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Abstract In just over a decade, certified single-junction perovskite solar cells (PSCs) boast an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.1%. Such outstanding performance makes it highly viable for further development. Here, we have meticulously outlined challenges that arose during the industrialization of PSCs and proposed their corresponding solutions based on extensive research. We discussed the main challenges in this field including technological limitations, multi-scenario applications, sustainable development, etc. Mature photovoltaic solutions provide the perovskite community with invaluable insights for overcoming the challenges of industrialization. In the upcoming stages of PSCs advancement, it has become evident that addressing the challenges concerning long-term stability and sustainability is paramount. In this manner, we can facilitate a more effective integration of PSCs into our daily lives.

Abstract Background Bladder cancer (BC) is a very common urinary tract malignancy that has a high incidence and lethality. In this study, we identified BC biomarkers and described a new noninvasive detection method using serum and urine samples for the early detection of BC. Methods Serum and urine samples were retrospectively collected from patients with BC (n = 99) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 50), and the expression levels of 92 inflammation-related proteins were examined via the proximity extension analysis (PEA) technique. Differential protein expression was then evaluated by univariate analysis (p

Highly crystalline perovskite films with large grains and few grain boundaries are conducive for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Current methods for preparing perovskite films are mostly based on a fast crystallization process, with rapid nucleation and insufficient growth. In this study, MAPbI3 perovskite with inhibited nucleation and promoted growth in the TiO2/ZrO2/carbon triple mesoscopic scaffold was crystallized by modulating the precursor and the crystallization process. N-methylformamide showed high solubility for both methylammonium iodide and PbI2 and hampered the formation of large colloids in the MAPbI3 precursor solution. Furthermore, methylammonium chloride was added to reduce large colloids, which are a possible source of nucleation sites. During the crystallization of MAPbI3, the solvent was removed at a slow controlled speed, to avoid rapid nucleation and provide sufficient time for crystal growth. As a result, highly oriented MAPbI3 crystals with suppressed non-radiative recombination and promoted charge transport were obtained in the triple mesoscopic layer with disordered pores. The corresponding hole-conductor-free, printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells exhibited a highest power conversion efficiency of 18.82%. The device also exhibited promising long-term operational stability of 1000 h under continuous illumination at maximum power point at 55 ± 5 °C and damp-heat stability of 1340 h aging at 85 °C as well as 85% relative humidity.

Quantification of germination characteristics between herbicide-resistant and -susceptible weeds might provide methods to control resistant weeds and permit better prediction of evolution and persistence of herbicide resistance. This study aimed to compare the germination characteristics of Asian minor bluegrass (Polypogon fugax) populations that are resistant or susceptible to quizalofop-p-ethyl under controlled conditions, which the resistance mechanism is involved in glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) metabolism-based resistance. No major differences in seed germination were found at diverse temperatures, pH ranges, and light conditions. However, a significant difference that seed response to a gradient of osmotic and salt stress between the resistant and susceptible P. fugax populations were found. Two stress response genes (P5CS-1 and CDPK-2) in P. fugax were likely involved in germination rate as well as germination speed in response to these stresses. Subsequently, population verification demonstrated that P5CS-1 and CDPK-2 genes may be linked to the resistance mechanism. Additionally, the two genes play an important role in response to salt stress and osmotic stress as shown by transcript abundance after stress treatments. Our findings suggest that the variation of the germination characteristics in P. fugax associates with the presence of GST-endowed resistance mechanism.

The vibro-acoustic performance of a fluid-loaded periodic locally resonant (LR) plate was examined in this research, with a specific focus on the effect of water fluid on the vibration and sound radiation of the LR structure. The analytical models of the fluid-loaded LR plate’s band gap, vibration, and acoustic radiation were theoretically derived with closed-form solutions, which can be used to predict the general vibro-acoustic rules of underwater LR structure. The results show that the LR band-gap width and Bragg frequency are significantly reduced when water fluid is considered. Besides, the frequency range that can be tuned to control the vibration and sound radiation for the LR plate with fluid is much narrower than that without fluid. The reason for inducing the above effects was also given in this research, which can be physically explained by the attached mass caused by the water fluid. In addition, the reason for the enhanced radiation efficiency close above the band gap was also discussed, which is caused by the change of radiation mode from corner or edge radiation to monopole radiation. Furthermore, adding small damping into the resonator could reduce the vibration and sound radiation in the frequency range above or close below the band gap, inducing the attenuation zone to be significantly broadened. Thus, designing the periodic resonators with proper damping could be an efficient method to make the LR plate more beneficial for vibration and noise reduction in water-surrounding applications.

