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Herpesviruses can either cause primary infection or may get reactivated after both hematopoietic cell and solid organ transplantations. In general, viral infections increase post-transplant morbidity and mortality. Prophylactic, preemptive, or therapeutically administered antiviral drugs may be associated with serious side effects and may induce viral resistance. Virus-specific T cells represent a valuable addition to antiviral treatment, with high rates of response and minimal side effects. Even low numbers of virus-specific T cells manufactured by direct selection methods can reconstitute virus-specific immunity after transplantation and control viral replication. Virus-specific T cells belong to the advanced therapy medicinal products, and their production is regulated by appropriate legislation; also, strict safety regulations are required to minimize their side effects.

In vitro and in vivo analyses are closely connected, and the reciprocal relationship between the two comprises a key assumption with concern to the conducting of meaningful research. The primary purpose of in vitro analysis is to provide a solid background for in vivo and clinical study purposes. The fields of cell therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine depend upon the high quality and appropriate degree of the expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) under low-risk and well-defined conditions. Hence, it is necessary to determine suitable alternatives to fetal bovine serum (FBS—the laboratory gold standard) that comply with all the relevant clinical requirements and that provide the appropriate quantity of high-quality cells while preserving the required properties. Human serum (autologous and allogeneic) and blood platelet lysates and releasates are currently considered to offer promising and relatively well-accessible MSC cultivation alternatives. Our study compared the effect of heat-inactivated FBS on MSC metabolism as compared to its native form (both are used as the standard in laboratory practice) and to potential alternatives with concern to clinical application—human serum (allogeneic and autologous) or platelet releasate (PR-SRGF). The influence of the origin of the serum (fetal versus adult) was also determined. The results revealed the key impact of the heat inactivation of FBS on MSCs and the effectiveness of human sera and platelet releasates with respect to MSC behaviour (metabolic activity, proliferation, morphology, and cytokine production).

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are lymphoid malignancies of B- or T-cell origin. Despite great advances in treatment options and significant improvement of survival parameters, a large part of NHL patients either present with a chemotherapy-refractory disease or experience lymphoma relapse. Chemotherapy-based salvage therapy of relapsed/refractory NHL is, however, capable of re-inducing long-term remissions only in a minority of patients. Immunotherapy-based approaches, including bispecific antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors and genetically engineered T-cells carrying chimeric antigen receptors, single-agent or in combination with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, immunomodulatory agents, chemotherapy or targeted agents demonstrated unprecedented clinical activity in heavily-pretreated patients with NHL, including chemotherapy-refractory cases with complex karyotype changes and other adverse prognostic factors. In this review, we recapitulate currently used immunotherapy modalities in NHL and discuss future perspectives of combinatorial immunotherapy strategies, including patient-tailored approaches.

Cyclic loading on civil structures can lead to a reduction of strength of the used materials. A literature study showed that, in contrast to steel structures and material engineering, there are no design codes or standards for fatigue of foundations and the surrounding ground masses in terms of shear strength reduction. Scientific efforts to study the fatigue behaviour of geomaterials are mainly focused on strain accumulation, while the reduction of shear strength of geomaterials has not been fully investigated. It has to be mentioned that a number of laboratory investigation have been done and some models have been already proposed for strain accumulation and pore pressure increase which can lead to liquefaction. Laboratory triaxial tests have been performed in order to evaluate the fatigue of soils and rocks by comparing the shear strength parameters obtained in cyclic triaxial tests with the static one. Correlations of fatigue with both, the number of cycles and cyclic stress ratio have been given. In order to apply cyclic movements in a triaxial apparatus, a machine setup and configuration was made. A special program was written in LabVIEW to control the applied stresses and the speed of loading, which allowed simulating the natural loading frequencies. Matlab scripts were also written to reduce the time required for the data processing. Both cohesive and cohesionless geomaterials were tested: artificial gypsum and mortar as cohesive geomaterials, and sedimentary limestone, and different sands, as cohesionless and low-cohesive natural materials. The artificial gypsum, mortar and natural limestone exhibit mostly brittle behaviour, where the crumbled limestone and other sand typical ductile one. All the sands as well as the crumbled limestone were slightly densified before testing therefore; they can be treated as dense sands. The UCS for the crumbled limestone is 0.17 MPa and standard error of estimate σest = 0.021 MPa, where for mortar UCS = 9.11 MPa with σest = 0.18 MPa and for gypsum UCS = 6.02 MPa with standard deviation = 0.53. All triaxial tests were conducted on dry samples in the natural state, without presence of water (no pore pressure). The range of the confining pressure was between 0 MPa and 0.5 MPa. The cyclic tests carried out were typical multiple loading tests with constant displacement ratio up to a certain stress level. The frequency was kept low to allow for precise application of cyclic load and accurate readings. What is more, the frequency of the cyclic loading corresponds to the natural loading of waves and winds. The number of applied cycles was from few cycles up to few hundred thousand (max number of applied cycles was 370 000). Due to the complex behaviour of materials and high scatter of the results, many tests were required. Two different strategies were used to investigate fatigue of geomaterials: 1) the remaining shear strength curve; after a given number of cycles, a final single load test was done until failure in order to measure the remaining shear strength of the sample. 2) the typical S-N curve (Wöhler curves); there is simply a constant loading until failure. The remaining shear strength (or strength reduction) curve has been compared with the standard S-N curve, and is found to be very similar because the cyclic stress ratio has little influence. The cyclic loading on geomaterials, being an assemblage of different sizes and shapes of grains with voids etc., showed different types of effects. Cohesionless materials show a shear strength increase during the cyclic loading, while cohesive ones show a shear strength decrease. For the cohesive materials the assumption was made that the friction angle remains constant; so, the fatigue of geomaterials can be seen as a reduction of the cohesion. In this way, the fatigue of a cohesive geomaterial can be described by a remaining cohesion. The imperfections in the artificial gypsum have a significant impact on the results of the (especially cyclic) strength tests. Therefore another man made materials was used – a mixture of sand and cement (mortar). As the first static test results were very promising, mortar was used in further tests. The cyclic tests, however, presented similar, high scatter of results as for artificial gypsum. An unexpected observation for both materials was a lack of dependency of the remaining shear strength on the cyclic stress ratio. The strain-stress relationship in cyclic loading shows that the fatigue life of the geomaterials can be divided into three stages, just as for creep. The last phase with a fast increase in plastic strains could be an indicator of an incoming failure. The accumulation of strains and increase of internal energy could be good indicators too, but no strong correlation, has been found. Similar to the shear strength, the stiffness changes during cyclic loading; for cohesive materials the stiffness increase, while for cohesionless it decreases. This could help to predict the remaining shear strength of a geomaterial by using a non-destructive method.

