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2. Genetic variants affecting plant size and chemical defenses jointly shape herbivory in Arabidopsis

Author

Simon C. Groen, Mitchell J. Feldmann, Christopher Meyer, Fabrice Roux, Andrew D. Gloss, Benjamin Brachi, LaPlante E, Jérôme Gouzy, Whiteman N, Rogan S, Joy Bergelson, Pyon H, Claudia Bartoli, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Herbivore, Scaptomyza flava, Ecology, Host (biology), Phenology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], fungi, Foraging, food and beverages, 15. Life on land, Biology, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Arabidopsis, Genotype, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Arabidopsis thaliana, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

Herbivorous insects exhibit strong feeding preferences when choosing among plant genotypes, yet experiments to map loci mediating plant susceptibility to herbivory rarely incorporate host choice. To address this gap, we applied genome-wide association (GWA) mapping to uncover genetic polymorphisms mediating damage from foraging insects (two populations ofScaptomyza flava) across a mixture ofArabidopsis thalianagenotypes in experimental enclosures. The effect of chemical defenses (glucosinolates) on herbivory depended on herbivore genotype. Unlike many studies that minimize the effects of host choice behavior, we also found a large effect of plant size on herbivory—likely through its effect on plant apparency—that was independent of herbivore genotype. These herbivory-associated loci are polymorphic at fine spatial scales, and thus have potential to shape variation in herbivory within natural populations. We also show that the polymorphism with the largest effect on herbivory underlies adaptive latitudinal variation inArabidopsisplant size across Europe. Overall, our results provide genetic support for ecological observations that variation in both chemical defenses and non-canonical defense traits (e.g., plant size and phenology) jointly shapes plant-herbivore interactions.

Published
2017
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4. Analysis of Ig kappa light chain gene variable regions expressed in the rheumatoid synovial B cells.

Author

Pyon HS, Ha-Lee YM, Song GG, and Sohn J

Subjects
Base Sequence, Complementarity Determining Regions genetics, Female, Germ-Line Mutation, Humans, Immunoglobulin J-Chains genetics, Middle Aged, Arthritis, Rheumatoid immunology, Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain, Genes, Immunoglobulin, Immunoglobulin Variable Region genetics, Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains genetics, Synovial Membrane immunology
Abstract

Sequence analysis of antibody variable (V) regions can provide an insight regarding whether B cells have gone through an antigen-driven process of affinity maturation. In this study, we analyzed 16 V-regions of immunoglobulin (Ig) kappa light chain genes obtained from a cDNA library of a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue. A salient feature of our results is the high frequency utilization of germline V kappa I family genes, especially the O2/O12 gene (38%). All kappa V-regions showed extensive somatic hypermutation with 5.4% of an average mutation rate. Replacement to silent mutation (R/S) ratio in the complementarity determining region (CDR) was > 2.9 in 12 out of 16 clones, indicating that the majority of the RA synovial B cells had undergone affinity maturation. However, the four other clones showed R/S ratios of < 2.9 in the CDR despite a high mutation rate. In contrast to the previous reports, long CDR3 was not a characteristic feature of these clones. In summary, these data show the high frequency utilization of the germline O2/O12 gene and a high rate of mutation with an evidence of antigen selection in most of the Ig kappa genes expressed in the RA synovium.

Published
2001
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