Aconitum scaposum Franch 1894 belongs to the Genus Aconitum and Subgenus Lycoctonum (Ranunculaceae). It is widely distributed in China and adjacent areas, used as herbal medicine and had highy toxic components. This species has little reasearch information, especially its chloroplast (cp) genome information being unclear. Therefore, with the method of high salt and low pH to extract the cp of A. scaposum, we sequenced and assembled the complete cp genome of A. scaposum using Illumina high-throughput sequencing platform. The results showed the cp genome of A. scaposum was 157 688 bp in length, including a pair of inverted repeated regions (IRa 26 156 bp and IRb 26 232 bp, respectively), large single copy region (LSC 69 309 bp) and small single copy region (SSC 16 917 bp). And cp genome of A. scaposum consisted of 145 unique genes, 8 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes and 38 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, with GC content was 38%. Meanwhile, based on the cp complete genome, we performed the phylogenetic tree of 66 species with maximum likelihood (ML) method, respectively. Among them, we selected one Delphinium species as the outgroup and the bootstrap of each braches were greater than 90%. The results indicated that the phylogenetic relationship of A. scaposum was relatively closely related to A. scaposum var. vaginatum compared to other Aconitum species.

Inspired by austenite and martensite crystal lattices in the NiTi microstructure with versatile performances, the bionic microlattice metamaterials with strut diameter from 0.4∼0.8 mm were constructed and prepared by the laser powder bed fusion for expanding the tailored mechanical-superelastic range, and the machine learning was utilized for mapping the relationship of various parameters. The mechanical-superelastic were highly related to orientation, the martensite-inspired microlattice metamaterial in the x-axis loading direction (M-x) possessed higher mechanical properties than that of the martensite-inspired microlattice metamaterials in the z-axis loading direction (M-z). For mechanical properties, the M-x possessed the highest Young's modulus (E=1001.5∼3720.4 MPa) and simultaneously the widest tailored range (87.32%), while the austenite-inspired microlattices metamaterial (A) exhibited a fully tailored ability for yield strength (σ). For superelastic, the austenite- and martensite-inspired microlattice metamaterial had superior superelasticity (98.10%∼99.36% recoverability) with wide volume tuning space, the M-x possessed the highest recoverability with a narrow tailored range. The relation between different parameters with mechanical and superelastic properties was established through machine learning, and multiple performance optimizations were carried out with vascular stents as typical application objectives. This research provides novel ideas for designing NiTi components, contributing to the future developments of different applications.