Objectives: 90Y-labeled anti-CD66b monoclonal antibody clone BW 250/183 was developed for treatment of tumors. The aim of the study was the analysis of CD66 expression in lymphoproliferative malignancies to expand the potential of anti-CD66-based therapy. Patients and methods: Bone marrow samples from 260 patients were examined for the expression of CD66 on tumor cells in 104 B-chronic lymphocytic leukemias (B-CLL), 28 mantle cell lymphomas (MCL), 22 follicular lymphomas (FCL), 15 marginal zone lymphomas (MZL), 12 lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas (LPL), 13 diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL), 4 T-non-Hodgkin lymphomas (T-NHL), 3 B-NHL not otherwise specified (B-NHL NOS), 3 B acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B-ALL), and in 56 multiple myelomas (MM) by flow cytometry. Results: Positive (≥ 20%) expression of CD66abce clone Kat4c was detected in 76% of B-CLL and 76.8% of MM. The highest number of CD66abce-positive samples was in MCL and LPL (96.4% of 28 and 91.7% of 12 patients, respectively). Expression of CD66b clone BW 250/183 was examined in 114 of 260 samples. Positive expression was detected in 23.3% of B-CLL (6/35), 17.1% of MM (7/30), and 21.4% of MCL (3/14) samples. Conclusion: The expression of CD66b compared to CD66abce was lower in all measured samples. Use of radiolabeled anti-CD66b antibody for the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases appears to have limited preclinical substantiation.

⁹⁰Y-labeled anti-CD66b monoclonal antibody clone BW 250/183 was developed for treatment of tumors. The aim of the study was the analysis of CD66 expression in lymphoproliferative malignancies to expand the potential of anti-CD66-based therapy.Bone marrow samples from 260 patients were examined for the expression of CD66 on tumor cells in 104 B-chronic lymphocytic leukemias (B-CLL), 28 mantle cell lymphomas (MCL), 22 follicular lymphomas (FCL), 15 marginal zone lymphomas (MZL), 12 lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas (LPL), 13 diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL), 4 T-non-Hodgkin lymphomas (T-NHL), 3 B-NHL not otherwise specified (B-NHL NOS), 3 B acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B-ALL), and in 56 multiple myelomas (MM) by flow cytometry.Positive (≥ 20%) expression of CD66abce clone Kat4c was detected in 76% of B-CLL and 76.8% of MM. The highest number of CD66abce-positive samples was in MCL and LPL (96.4% of 28 and 91.7% of 12 patients, respectively). Expression of CD66b clone BW 250/183 was examined in 114 of 260 samples. Positive expression was detected in 23.3% of B-CLL (6/35), 17.1% of MM (7/30), and 21.4% of MCL (3/14) samples.The expression of CD66b compared to CD66abce was lower in all measured samples. Use of radiolabeled anti-CD66b antibody for the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases appears to have limited preclinical substantiation.