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Chryssa Ranoutsaki, Purpur in Byzanz. Privileg und Würdeformel. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag 2022. 288 S., 188 Farbabb. – ISBN (978-3-95490-528-7) (€ 49.00), The Byzantine Review, Bd. 4 (2022)

Six accessions of holy basil (Rama and Shyama) obtained from different parts of India were evaluated for morphological and quantitative parameters. These accessions were observed for leaf colour, trichome type, number and size of peltate gland (PG), stem girth, branches and other agronomical parameters. Besides that, they were also observed for yield contributing characters viz., maximum plant height, spread, stem girth, fresh leaf, dry leaf, herbage yield and essential oil yield. DOS-22 was found superior for larger leaf, herbage and essential oil yield. Maximum number of peltate glands (PG) on abaxial leaf surface as compared to adaxial were recorded. However, PGs formation takes place only in younger leaves, therefore, the numbers of PGs were reduced due to expansion of leaf area with progression of age. Purple leaf colour intensity and essential oil content in herbage had negative relationship with each other, therefore, the green colored accessions (DOS-1, DOS-19 and DOS-22) are rich in essential oil content in herbage. Therefore, green and purple colour intensity in leaf is to be field marker character for initial screening of accessions for essential oil content.

The 6th century Codex Sinopensis or Sinope Gospels (Paris, Biblioth&egrave, que nationale de France) is one of the most precious purple codices that survive from the Late Antique period. Together with the Vienna Genesis (Wien, &Ouml, sterreichische Nationalbibliothek) and the Rossano Gospels (Rossano Calabro, Museo Diocesano), it has an unusually rich decorative apparatus with scenes representing biblical episodes. It can be, therefore, considered one of the most important preserved artistic productions of the early medieval era. The manuscript has been subjected to a non-invasive diagnostic campaign to evaluate the quality of the colourants used in its decoration, to understand how the parchment was coloured, and to carry out a comparison with the Vienna Genesis and the Rossano Gospels. The techniques used were UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry with optical fibres (FORS), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), spectrofluorimetry, and optical microscopy. Analyses highlighted the presence of ultramarine blue, which, besides the use of pure gold for the ink and paint, certifies the high value of the manuscript. In addition, this must be seen as one of the earliest examples of its use in paintings. The purple colour of the parchment was identified as orchil, a dye extracted from lichens, similar to the results of analytical investigations carried out on other purple codices, and not the expected Tyrian purple dye.

Background Neuracanthus sphaerostachyus Dalz. species shows the spherically arranged flowering head. Mostly flowers are observed in purple colour. It is an annual herb with 30–60 cm high. Flowers arranged in rounded clusters without a stalk. Leaves are 5–10 cm in length, and are almost without a stalk. N. sphaerostachyus has been traditionally used to treat skin diseases, cough and asthma. Objective The present study was undertaken to study the Pharmacognostic parameters for the rapid identification and authentication of the plant. Materials and methods The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics with intensive quantitative microscopy of N. sphaerostachyus Dalz leaves were done using different chemicals and reagents. Results The plant leaves show single layered, wavy walled cells in upper epidermis. Powder study of leaves shows light greenish colour with multicellular covering trichomes and sessile glandular trichomes with fibres passing through parenchymatous cells. Conclusion The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of N. sphaerostachyus Dalz leaves serves as a tool for low cost, rapid identification and authentication of this plant.

Colour is a general feature of the colour of an object or space. It is the result of the joint action of all the colour components. The colour may be subordinated to one of the leading colours, be harmonious or colourful. Colour is a subjective characteristic of the light wave perception, based on the ability of the human vision to distinguish electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the visible range. Perceived colour (radiation or object) depends on its spectrum and on the psychophysiological state of a person. There are spectral and non-spectral colours (for example, purple colour), as well as achromatic colours (white, gray, black). Colour is one of the most important components of the composition, because its colour changes over the year several times. The aim of the work is a comprehensive assessment of the coloristic features of rocky gardens. Colour studies were conducted on the basis of cartographic and photographic materials. The visual world of a man with a normal colour vision is extremely saturated with colour shades. A person can distinguish about 7 million different colour shades. Colour is a psychological, emotional, cultural aspect, with the help of which emotional state of man is transmitted. An important issue when working with colour is its identification. Studies have shown that the intensity of green colour increases in the spring-summer period and gradually decreases in the autumn-winter period. The vegetation added to small architectural forms is of particular colour, as well as vivid tree plants with red, yellow, blue or motley colour of the leaves. Herb plants add colour harmony to the rocky garden during the flowering period. Plants in rocky gardens with a predominance of warm colours (red, yellow) can be used as stimulating factors. Conversely, cold tone (blue) can be used as a calming factor, as well as to remove the composition, cause a feeling of cold. Green colour is binding, soothing. Dark green is cold, restrained. The white colour is considered neutral, contrasting with all the dark colours. It has been established that the predominant colours in the coloristic features of rocky gardens (in the example of 4 experiments) are various shades of green (25.5 %) and shades of gray (28.2 %), which are formed by stones and paths. An insignificant part in rocky compositions forms conditionally removable carriers of other colours. Observations have shown that the distance from the place of examination of rocky compositions depends on their emotional perception.