Perovskite solar cells are regarded as the most promising and disruptive photovoltaic of the new generation. Carbon‐based hole‐conductor‐free printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (p‐MPSCs) with three mesoscopic layers have garnered considerable interest owing to their simple manufacturing process and cost‐effective raw materials, signaling the potential for commercialization. However, the energy level mismatch between the perovskite and the carbon electrode as well as defects at perovskite grain boundaries inevitably lead to additional non‐radiative carrier recombination and large voltage loss. In this study, a facile in situ reconstruction post‐treatment approach is employed to integrate lead sulfide (PbS) and the two‐dimensional (2D) perovskite K2PbI4 into the mesoporous scaffolds of p‐MPSCs. In this way, grain boundary defects are effectively passivated and the ion migration is suppressed by introducing 2D perovskite K2PbI4 at grain boundaries. Besides, the incorporation of PbS leads to the downward shift of the Fermi level for perovskite, which enhances hole collection within the device by optimizing band alignment at the perovskite/carbon interface. Consequently, an improved efficiency exceeding 20% is achieved for p‐MPSCs with no significant performance degradation observed over a storage period of 235 days. This strategy provides a facile and novel approach toward fabricating highly efficient and stable p‐MPSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Methotrexate (MTX) serves as the initial treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, a substantial proportion of RA patients, estimated between 30% and 50%, do not respond positively to MTX. While the T-cell receptor (TCR) is crucial for the immune response during RA, its role in differentiating MTX responsiveness has not been thoroughly investigated. Methods: This study used next-generation sequencing to analyze the TCR β-chain complementary determining region sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from RA patients before MTX treatment. This study aimed to compare the characteristics of the TCR repertoire between the MTX responder and non-responder groups. Results: The study identified a significant difference in the TRBV6–6 gene (p =.003) concerning MTX treatment response. Additionally, a significant difference was found in the number of "3" nucleotide deletions at the 5'Jdels site (p =.023) in the VDJ rearrangement. Conclusion: These findings suggest distinct TCR repertoire characteristics between MTX responder and non-responder groups among RA patients. This discovery offers new insights into understanding the variable responses of RA patients to MTX therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aircraft engine is considered the "heart" of the aircraft. The development of advanced aircraft engines focuses on achieving a high thrust-to-weight ratio, high efficiency, low fuel consumption, and extended operational life. High-temperature functional coatings, such as thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), thermal/environmental barrier composite coatings (T/EBCs), and high-temperature stealth coatings, are applied to critical hot-end components of aircraft engines. These coatings play a significant role in enhancing the service performance, operational life, safety and reliability of the engine. Taking TBCs, T/EBCs, and high-temperature stealth coatings as examples, this paper provides a systematic overview of recent research progress in the design of high-temperature functional coating materials, coating preparation science and technology, and coating performance evaluation and characterization, both domestically and internationally, with a specific focus on the advancements made at Beihang University. Furthermore, challenges and development trends faced by new high-temperature functional coatings of advanced aircraft engines in the future are also discussed. In the future, the research focus of advanced high-temperature functional coatings will shift toward multifunctional composite coatings, enhanced adaptability to extreme environments, and improved process compatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is a prevalent preneoplastic condition of the stomach. Palmatine (PAL), an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Rhizoma Coptidis (RC), has significant anti‐inflammatory properties and is often used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. However, the mechanism of PAL on CAG remains unclear. In this study, N‐methyl‐N'‐nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was used to induce CAG inflammatory disease models in vivo and in vitro. The efficacy of five alkaloids in RC and the dose‐dependent effects of the most effective PAL in CAG mice were evaluated in two animal experiments. RNA‐seq and western blot revealed that PAL significantly improved IL‐17, TNF, and NF‐kappa B inflammation‐related signaling pathways. Further hub gene prediction and experimental validation revealed that PAL modulated the STAT1/CXCL10 axis, thereby exerting attenuation of CAG through the regulation of IL‐17, TNF‐α, and p‐p65 expression. In conclusion, PAL was proposed to mitigate MNNG‐induced CAG, potentially through the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses via the STAT1/CXCL10 axis. This approach is an effective complement to the use of PAL in the treatment of CAG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benefiting from their simple and cost‐effective fabrication procedures, printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (p‐MPSCs) exhibit substantial potential for large‐scale production. In p‐MPSCs, the thickness of the perovskite filled in the TiO2 and ZrO2 mesoporous layers is ≈3 µm. Therefore, the perovskite crystallization process is more intricate and challenging in the mesoporous structure than the general planar thin film (0.3–0.5 µm). In this work, a multifunctional fluorinated molecule is applied to work as an additive to improve the perovskite crystallization, enhance the device efficiency, and elevate the operational stability. This additive forms robust coordination between its carbonyl groups and uncoordinated Pb2+, thereby effectively passivating defects. The hydrophobic properties of the fluorinated molecule contribute to the device's water‐resistant capability and long‐term operational stability. With these synergistic effects, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of small‐area cells (0.1 cm2) reaches 20.15% under 1 sun illumination. Large‐area modules (56.4 cm2) are fabricated and exhibit a PCE of 15.41%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exceptional point (EP), a special degeneracy in non‐Hermitian systems, has exhibited various distinctive wave characteristics. However, the conventional synthesis of scattering EPs