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Sequences derived from organisms sharing common evolutionary origins exhibit similarity, while unique sequences, absent in related organisms, act as good diagnostic marker candidates. However, the approach focused on identifying dissimilar regions among closely-related organisms poses challenges as it requires complex multiple sequence alignments, making computation and parsing difficult. To address this, we have developed a biologically inspired universal NAUniSeq algorithm to find the unique sequences for microorganism diagnosis by traveling through the phylogeny of life. Mapping through a phylogenetic tree ensures a low number of cross-contamination and false positives. We have downloaded complete taxonomy data from Taxadb database and sequence data from National Center for Biotechnology Information Reference Sequence Database (NCBI-Refseq) and, with the help of NetworkX, created a phylogenetic tree. Sequences were assigned over the graph nodes, k -mers were created for target and non-target nodes and search was performed over the graph using the depth first search algorithm. In a memory efficient alternative NoSQL approach, we created a collection of Refseq sequences in MongoDB database using tax-id and path of FASTA files. We queried the MongoDB collection for the target and non-target sequences. In both the approaches, we used an alignment free sliding window k -mer–based procedure that quickly compares k -mers of target and non-target sequences and returns unique sequences that are not present in the non-target. We have validated our algorithm with target nodes Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , and Monkeypox and generated unique sequences. This universal algorithm is a powerful tool for generating diagnostic sequences, enabling the accurate identification of microbial strains with high phylogenetic precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) can lead to dreadful and fatal complications. Objective of my study is an assessment of factors leading to the development of CSOM complications in different age groups and which age group is more prone to the development of complications. And to find out most frequent complication occurring in the target population. Introduction: CSOM is a long standing infection of a part or whole of the middle ear cleft characterized by ear discharge and a permanent perforation. It affects both sexes and all age groups. Pathways of spread of infection: Direct bone erosion, venous thrombophlebitis, preformed pathways. Classification of complications: Intracranial - Mastoiditis, facial paralysis, labrynthitis, petrositis. Extracranial - Meningitis, extradural abscess, subdural abscess, brain abscess, lateral sinus thrombophlebitis, otitic hydrocephalus. Development of complications depends upon; organism's virulence, poor resistance of the patient, systemic disease, resistance to antibiotics, poor socioeconomic status, lack of awareness about healthcare, lack of availability of trained specialist. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out from 2008 to 2013 in ENT Head and Neck Surgery Department, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. Record of 65 patients was selected through nonprobability convenient sampling; sample was divided into two groups according to age Group A 10-18 years and Group B 18-45 years. Data were analyzed on SPSS software; Chi-square test was used and P < 0.05 was considered significant with confidence interval taken as 95%. Results: Population means age was found to be 18.28. Population sex dominant was male 63.1%. Mean duration of complaints is 1.69. There are strong associations between duration of complaints and family income (P = 0.05), and also between age of patient and diagnosed complication (P = 0.00). Conclusions: Most of the patients were of poor socioeconomic background with disease negligence, delayed treatment, poor access to health facilities and improper use of antibiotics. Mostly low age group patients develop complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]