This research aimed to study the influence of addition of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and to get the best CMC concentration in making of beet syrup. The research was conducted with five treatments and three replications. The treatments in this study were CMC addition of 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2%, and 1.5%. Data were statistically analyzed by using analysis of variance and followed by duncan new multiple range test at level 5%. The result of analysis of variance showed that the influence of CMC had significantly affected pH, total dissolved solid, sucrose level, and viscosity. The treatment also significantly effected aroma and hedonic test, but didn’t significantly affected colour and flavor of beet syrup. Based on this research, the best treatment was syrup with 0.9% CMC addition which had pH 5.75, total dissolved solids 71.16°brix, viscosity 351.56 cP, and sucrose level 69.68%. Characteristics of best treatment syrup based on descriptive test were red purple colour, beet root flavor, sweet taste, thick, and on hedonic test was favored by panelists.Keywords: Syrup, beet root, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of 5% ethanolamine oleate (EO) foam in the treatment of low-flow venous malformations in the head and neck region. Seventeen consecutive patients (six male, 11 female) and 34 low-flow venous malformations were enrolled. The vascular anomalies ranged between 20mm and 80mm in size. The typical clinical indication was a swelling (88.2%) with a purple colour (85.3%); the most frequent location was the tongue (23.5%). Ethanolamine oleate foam was produced via the Tessari method and applied at 10mg per 1cm to the vascular anomalies. This process resulted in the highest clinical healing score in 64.7% of cases, and half of the patients reported a high level of satisfaction (score >9). In the majority of cases (88.2%), the patients reported that the pain immediately postoperative was mild or moderate. There were direct relationships between vascular anomaly size and the volume of EO applied, the number of sessions, and healing (P

Aruk rice is an iconic rice from Province of Bangka Belitung which is made from cassava while purple aruk rice (PAR)e is made from sweet potato (Ipomea batatas). Ipomea batatas is a high nutritional food that possesses several medicinal value including anti-cancer, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities. This research aimed to assest the organoleptic features of PAR and analyze the effect of PAR consumption in lowering the BMI and bofódy fat percentage. The design of this research was randomized crossover design with quasi experimental research within subjects single-factor two-level design. This experiment consist of three phases, phase 1 (plain rice consumption), wash out phase, and phase 3 (PAR consumption). The only different between two phases was the source of the carbohydrate. The data of decreasing BMI and body fat percentage betweern plain rice diet and purple aruk rice was analyzed by using paired t test. Organoleptic assessment showed that the aroma of PAR is dislikeable but the natural purple colour is likeable. The decreasing of BMI and body fat percentage was found higher in phase 2 (2,05±0,10) than phase 1 (0,4±0,14), p=0,002. The decreasing of body fat percentage was also found higher in phase 2 or purple aruk rice diet (2,55±0,25) compared to phase 1 plain rice diet (0,5±0,20), p=0,003. Consumption of aruk purple rice lower BMI and body fat percentage more effective than consumption of plain rice.

The current research work was about a suitable eco-friendly process to produce gold nanoparticles using ethanol extract of Digera muricata. Completion of synthesis, size and morphology of nanoparticles and various functional groups present were confirmed using various techniques. Formation and physical appearance of gold nanoparticles was confirmed through the presence of dark purple colour. Ultraviolet/Vis spectra give a sharp narrow peak at the λmax specified for gold nanoparticle. Scanning electron microscopy indicated nanoparticles were spherical in shape, fully dispersed in reaction medium with 40±5 nm size. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that synthesized nanoparticles were crystalline with an average particle size of 33 nm. The presence of bio-organic compound was detected by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Antibacterial potential of the synthesized gold nanoparticles of Digera muricata extract was evaluated in comparison to crude ethanol extract. The gold nanoparticles exhibited greater antibacterial potential as compared to crude ethanol extract of Digera muricata against different drug-resistant bacteria including Vibrio cholera, Staphylococcus pyrogen, Klebsiella, Citrobacter and Enterobacter. The results indicated that the gold nanoparticles could be used as a promising antibacterial agents.

Cultivars are a main agricultural material in the table grape production chain. China has the largest number of table grape growers in the world, but their cultivar-adoption preferences are largely unknown. We aimed to fill this gap. A questionnaire study, in-depth interview and photograph test were carried out with 1045 table grape growers in the main growing regions of China, and results were validated by table grape cultivar research publications. Results revealed good yield, high disease resistance, high berry sugar content (19–20°Brix), large berry size, compact cluster and strong transport/storage potential as the top criteria in Chinese grape growers’ cultivar adoption. Deep red to dark purple colour was preferred to light-colour selections; round to oval shape and strong Muscat flavour were welcomed. Seedlessness was a low-weighted attribute. Chinese grape growers are highly willing to adopt new table grape cultivars. In addition to featured consumption attributes, they emphasize production attributes and risk-control management in their adoption decision-making. Our results provide first information on table grape cultivar adoption in China. The outlined multi-trait adoption indexes could be useful to international and domestic table grape breeders and nurseries at both strategic and tactical levels.

(Effect Potential Use of Purple Sweet Potato Flour ss Ingredient in Kemojo Cake, Riau Province Traditional Food) ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study was to obtain an optimal ratio of purple sweet potato flour to wheat flour to produce good quality kemojo cake product. This study uses a completely randomized design (CDR) completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatment. The analyzed of kemojo cake includes moisture content, ash content, protein content, sucrose content and sensory assessment. The result showed that kemojo cake best treatment is TUJ2 with moisture content of 24.32%, ash content of 0.80%, protein content of 13.25%, sucrose content of 21.82% and descriptive sensory showed light purple colour (score 2.80), a hint of sweet potato flavour (score 3.00), a little bit of purple sweet potato scent (score 3.03), the chewy texture (score 3.00) and panelist favored overall (score 2.06).

