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Vitex trifolia L. is widely used as a traditional medicine owing to its secondary metabolites. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical profiling of the ethanolic extract of V. trifolia leaves (EEVL). Additionally, biological activities were investigated, supported by molecular docking studies. The total flavonoid and phenolic contents of the EEVL were 35.25 ± 0.13 mg QE/g extract and 39.55 ± 1.43 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. The EEVL exhibits anti‐inflammatory activity with a half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 153.59 µg/mL. The antioxidant activity of the EEVL exhibited an IC50 value of 20.41 ± 0.08 µg/mL with the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method, a half‐maximal effective concentration value of 80.85 ± 0.39 µg/mL with the cupric‐reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) method, and a capacity of 180.58 mg QE/g extract with the ferric‐reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. At 16% concentration, the EEVL exhibited an antibacterial activity against some pathogenic bacteria. Molecular docking studies reported that casticin interacts with sodium diclofenac similarly toward 1PXX. However, artemitin exhibited better affinity toward 1HD2 than ascorbic acid. Thus, the EEVL has significant potential as a natural source for treating various diseases related to inflammation, oxidation, and infection. Moreover, screening of its active compounds is necessary for further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm oil contains an abundant concentration of oleic acid which is known to have low toxicity to human health. The unsaturated double‐bond structure in oleic acid can be modified to synthesize oleate epoxides. The potential benefit of epoxide derivatives is their high biological activity that can be directed as new anticancer agents. In this work, the synthesis of epoxides from purified fatty acid methyl ester (EPFAME) and epoxides from purified fatty acid ethyl ester (EPFAEE) from palm oil in addition to cytotoxicity evaluations as new anticancer agents were investigated by in vitro and in silico studies. Both EPFAME and EPFAEE derivatives were successfully obtained in 82.80 % and 85.80 % yield, respectively. The MTT assay results revealed that EPFAME and EPFAEE significantly decreased the cell viability of WiDr cancer cells with IC50 of 2.70 and 14.23 μg/mL, respectively. They also showed moderate potency against T47D and HeLa cancer cell lines with IC50≥20 μg/mL. The results suggested that the addition of a methylene group from EPFAME to EPFAEE lowers cytotoxicity. A molecular docking study revealed that EPFAME and EPFAEE bind to the fatty acid synthase (FASN) protein interacting with high stability. This is represented by the binding affinity values of EPFAME and EPFAEE to FASN protein which are −7.3 and −8.1 kcal/mol, respectively. Using epoxide compounds derived from palm oil, fatty acid esters were shown to have potential medical benefits due to their low cytotoxicity and anticancer agency against several cell lines by inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis of cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article explores the implementation of service quality for PKK women in their journey to become new entrepreneurs. The study focuses on the training method of project-based learning, which combines theory and practical experience. The participants in the study, who are PKK women, engage in making souvenirs that are in high demand in the market. The research findings identify three factors that contribute to successful entrepreneurship: physical assets, competence, and empathy. The article suggests further research and acknowledges the contributions of the staff involved in the study. [Extracted from the article]

Acid-catalyzed reactions of 3-substituted 4,6-dimethoxyindole-7- and -2-carboxylic acids with aryl aldehydes generate unsymmetrically-oriented calix[3]indoles, with one 2,2'-linkage, one 2,7'-linkage and one 7,7'-linkage, in a wide range of yields. This behavior contrasts with similar reactions of the parent indoles, which more commonly yield the symmetrically-oriented calix[3]indoles, with three 2,7'-linkages. The starting material carboxylic acids were prepared via the hydrolysis of trifluoroacetyl and trichloroacetyl substituents formed by acylation of the parent 3-substituted-4,6-dimethoxyindoles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mannich reactions of 4,6-dimethoxy-2,3-disubstituted indoles with bis(aminol)ethers catalysed by trifluoroacetic anhydride give pyrroloquinazoline derivatives through reaction at C7 and N1. 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4,6-dimethoxyindoles with electron withdrawing substituents at C7 react with formaldehyde and dimethylamine to give the corresponding 2-dimethylaminomethyl derivatives. They also react with N,Nbis(methoxymethyl)benzylamine catalysed by trichloromethylsilane to give Mannich base C2-linked diindole compounds. More strongly acidic conditions (e.g. trifluoroacetic anhydride) favour the formation of 2,2'-diindolylmethanes, which are preferably generated from the indoles by reaction with formaldehyde in methanolic hydrochloric acid. Reactions of a Mannich base C2-linked diindole 7,7'-dicarbaldehyde with 1,2-diaminobenzene and 1,2-diaminoethane give macrocyclic diimines, and a nickel(II) complex of one of these is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]