-13). The corresponding pooled effect per 10 μg m -3 increase in NO x and ozone were 2.8% (95% CI: 1.6%, 4.1%) and 0.7% (95% CI: 0%, 1.4%) over 2 weeks (lag 0-13), respectively., Conclusions: Our study revealed short-term associations between air pollution, especially PM 10 , and purchases of asthma medications., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with regard to the content of this report., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The Environmental Epidemiology. All rights reserved.)

Copyright of Revista Pretexto is the property of Revista Pretexto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)