The traditional knowledge concerning the use of Tyrian purple in Late Antique and Medieval purple codices - those precious biblical texts written with noble metal inks on parchment dyed or painted with purple colourants - is here updated in view of new analytical evidence. Recent literature reports the analysis carried out on some purple codices, suggesting that Tyrian purple has not, if ever, been used in their making. A large number of purple codices has been considered in this work to elucidate the nature of the purple colour. Results have been discussed within the frame of previous information, thus covering a vast majority of the purple codices presently identified. In most of the instances the use of less expensive dyes such as folium or orchil is suggested. Moreover, analytical results from a non-invasive spectroscopic approach have been definitely confirmed by micro-invasive surface-enhanced Raman analysis performed on micro samples of purple parchment taken from two 6th century codices.

For establishment of the distinctness among 64 aromatic rice germplasm, 35 agro-morphological and quality traits were used. Most of the studied traits showed wide variation among the germplasm. Purple colour of auricles and ligule was found in only one genotype, while light purple colour of auricles was recorded in four genotypes. White colour of stigma was recorded in 57 accessions, whereas purple stigma was observed in six accessions. Awns present in 31 accessions. The weight of 1000 grains, which is one of the most important yield attributing traits showed wide variation among accessions, and ranges from very low to very high weight. Grain: length and decorticated grain: length showed high variation and ranges from very short to long type, while grain: width and decorticated grain: width showed somewhat little variation among the genotypes. Extra long slender type grain shape was observed in 27 accessions. White type of decorticated grain colour was found in 55 genotypes, while light red and red colour was observed in only three genotypes. The present study concluded that all sixty four accessions were found to be distinct on the basis of thirty one agro-morphological and quality traits. Accessions having short stem length, very long panicle length, more number of panicle per plant, and extra long slender grain may be used as potential donor in hybridization programmes. This study will be useful for breeders, researchers and farmers toidentify and choose the restoration and conservation of beneficial genes for crop improvement.

Jambolan is a Myrtaceae fruit originally from India and widely distributed in different parts of the world. The fruit exhibit remarkable sensory characteristics, as purple colour, due the anthocyanin content and exotic flavor from the mixture of acidity, sweetness and astringency. In vegetables, beyond color, anthocyanins confer biological properties to the fruit like antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity. In jambolan fruits, anthocyanin content was higher than that of vegetables considered sources of these substances making this fruit a powerful natural. In general, the consumption of jambolan is different in each location, varying from natural form to juices, pulps and jellies; but the low investments in post-harvest results in waste and that reduce the possibility of commercialization of this fruit.

A CO2-sensitive, smart adhesive is reported in which a CO2-sensitive pigment, comprising the pH-sensitive dye, phenol red, PR, coated onto nano-particulate silica particles, is dispersed in a hot melt, pressure sensitive adhesive. A CO2-sensitive, brightly coloured adhesive tape is produced by coating the smart adhesive onto a polymer 'barrier' film substrate. When placed inside on the plastic lidding of a CO2 MAPed package, the smart adhesive-based indicator changes to an orange/yellow colour due to the presence of the CO2, and returns to its original deep purple colour upon exposure to air, at a rate that depends upon temperature and the CO2 permeability and thickness of the polymer barrier film. The smart adhesive tape is used as a 'consume within', CW, indicator for refrigerated goods and briefly compared in performance to the more complex 'After Opening Freshness' indicator produced recently by Insignia Technologies Ltd. Other potential time-temperature applications of this new technology are discussed briefly.

In this study, growth and/or inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes 4032 at different inoculum levels in a vegetable smoothie with purple colour, (previously heat stabilised at 95 °C for 3 min) was evaluated. Growth/inactivation was compared with acidified TSB medium at the same pH level with HCl. Samples were stored at different temperatures (5, 10, 15 and 25 °C). All the smoothies stored at 15 and 25 °C showed growth up to 7.5–8.0 log CFU/mL and at 10 °C growth was only observed at the highest inoculum level. Growth was only observed at 25 °C in acidified TSB. In the case of the smoothies inoculated and stored at 5 °C, L. monocytogenes was not able to grow but survived for a long period of time, whereas at the lower inocula at 10 °C they presented a slow inactivation for an extended time. Acidified TSB inoculated and stored showed inactivation at 5, 10 and 15 °C. Best inactivation modelling alternatives are proposed. The differences between the smoothie and TSB medium about growth or survival in this study, even at relatively low pH values, were due to the favorable nutritional composition of the smoothie compared to a laboratory medium. Results in this study can allow to design safe conditions for smoothie production.

Background and Aims This study was designed to investigate the sensory attributes that relate to Chinese consumer liking responses to red wines and determine whether they differ from those of Australian consumers in a cross-cultural study. Methods and Results A set of Australian and international wines was profiled by a sensory descriptive analysis panel. A subset of 14 wines was assessed for hedonic liking by 310 consumers in China. These results were compared with findings of an Australian test using 216 consumers. For the Chinese sample, liking was most strongly positively associated with ‘red fruit’, ‘sweetness’ and ‘fruity aftertaste’ attributes. Two consumer clusters (80% of the consumers) preferred sweeter wines and had low acceptance to wines with strong acidity, with differences between the two clusters in their response to bitterness, ‘bruised fruit’ and ‘fresh green’ attributes. The third cluster liked wines with higher purple colour, ‘dark fruit’, ‘viscosity’ and ‘black pepper’, and had a lower liking score for wines with higher astringency. Two clusters of the Australian consumers were found with similar sensory attribute drivers of liking compared with those identified in China, but with different proportions. Conclusions The consumers from the two countries, while having broadly similar preferences, differed in both the size of cluster groups and in the importance of certain attributes. Significance of the Study The study provides an insight into differences in drivers of preference between an established Western wine consumer market and a developing Asian market.