in acoustics is confined to rather limited methods for breaking Hermiticity, typically requiring intrinsic losses or open interfaces. Here, the concept of synthesizing scattering EPs is theoretically and experimentally demonstrated by leveraging a metasurface with fluid‐solid interaction (FSI) in water. The incorporation of FSI offers a novel mechanism to customize natural radiation losses. Simulations and experiments consistently confirm that synthesized EPs result in extremely asymmetric scattering patterns, even in the case of spatially impenetrable metasurfaces. This enhanced spatial symmetry breaking benefits from the FSI on the interface and the nonlocal interaction between unit cells. The proposed non‐Hermitian framework, involving the interplay of sound in fluids and solids, is expected to open up new possibilities for exploring unique non‐Hermitian physics and underwater acoustic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the development of more and more locally resonant (LR) structures of various resonant attachments, the application of LR structures in vibration attenuation is still limited by the widths of bandgaps. To achieve broadband vibration suppression at low frequencies, a LR plate with periodically attached stepped-frequency resonators (SFR) is proposed in this paper, where SFR refers to a group of local resonators with step-variable resonant frequencies. The extended plane wave expansion method is used to analyze the bandgap properties of the LR plate with SFR, and an exact series solution is used to analyze its vibration response. The merging of bandgaps based on SFR is revealed, and the parametric analysis shows that increasing the mass ratio or the damping of resonators is conducive to the merging effects, while increasing the frequency spacing makes the bandwidth of the merged bandgap to first increase and then decrease, as the bandgaps are gradually separated. Then, the optimal resonant frequencies of the SFR are obtained by maximizing the dominant vibration attenuation region. The numerical validation shows that the LR plate with SFR consisting of six resonators can provide broadband attenuation performance covering a frequency range from 190 to 450 Hz, which makes the LR structures more practical in vibration control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hole collector in silicon heterojunction cells serves not only as an integral component of the p / n junction, determining the strength of the built-in electric field, but also as a layer responsible for hole transport, thereby affecting carrier transport capacity. To enhance carrier extraction and transport properties of the hole collector, various interface treatments have been employed on p -type nanocrystalline (p -nc-Si:H) hole collectors. Through an examination of characteristics such as dark conductivity, crystallinity, and contact resistance, the impact of interface treatment on p -nc-Si:H hole collectors is clarified. Furthermore, considering distinct requirements for the hole collector at different locations, interface treatment processes are optimized accordingly. The introduction of interface treatment on p -nc-Si:H hole collectors has demonstrated significant enhancement of both front and rear junction cell efficiencies, which increased from 17.74% to 21.61% and from 16.83% to 20.92%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An improved plane wave expansion (PWE) method is developed based on the governing equations of a lattice unit cell, providing support for calculating the band structures of a locally resonant (LR) plate with multiple arrays of multiple degree-of-freedom resonators. The extended plane wave expansion (EPWE) method is correspondingly presented to obtain the complex band structures of the LR plate. Then the bandgap properties of LR plate systems with single/multiple arrays of single/multiple degree-of-freedom resonators are analyzed, which present a good agreement with the results calculated by the classical theory or finite element method. Compared with the classical theory, the improved PWE and EPWE methods have excellent efficiency and broad applicability for LR plate systems with complex attachments. Furthermore, when the damping of resonators is taken into account, the merging of the multiple bandgaps can be observed using the EPWE method adopted in this paper, which gives a useful tool to analyze the band structures of an LR plate with merged bandgaps for broadband vibration suppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultralow-frequency band gaps are realized to suppress the ultralow-frequency flexural wave propagation in the beams with periodically attached quasi-zero-stiffness (QZS) resonators, which are designed by inserting quasi-zero-stiffness systems into the mass-in-mass structures. The band structure and the transfer matrix of the QZS locally resonant beam are derived by the transfer matrix method to quantify the wave attenuation performance of band gaps. Then, the effect of the stiffness ratio on the bandgap characteristic is studied. It is shown that, thanks to the introduction of the QZS system, the band gaps can be easily transferred to lower frequency or even ultralow frequency without weakening the static stiffness of the resonators. Finally, the flexural wave propagation in locally resonant beam consisting of multiple periodic arrays of QZS resonators is investigated. The result shows that differential design of the bandgap frequencies can be easily realized by adjusting the negative stiffness coefficient of the QZS resonators, so as to obtain broadband flexural wave suppression performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active vibration control (AVC) effect of the classical strategy is mainly restricted to a limited region around the error sensor, while the structural vibration at other locations may be dramatically enlarged. The enlargement is non-negligible when the global vibration suppression is considered. Aiming at this enlargement, an indicator is presented to reveal the effect of the classical strategy on the whole controlled structure. By establishing a cost function related with the indicator, an improved AVC strategy is proposed. Utilizing the proposed strategy, an optimized secondary force is obtained to achieve the global vibration suppression. Numerical simulations of AVC are undertaken on a typical plate to verify the superiority of the proposed strategy. Results demonstrate that the proposed strategy is still effective to achieve the global vibration suppression at frequencies where the classical strategy fails. This performance indicates that the proposed strategy is advantageous for global vibration suppression by attenuating the total input power, which provides more attraction for the actual application of AVC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]