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BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Endodontically treated teeth undergo loss of tooth structure, resulting in increased fracture susceptibility as compared to unrestored vital teeth. The final restoration following the root canal treatment is of paramount importance. This study aimed to determine current concepts, opinions, and techniques used to restore Endodontically Treated Teeth among dentists of Islamabad and Rawalpindi and compare their knowledge with their clinical practice to determine the gap between their understanding and application. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad, from February to June 2022 after ethical approval. A convenience sampling technique was used. About 235 dentists, including house officers, general dentists, postgraduate trainees, and consultants of Endodontics of Islamabad/Rawalpindi, participated. Data was collected by a structured questionnaire widely accepted with Cronbach's alpha of 0.75 through electronic media. Its first part included demographics, while the second part included questions regarding understanding and practice of endodontically treated teeth restoration. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS 2, the chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test were applied. RESULTS: The mean age of study participants was 29.0±4.54 years. Out of 235 participants, 76(32.3%) were males and 159(67.75%) were females. The responses regarding technical management of endodontically treated teeth showed significant differences with p-value≤0.001 in the understanding and applications of general dental practitioners and endodontists. CONCLUSION: A significant difference was found among dentists regarding their understanding and practice of restoring endodontically treated teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of 5‐(2H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐4‐thioxo‐2‐(substituted phenyl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1,3‐oxazin‐6‐ones (3a–k) have been synthesized from 1,3‐oxazine‐5‐carbonitriles (2a–k). The protocol represents an efficient, facile, and novel route from easily available precursors to unprecedented structures that share 1,3‐oxazine and tetrazole motifs of utmost value. All the synthesized compounds (3a–k) were evaluated for their inhibitory potential against mushroom tyrosinase. Results revealed that all examined 1,3‐oxazine‐tetrazole hybrids exhibited significant tyrosinase inhibitory activity while compound 3d having 2‐bromophenyl moiety was the most potent among the series with IC50 value 0.0371 ± 0.0018 μM as compared to the reference kojic acid (IC50 = 16.832 ± 0.73 μM). Inhibitory kinetics showed that compound 3d behaves as a competitive inhibitor. The molecular docking analysis was performed against target protein to investigate the binding mode. Moreover, compounds 3j and 3k displayed superior DPPH radical scavenging activity than other analogues. 1,3‐oxazine‐tetrazole hybrids (3a–k) had been synthesized and evaluated for tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Results indicated that compound 3d having 2‐bromophenyl moiety was most potent among the series with IC50 value 0.0371 ± 0.0018 μM and acts as a competitive inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to determine level of dental anxiety related to dental procedures in dental students and comparing the dental anxiety between male and female undergraduate dental students of Rawal Dental College. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Rawal Dental College, Islamabad, Pakistan during October 2016. A validated Corah Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) questionnaire were distributed among dental students in first, second, third and fourth year students present at the day of study. There were four questions with five options in this scale that assess level of anxiety. Total score ranged from 4-20. This was total of all points of scale items. The score 8 or below 8 showed no anxiety, 9-12 showed moderate level of anxiety, 13-14 showed high level of anxiety and 15-20 showed severe level of anxiety. Chi-Square Test used to determine level of anxiety and Mean Anxiety Score between male and female students. Mean and Standard Deviation of gender was calculated by independent T test and that of Academic classes of dental students were calculated by one-way ANOVA. Results showed female students presented with higher mean anxiety score as compared to male students. The difference was statistically insignificant (P-value = 0.10). Dental anxiety reduced from first year to final year. Female students had more high to severe level of anxiety as compared to male students. Mean and standard deviation of Mean anxiety score was calculated i.e. 9.11 ± 3.15. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1-(Acyl /aroyl)-3-(substituted)thioureas are privileged architectures that have received remarkable attention of researchers in view of their variable topological aspects, binding modes and broad spectrum promising pharmacological properties. Reactivity of acyl thiourea derivatives has presented various organic transformations into other demanding scaffolds and this is an attractive strategy for synthetic chemists to access heterocyclic cores. Multiple binding sites make them flexible ligands for complexation with transition metals thus occupying a distinct position in coordination chemistry. 1-(Acyl /aroyl)-3-(substituted)thioureas have also emerged as attractive candidates in various fields such as ion sensors, corrosion inhibitors, molecular electronics, in metal extraction and in pharmaceuticals. The medicinal chemistry of this organo-sulfur framework and the derived metal complexes has witnessed fantastic progress in the current era. In continuation of our efforts to compile data on the structural aspects and numerous applications of 1-(acyl /aroyl)-3-(substituted)thiourea analogs, continuous advances have prompted us to present an overview of the last 2 years literature on this exciting family of compounds through this review article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root canal preparation not only removes degenerated pulp but also gives the canal a proper shape. Recent advances in instrumentation have led to the need to evaluate the outcome of different types of endodontic instrumentation on the quality of root canal treatment. The objective of this study was to compare the quality of root canal obturation by intraoral periapical radiographs in single rooted teeth prepared by manual technique versus rotary method. This study was a randomized control trial conducted at Rawal Institute of Health Sciences for a period of 3 months (from 1st Dec, 2017 to 1st March, 2018). A total of 60 single rooted teeth (incisors, canines, premolars) were randomly divided into two groups (n=30). For Group 1, instrumentation was done using rotary system and for Group 2, manual technique was used. Post obturation radiographs were compared using T-score in terms of difference in length, density and taper of root canal filling. Statistical results were obtained using SPSS version 17.0. Chi-square test was applied to assess the difference between the length, homogeneity and taper of the root canal filling between the two groups. Our study found significant difference in obturation quality between the two interventions (p-value, 0.025). In rotary group, 86.7% patients achieved T-score of 2 and 3 compared to 53.3% in the manual group. Taper and the overall obturation quality done by rotary method was better as compared to conventional technique. However, radiographic technical quality of the root canal obturation in terms of length and density was almost same in rotary and manual instrumentation technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the confidence level of house officers in performing root canal treatment. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Rawal Institute of Health Sciences and Islamic International Dental Hospital from june 2017 to January 2018. An anonymous questionnaire was distributed among house officers of both hospitals. The questionnaire utilized scaled response to determine the level of confidence while performing various steps of root canal treatment. The level of confidence was categorized using 5-point Likert's scale as 1=not at all confident, 2=not very confident, 3=neutral, 4=confident and 5=very confident. Data were entered and analyzed in SPSS version 17.0. Counts and percentages were measured for various parameters of respondent's confidence level. Chi-square test was used to compare confidence level between the two genders and also between the two institutes. Majority of house officers were not confident in placement of rubber dam (44%), working length determination using apex locator (36%) and management of flare-ups (40%). Male gender was found more confident than female regarding various steps of root canal procedure. House officers of Rawal institute of health sciences were more confident in some steps of root canal than house officers of Islamic international dental hospital. Overall it was concluded that though house officers were confident in performing root canal, however, they were found to have low confidence in performing difficult steps like rubber dam application, use of electronic apex locator and management of flare-ups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]