Conventional UV-vis spectroscopic and transmission electron microscopy methods were used to monitor the kinetics, formation and characterisation of silver nanoparticles in the methionine-promoted reduction of silver(I). The silver nanoparticles (purple colour; λ max = 550 nm) are corn-shaped and aggregated, and the average particle size is about 23 nm. The kinetics of silver nanoparticles formation has been studied as a function of [Ag(I)], [methionine] and [CTAB]. We see that [Ag(I)] has no effect on the rate of silver nanoparticles formation. At higher [CTAB] ≥ 40.0 × 10−4 mol dm−3, silver nanoparticles were not observed. Methionine is responsible for interparticle interaction, increase in aggregate size and cross-linking between the particles, and it acts as complexing, reducing, adsorbing and capping agents. A mechanism consistent with the observed kinetics has been proposed and discussed.

The first successful growth of LiCoPO 4 single crystals by the floating-zone technique is reported. Typical crystals were 5 mm in diameter and 50–70 mm in length and were obtained from Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ·6H 2 O and Li 3 PO 4 starting materials. The single crystals had a dark purple colour. A crystallographic study of the material showed that LiCoPO 4 has the classical orthorhombic olivine structure.

New probes based on bis(indolyl)methane derivatives only sense Cu2+ among other heavy and transition metal (HTM) ions through two different channels: the colourless to orange or purple colour change, that is visible to the naked eye, and a remarkable enhancement of the fluorescence along with a large red-shift in emission, in a water containing medium (CH3CN/H2O).

A change in the colour of urine is always of clinical significance, and a source of concern for the patient and his physician. Among the different urine colours observed, purple is the least common. Although purple discolouration of a catheter and a urine bag is an uncommon finding, it was reported in the literature as early as 1978, by Barlow and Dickson. We present a unique case of purple urine bag syndrome in a patient with bilateral nephrostomy tubes (NT) and associated urine bags (UB) with only the left nephrostomy tube and urine bag exhibiting the purple colour, which resolved with a course of appropriate antibiotics eradicating the causative bacterial pathogen, and change of NT and UB.

A textural and compositional comparison of green and white asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L. cv. 'Grande') during storage was carried out. Spears harvested from a commercial plantation on the 28th, 35th and 42nd day during the 60-day harvest season of 1999 were stored for 6 days at 1 or 10 oC. The changes in fibre content of the white spears were larger than those of the green ones, indicating that postharvest textural changes proceed more rapidly in the former and therefore the spears become tougher than those of green asparagus. The postharvest colour changes after storage at 1 oC include the appearance of an intense purple colour at the tip of the white spears, due to anthocyanin synthesis and the degradation of chlorophyll at the tip of green spears. The losses of ascorbic acid during storage were larger in the green spears, especially at the higher storage temperature. A decrease in the total soluble phenols was observed only in the green spears. The green spears were susceptible to negative geotropic growth curvature or bending, especially when the spears were placed horizontally at 10 oC. No geotropic response was observed in the white spears.

The use of a pigment variously described as caput mortuum, usta or ostrum to provide a deep purple colour in ancient wall-paintings was highly prized, despite the technical difficulties associated with its application. With the Raman spectroscopic characterization of pigments in ancient frescoes and wall-paintings becoming more widespread, it is timely to consider the identification of this material either as a generic haematite alone or in admixture with contemporary blue pigments. Here, Raman and infrared spectroscopic, X-ray diffractometric and scanning electron microscopic structural studies have been undertaken to characterize caput mortuum and to identify a specimen of Roman wall-painting dating from the 3rd century.

Concern about the possible carcinogenic properties of o-tolidine and benzidine has led to a search for less harmful reagents for use in the detection of occult blood in faeces. The new preparations — Amidopyrine and Okokit — were compared with the standard method of the Scotland Yard Test. Amidopyrine and Okokit are believed to be non-carcinogenic reagents. The active ingredient of the Ham’s reagent used in the Scotland Yard Test is aminophthalhydroxide and is likewise not implicated in carcinogenesis. The chief aim of this study was purely practical in elucidating, for purposes of sideroom testing, the efficacy of the three tests. In the Scotland Yard Test, Ham’s reagent (5 drops) is added to each labelled carton containing a faecal sample to be tested. This is followed by the addition of 5 drops of H2O2. The fluorescent blue / purple colour, indicating a positive result, appears immediately, and the shadow cast by the container wall is sufficient for the colour to be seen readily in daylight. No sample preparation is required and sequential testing of many specimens is possible using this technique.

A new general synthesis of all four isomers of monobromoindigo is outlined, the synthesis of 4-, 6- and 7-bromoindigo being described for the first time. All four monobromoindigos as well as indigo and the historically important 6,6′-dibromoindigo (Tyrian purple) have been characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy of their N,N′-bis(trifluoroacetyl) derivatives, by FT-IR and FT Raman spectroscopy, and by their visible absorption spectra in solution and as dyes on wool. The absorption spectra of the dyes have been calculated by molecular mechanics (MM+) and semiempirical MO (PM3) methods. The purple colour of wool dyed with 6,6′-dibromoindigo is thought to be due to the interaction of the π systems of two parallel molecules that are brought together by van der Waals attraction between the bromine atoms.

Two sets of investigations were carried out in the present study to establish whether, in semen samples processed for the resazurin reaction (RT), the colour change and its intensity were informative for both the quality and quantity of spermatozoa. First, the results of RT were read visually using single semen samples from 42 consecutive men from infertile couples. In the second step, the results were additionally read using a spectrophotometer. Single semen samples obtained from another 87 consecutive men from infertile couples and 12 men from fertile couples were analysed in this step. Visual analysis, which involved grading against and RT colour chart, revealed a significant positive correlation between the RT results and the quantity and quality of spermatozoa. Azoospermia was diagnosed by grade number 1 (dark purple colour), while the highest grades 8-11 (colours dark red to pink) represented a homogeneous group of patients with the highest quality of spermatozoa (> 60% motility) and quantity (> 60 x 10(6)/ml ejaculate). Normal parameters of spermatozoa, according to WHO, appeared with a high predominance (89-100% of cases) in this group and were present in most of the samples. Thus, the grades 8-11 might represent semen samples with optimal fertility potential. Spectrophotometric analysis of RT revealed that visual characteristics corresponded closely to the values for optical density (OD) of the samples. The OD for normozoospermic samples ranged between 1.48 and 1.84; for oligozoospermia between 1.2 and 1.48; for azoospermia between 0.98 and 1.1. The OD for samples with putative optimal fertility potential ranged between 1.6 and 1.84. RT evaluation using a spectrophotometer may therefore provide a tool for obtaining a wider spectrum of seminological diagnoses than classic microscopic examination, especially for distinguishing men with probable optimal fertility potential.

After the skin is injured, the healing process usually leaves a flat scar. Keloid is a special type of scar that develops on the wound and has a pink or purple colour. Keloids are irregularly shape...

More and more swabs containing unknown traces of biological material are submitted for forensic DNA analysis. Most of the samples are swabs taken from handled items such as tools, weapons and handles etc. Therefore, we tried to develop a screening method in order to focus the investigation on samples containing biomolecules, such as amino acids which might be associated with nucleic acids. A total of 285 swabs taken from various items collected during crime scene investigations were treated with ninhydrin which leads to a purple colour for samples containing amino acids. Of the swabs 158 were classified as ninhydrin positive and 76% of these samples yielded DNA profiles that fulfil the criteria for inclusion in the German national DNA database (profile frequency greater than 1 in 100,000) or in DNA mixtures which could at least be compared with suspects. In comparison only 9% of the 127 samples shown to be ninhydrin negative, revealed a usable DNA profile. Consequently, ninhydrin treatment was found to be an effective screening method which resulted in an increase in the rate of successfully typed samples and subsequently in a reduction of the costs due to the lower number of samples that needed to be typed.

Purple sweet potato colour (PSPC) was a kind of natural pigment that attracted the general concern in recent years. In this paper, the response surface methodology was employed to optimize the extraction conditions of PSPC. The results showed that the extraction yield of purple colour was 11.6355 mg/g at the optimum extraction conditions of extraction temperature 60°C, extraction time 1 h, the ratio of solid to liquid ratio of 1 : 30, and acidified ethanol solution concentration 80%. Stability experiment showed that Fe3+and Al3+could increase the stability of PSPC, but Cu2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+would decrease the stability of PSPC. Ascorbic acidified could significantly increase the stability of PSPC, and Na2SO3would reduce the PSPC’s stability.

Fine-tuning the charge transfer chromophores in a series of [2]rotaxane flip-switches yields a unique optical signal (purple colour) for one of the interactions allowing for facile determination of the position of the flip-switch equilibrium.

Over the past 20 years there has been a recurrent problem of a purple‐bluish stain appearing on the laminate materials of finished printed circuit boards between the gold‐plated fingers. The origin of this staining has been traced back to the PWB fabrication plant and it is generally accepted to be related to either the gold plating bath and/or the solder stripper chemistry. In this paper the authors report their investigation of this phenomenon and show that, far from being a benign, cosmetic defect, this purple stain poses a potentially serious metallic contamination to the laminate surface of the PWB. The purple colour arises from generation of a colloidal gold chromophore known as the ‘Purple of Cassius,’ which has been known since ancient times and has been in commercial use in the glass and ceramics industry for at least 300 years.

Today, natural colorants are emerging globally due to the fact that are safer and environmentally-friendly. Natural dyes have been employed in dyeing Persian carpet piles for many years. The beautiful colour shades made from endemic plants together with the unique patterns contribute to the world fame of Persian carpet. Eggplant (Solanum melongena) is a member of the Solanaceae, a large, diverse plant family containing 18 different domesticated species. Anthocyanin pigment in the skin gives the fruit its familiar dark purple colour. In this study, the skin of eggplant was powdered and it was used for dyeing wool yarns. The Iranian wool yarn was first scoured with nonionic detergent, mordanted using some metal salts including Fe(II), Sn(II), Cu(II), Cr(VI) and Al(III). It was then dyed with 50% owf skin of eggplant. The colorimetric properties of the dyed yarns were evaluated with reflectance spectrophotometer. The wash and light fastness of the samples were measured according to ISO 105-CO5 and Daylight ISO 105-BO1. Results showed that skin of eggplant is a susceptible food waste for dyeing of protein fibers as rug piles.

The amount of cotyledon polyphenolic cells varies extensively within the Theobroma species. The polyphenolic compounds of these cells play a protective role and furthermore have an important function in the development of chocolate flavour. The morphology of the polyphenolic cells of the mesophyll is described and the development of these idioblasts in Theobroma cacao L., T. subincanum Mart., T. obovatum Klotzsch ex Bernoulli, T. grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum., T. microcarpum Mart., T. bicolor Bonpl. and T. speciosum Willd. ex Spreng analysed. The total polyphenolic content in the seeds as determined by spectrophotometry showed a variation of about forty times. The alive, transparent polyphenolic cells are scattered throughout the cotiledonary mesophyll. However the polyphenolic cells of T. cacao and T. grandiflorum are also aligned perpendicularly with respect to the mesophyll borders and, in addition, both species display polyphenolic cells with a natural translucent purple colour. All the species analysed contained polyphenolic cells scattered throughout the parenchymal cells and also in a lengthwise association with vascular bundles. In T. bicolor and T. speciosum, the species with the lowest polyphenolic contents, these cells were mostly located around the vascular bundles. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy, the polyphenolic cells demonstrated a complex cytoarchitecture, and after fixing with glutaraldhyde, the polyphenolic secretion was shown to remain as a single unit or was organized into round droplets. Transmission Electron Microscopy displayed immature plastids from young mesophyll cells containing eletron-dense deposits similar to phenolic substances, suggesting that Theobroma plastids are involved in the synthesis of phenolics. A quantidade de células polifenólicas dos cotilédones das espécies de Theobroma variam extensivamente. Os compostos polifenólicos destas células além da função de proteção participam no desenvolvimento do aroma do chocolate. A morfologia das células polifenólicas do mesofilo é descrita e também é analisado o desenvolvimento dos idioblastos em T. cacao L., T. subincanum Mart., T. obovatum Klotzsch ex Bernoulli, T. grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum., T. microcarpum Mart., T. bicolor Bonpl. e T. speciosum Willd. ex Spreng. A quantidade de polifenóis totais determinada por espectrofotometria apresentou uma grande variação, cerca de 40 vezes entre T. cacao (variedade forastero). As células polifenólicas apresentam-se transparentes e dispersas pelo mesofilo cotiledonar. Em T. cacao e T. grandiflorum grande número de células estão alinhadas perpendicularmente à borda do mesofilo e apresentam coloração púrpura translúcida. Entretanto, em todas as espécies as células polifenólicas também associam-se ao feixe vascular. Nas espécies T. bicolor e T. speciosum, com baixo conteúdo polifenólico, estão localizadas apenas na região do feixe vascular. À microscopia eletrônica de varredura, as células polifenólicas apresentam uma complexa citoarquitetura e após a fixação em glutaraldeído, a secreção polifenólica exibe um só conteúdo ou fragmenta-se em várias gotas esféricas. À microscopia eletrônica de transmissão aparecem nas células jovens do mesofilo, plastídeos imaturos eletrondensos, semelhantes a substâncias polifenólicas sugerindo que em Theobroma os plastídeos estão envolvidos na síntese de polifenóis.

A 58-year-old man with an indwelling urinary catheter began producing urine with a deep purple colour ([Figure 1][1]). The urine was alkaline (pH 7.8), and Proteus mirabilis urinary tract infection was diagnosed. This so-called purple urine bag syndrome resolved after treatment with ceftazidime. The

The first reported phytochemical studies on two species of flowers in Australia enabled the identification of six secondary metabolites from Illawarra flame tree flower (Brachychiton acerifolius) and seven secondary metabolites from the flowers of the Alstonville (Tibouchina lepidota). Pelargonidin 3-(6-coumarylglucoside)-5-(6-acetylglucoside) was found to be responsible for the red colour of B. acerifolius, whereas malvidin 3-(coumarylglucoside)-5-(acetylxyloside) was responsible for the purple colour of (T. lepidota) flowers. (2S)-4,5-Dihydroxyflavanone 7-O-β-d-glucuronide methyl ester was isolated for the first time from B. acerifolius, and its absolute configuration was determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Some of the traditional uses of B. acerifolius could also be correlated with the known activity of the isolated metabolites.

The temperature-dependent dyeability of oligoglucanes and polyglucanes with I2/KI solution is based on the interaction between iodine and the C-atoms of glucosidic bonds (Vetter and Thorn [1, 2]). Only when the helix is compressed, the expansion of the lumen that is necessary for the attachment of iodine bands is achieved as suggested by Freudenberg et al. in 1939 [3]. The development of colour starts with the maltododecaosis (just over two spirals) within a temperature range of 20 to 25°C adsorbing one pentaiodide and bringing about a pale shade of pink. The rich blue tone is achieved with pure amyloses forming a maximum of about 610 to 620 nm. Unramified polysaccharides which had been synthesised by our team from 30 glucoside residues, still showed a purple colour with a maximum of 510 nm at temperatures from 20 to 25°C. Defined polysaccharides from 40 residues are bluish-purple (just 7 spirals of a tension-free helix) with a maximum absorption of about 550 nm. According to our knowledge, the rich blue tone requires at least 50 glucoside residues linked in an unramified chain [1, 2]. Amylopectin from potatoes has a maximum of 575 to 580 nm which shifts to 555 to 560 nm after partial break-down into β-dextrin by β-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) and does a long-wave re-shift to 570 nm after splitting off of the side-chain stumps in the basic structure by pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41). In the case of maize, the maximum is 535 nm for amylopectin, 520 nm for β-dextrin, and 555 nm for the basic structure. This means that in amylopectin from potatoes the helical sections available for the adsorption of iodine bands are longer than those in amylopectin from maize [4]. In glycogen iodine accumulates in a diffuse manner without forming any long bands. For this reason, an absorption shoulder of merely 400 to 500 nm is found by photometry [4]. A treatment with β-amylase makes the situation even worse; only when the side-chain stumps are separated by pullulanase does the formation of iodine bands in the basic structure of the glycogen improve to a maximum of 500 nm. This maximum corresponds to unramified sections of less than 30 glucoside residues [4, 2, 6]. α-D-Polyglucan-Iodkomplexe Die temperaturabhangige Anfarbbarkeit von Oligo- und Polyglucanen mit I2/KI-Losung beruht auf eine Wechselwirkung des Iods mit den an der glucosidischen Bindung beteiligten C-Atomen, Vetter und Thorn [1,2]. Erst eine Stauchung der Helix bringt die erforderliche Lumenerweiterung zur Einlagerung von Iodbandern, wie sie von Freudenberg et al. 1939 vorgeschlagen wurde [3]. Die Farbentwicklung beginnt im Temperaturbereich 20° bis 25°C mit der Maltododecaose (gut 2 Windungen) unter Aufnahme eines Pentaiodids und einer schwachrosa Anfarbung. Sie erreicht den satten Blauton mit reinen Amylosen unter Ausbildung eines Maximums um 610 bis 620 nm. In unserem Arbeitskreis synthetisierte, unverzweigte Polysaccharide aus 30 Glucosidresten sind bei 20° bis 25°C noch violett gefarbt mit einem Maximum um 510 nm. Definierte Polysaccharide aus 40 Resten sind blauviolett gefarbt (knapp 7 Windungen einer spannungsfreien Helix) mit einem Absorptionsmaximum um 550 nm. Nach unserer Kenntnis erfordert die satte Blaufarbung mindestens 50 unverzweigt verknupfte Glucosidreste [1, 2]). Das Kartoffelamylopektin besitzt ein Maximum um 575–580 nm, welches sich nach partiellem Abbau mit β-Amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) zum β-Dextrin nach 555–560 nm verschiebt und das sich nach Abspaltung der Seitenkettenstumpfe mit Pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) im Basisgerust wieder langwellig auf 570 nm verlagert. Die Lage der Maxima fur Maisamylopektin lautet 535 nm Amylopektin, 520 nm β-Dextrin, 555 nm Basisgerust. Im Kartoffelamylopektin existieren demnach langere helikale Bezirke zur Aufnahme von Iodbandern als im Maisamylopektin [4]. Das Glycogen lagert Iod diffus an, ohne Ausbildung langerer Bander. Deshalb findet man im Photometer lediglich eine Absorptionsschulter zwischen 400 und 500 nm [4]. Eine β-Amylasebehandlung verschlechtert die Situation, erst die Abspaltung der Seitenkettenstumpfe mit der Pullulanase verbessert die Iodbandausbildung im Basisgerust des Glycogens mit einem Maximum um 500 nm. Das Maximum entspricht unverzweigten Strecken aus weniger als 30 Glucosidresten [2, 4, 6].

Aristolochia weixiensis, a new species from northwest Yunnan, China, is described. A. weixiensis is affinis to A. moupinensis with similar leaf shape, but differs from the latter in the limb with dark purple colour and dense papillae, ca. 3.5 cm in diam., throat with light brown colour and dense brownish red patches, 13–16 mm in diam. Meanwhile, A. weixiensis is similar to A. wuana with similar leaves in shape, but differs in fruit and the size of leaf.

Several dibenzoylbenzene dihydrazones were electrochemically oxidized into the corresponding bis-dimethyl acetals in a methanolic solution containing sodium methoxide and a catalytic amount of KI. During electrolysis, the anolyte exhibited a characteristic deep purple colour, which strongly suggests the formation of a diazo compound as an intermediate. Such intermediates have been isolated in the electrooxidation of two dihydrazones.

Spectrophotometric technique was employed in the quantitative determination of amitriptyline in its pharmaceutical tablet formulation. The complex produced a purple colour that absorbed maximally at 520 nm and was stable over 10 h. The molar absorbtivity and Sandell\'s sensitivity for the complex were 4666 l mol -1 cm -1 and 15 ng/ml respectively. The complexation reaction obeys Beer-Lambert law between 3.134 x 10 -2 M and 3.314 x 10 -1 M that was investigated. Quantitative analysis of three (3) different brands of amitriptyline by the proposed method gave recoveries of A = 97.8 ± RSD 0.81 %; B = 98.7 ± RSD 0.75 % and C = 98.3 ± RSD 0.88 %. Pharmacopoeia method gave corresponding values of 95.5 ± RSD 2.96%; 96.1 ± RSD 2.15 % and 95.15 ± RSD 3.05 % respectively. These results show that the proposed method is more sensitive than the official method. Statistical comparison of these techniques by Student t-test (p > 0.05) however did not suggest any significant difference between them. The simplicity and accuracy of the proposed method means that it could be used for rapid screening of amitriptyline in hospital environment where elaborate and sophisticated equipment may not be readily available. KEY WORDS: Amitriptyline, chloranilic acid, spectrophotometric analysis Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Vol.11(2) 2005: 237-240

Aims: To investigate whether it is possible to determine the age of a bruise in a child in clinical practice by means of a systematic review. Methods: An all language literature search up to 2004. Included studies assessed the age of bruises in live children less than 18 years old. Excluded: review articles, expert opinion, and single case reports. Standardised data extraction and critical appraisal forms were used. Two reviewers independently reviewed studies. Results: Of 167 studies reviewed, three were included: two studies described colour assessment in vivo and one from photographs. Although the Bariciak et al study showed a significant association between red/blue/purple colour and recent bruising and yellow/brown and green with older bruising, both this study and Stephenson and Bialas reported that any colour could be present in fresh, intermediate, and old bruises. Results on yellow colouration were conflicting. Stephenson and Bialas showed yellow colour in 10 bruises only after 24 hours, Carpenter after 48 hours, and Bariciak et al noted yellow/green/brown within 48 hours. Stephenson and Bialas reported that red was only seen in those of one week or less. The accuracy with which clinicians correctly aged a bruise to within 24 hours of its occurrence was less than 40%. The accuracy with which they could identify fresh, intermediate, or old bruises was 55–63%. Intra- and inter-observer reliability was poor. Conclusion: A bruise cannot accurately be aged from clinical assessment in vivo or on a photograph. At this point in time the practice of estimating the age of a bruise from its colour has no scientific basis and should be avoided in child protection proceedings.

The structure–redox chemistry relationship of a new type of azaferrocenophane-based chemosensors, 3 and 4, in the presence of protons and several kinds of metal ions, has been studied. Electrochemical studies, carried out in CH2Cl2, in the presence of increasing amounts of Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ showed that the wave corresponding to the Fc/Fc+ couple of the uncomplexed ligands is gradually replaced by a new reversible wave at more positive potentials corresponding to the Fc/Fc+ couple of the complexed ligands. The maximum shift of the ferrocene oxidation wave was found for 4b in the presence of Mg2+, whereas for 3f a selective sensing response for Mg2+ in the presence of hydrated Ca2+ cations was observed, with a concomitant highly visual output response consisting of a deep purple colour.

Ferrocenophane derivatives 3 act as electrochemical sensors of Mg2+ ions: a new redox peak appears in the CVs anodically shifted compared to the E1/2 of the free receptors by 268–382 mV. Receptors 3a , 3c and 3d are selective for Mg2+, whilst 3b is also responsive to Ca2+ ion (302 mV shift). Receptor 3c also gave a highly visual output response in the presence of Mg2+ consisting of a deep purple colour.

Forty-five cowpea accessions, randomly selected from cowpea germplasm from four cowpea-growing regions Of Ghana, namely, Upper East, Upper West, Northern, and Eastern Regions, were characterized and evaluated to determine the range of variability in qualitative characters in the samples. Variability was observed in growth habit, twining tendency, plant and pod pigmentation, and raceme position. Accessions from the Upper West, Northern and Eastern Regions showed three types of growth habit: prostrate, semi-prostrate and intermediate, with the semi-prostrate type in the majority, whilst and Upper East Region showed only the semi-prostrate type. Accessions from the Northern and Eastern Regions showed three types of twining tendency, namely, no twining, slight, and intermediate twining, whilst the Upper East Region accessions showed only none twining types. Majority of the accessions showed the no twining type. All the regions showed great variability in plant and immature pod pigmentation in the cowpea accessions. Two types of flower colour were observed, purple and white. With the exception of the Upper East Region accessions which showed only white flower colour, accessions from all the other regions showed both white and purple colours with the accessions with purple colour in the majority. In most of the accessions from the Upper West, Northern and Eastern Regions, the racemes were held above the canopy. Ghana Jnl.agric. Sci Vol.32(1), 1999: 3-10

A purple inorganic pigment, YGa1−xMnxO3 (0 < x ≤ 0.10), based on hexagonal YGaO3 is reported here. The metastable series of oxides were prepared by a sol–gel technique where the dried gels, obtained from aqueous solutions of metal nitrate–citric acid mixtures, were calcined for a short duration in a preheated furnace around 850 °C. The purple colour of the oxides arises from the specific trigonal bipyramidal ligand field around MnIII in a YGaO3 host. Other hexagonal RGaO3 hosts for R = Lu, Tm and Ho substituted with MnIII also produce similar purple coloured materials.

Introduction: During the past three years many white mangrove trees (Avicennia marina [Forsk.] Vierh.) have died in the Gladstone area of central coastal Queensland. A few dead trees were first observed in 1978 in the vicinity of the Gladstone power house by Dr. Peter Saenger, a biological consultant with the Queensland Electricity Generating Board. The number of deaths increased considerably in 1979 and at present approximately 70 per cent of white mangrove trees growing near the mouths of the Calliope River and Auckland Creek have died (Figure 1). Twelve species of mangrove occur in the Gladstone area (Saenger and Robson, 1977), but only Avciennia marina is affected. The first visible symptom in the aerial parts of affected trees is a wilting of the leaves. These leaves then become yellow and gradually fall so that trees are almost completely defoliated. The lateral absorbing rootlets which are borne at base of the pneumotophores become black and decayed. A truck rot is also occasionally present. This originates at ground level and may extend two metres up the trunk. Trunk lesions are a deep purple colour, and when this discoloured tissue is cut it has a sweet, sickly odour.

In order to extend meat shelf-life, normal-pH and high-pH beef steaks were packaged under vacuum or in 100% C 0 2 atmosphere. Microbiological, colour (L*, a*, b*) and reflectance (R630-R580 values) characteristics were measured. After packaging under vacuum, Enterobacteriaceae, Brochothrix thermosphacta and Pseudomonas numbers were 10- to 100-fold greater on high-pH meat than on normal-pH meat. Packaging under C 0 2 improved the shelf-life of meat, particularly that of high-pH meat up to 42 days. For both high- and normal-pH meats, the bacterial flora was composed only of lactic acid bacteria. Normal-pH meat in C 0 2 atmosphere and vacuum packaging had a purple colour. After C02-pack opening the meat colour became bright red and R630- R580 measurements were high, whereas after opening of vacuum packaging R630-R580 decreased rapidly with increasing aerobic exposure. High-pH meat became paler with increasing storage time in C02. Simultaneously R630-R580 values increased and the pH fell. In addition it lost less exudate and oxidized less in air than the normal-pH meat under the same conditions.

Identification of amino acids is essential for the evaluation of protein structure and also for the determination of the presence of amino acids in natural products. D-Camphor-10-sulphonic acid–ninhydrin can produce various distinguishable colours when it reacts with amino acids, whereas ninhydrin itself produces the same purple colour with most of them. The detection limits for amino acids for the proposed spray reagent range between 0.4 and 2.0 µg, under cold conditions, and 0.2 and 1.0 µg, after heating.