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Objectives: The aim of this study was to calculate the cephalometric linear and angular measurements of lip morphology of Pakistani adults. Study Design: This is an analytical cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Carried out in the Department of Orthodontics, Baqai Medical University and Liaquat College of Medicine and Dentistry, Karachi, Pakistan from April 2014 to April 2015. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out on 100 pretreatment subjects aged 18-24 were selected based on Class 1 incisor relationship with minimum crowding, have not undergone any orthodontic treatment, no skeletal abnormality and had at least second molar to second molar dentition. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken, traced and analyzed to assess the skeletal, dental, soft tissue, nose and chin positions and to measure the cephalometric lip morphology and the mean values of their linear and angular measurements were compared between males and females. Results: Statistically no considerable disparities were found in the Pakistani sample between males and female though there is some dissimilarity in the mean difference of nasolabial angle, Mento labial angle and upper lip to esthetic line. Conclusion: We have established cephalometric lip morphology for the Pakistani adults in which majority of analysis there is no significant difference between male and females but nasolabial angle, mentolabial angle and upper lip to esthetic line shows some difference in the mean values in both the genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The craniofacial characteristics of Pakistani adults were investigated in order to formulate cephalometric norms using Bjork-Jarabak's angular and linear measurements and to compare their mean differences with the established values of Bjork-Jarabak's cephalometric norms. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of one hundred lateral cephalometric radiographs of Pakistani adults including males and females with age ranging from 18-25 years. The selection criteria were Class I incisor relationship with no crowding, no skeletal abnormality or deformity, and no previous history of orthodontic treatment. All the landmarks and analysis involved in Bjork analysis were located and tracings were done. Results: There is no significant difference among both the sexes except for anterior cranial base, Ramus height, Length of body of mandible, posterior facial height and the values of Pakistani adults were similar to Bjork standard values except articular angle and PFH/AFH ratio. Conclusion: The dentofacial pattern of Pakistani adults had slightly more prognathic mandible and a slightly horizontal growth pattern in comparison to Caucasians. This values obtained in the current study can be used as cephalometric norms for the Pakistani adults during diagnosis and orthodontic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the Malay and Malaysian Chinese populations for commonly used and newly introduced sagittal cephalometric analyses. Study design: Cross sectional study of cephalometric sagittal analyses of Malay population and Chinese population residing in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: 246 pretreatment standardized lateral cephalogram were selected from Malay population and 96 patients from Malaysian Chinese population. Radiographs were traced for ANB, Wits appraisal, Beta angle, W angle and Yen angle. Patients were classified into skeletal Class I, II and III categories, based on performed analyses, profile from records and incisor's classification. ANOVA was applied to assess the difference in measured values for skeletal classes and independent-t test was used to compare both the samples. Results: There was significant difference in all the measured values for skeletal groups in both the samples (p < 0.001). Mean values of ANB for class II and Wits appraisal for class III patients were significantly different among both the samples (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in all other measurements. Conclusions: All the performed analyses were significant in diagnosis of sagittal discrepancies. Malays and Malaysian Chinese populations are insignificantly different in cephalometric norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to compare the Pakistani and Malay populations for old and comparatively new sagittal cephalometric analyses. Study design: This cross sectional study was conducted using lateral cephalometric radiographs of Malay and Pakistani population for assessment of their jaws in sagittal plane. Materiais and Methods: Pretreatment lateral cephalogram of 246 Malay orthodontic patients and 209 Pakistani patients were selected for the study. Radiographs were traced for angle ANB, Wits appraisal, Beta angle, W angle and Yen angle. Patients were divided into three skeletal Classes (I, II and III) based on cephalometric analyses, profile and incisor's classification from casts. ANOVA was applied to assess the difference in measured values for skeletal classes and independent-t test was used to compare both the samples. Results: Skeletal class I was more prevalent in Malay sample and Class II dominated the Pakistani population. Mean values of ANB for class III, Beta angle for Class I and II, W angle for Class I and III and Yen angle for all the skeletal classes were significantly different for both the population (p < 0.05). Conclusions: All the performed analyses were significant in diagnosis of sagittal discrepancies. Malays and Pakistani populations are significantly different in cephalometric norms, therefore the respective standards should be used for diagnosis and treatment planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to compare the Pakistani and Malaysian Chinese populations for old and recent sagittal cephalometric analyses. Study design: Cross sectional study of lateral cephalometric radiographs of Malaysian Chinese and Pakistani population for assessment of maxillomandibular relationship in sagittal plane. Materials and Methods: Pretreatment lateral cephalogram of 96 Malaysian Chinese orthodontic patients and 209 Pakistani patients were selected for the study. Radiographs were traced for angle ANB, Wits appraisal, Beta angle, W angle and Yen angle. Patients were categorized into Class I, II and III based on cephalometric analyses, profile and incisor's classification from plaster models. Independent-t test was used to compare both the samples. Results: Skeletal class II was the most prevalent malocclusion in both the samples. There was significant difference in the mean values of most of the measurements for class III cases between both the samples (p < 0.05), however ANB and Wits appraisal for Class I and II patients showed insignificant difference in the measured values. Conclusions: All the performed analyses were significant in diagnosis of sagittal discrepancies. Malaysian Chinese and Pakistani populations are significantly different in cephalometric norms; therefore the respective standards should be followed for diagnosis and treatment planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the intensity of orthodontic pain with and without the use of chewing gum during fixed orthodontic treatment in two groups of patients presenting at the Orthodontic Department of Liaquat College of Medicine and Dentistry, Karachi. Methods: The study was conducted at the Orthodontic Department of Liaquat College of Medicine and Dentistry, Karachi, Pakistan. The sample population of this study was thirty adult patients who were planned to initiate fixed orthodontic appliance treatment. In this study, a parallel group clinical trial was conducted with two analogous groups, one was asked to chew gum following orthodontic bracket placement and second was asked not to chew gum. Up until the working wire was placed, the patients filled a questionnaire of Impact of Fixed Appliances after 24hrs and 1week. In order to analyze the intensity of pain, a visual analogue scale (VAS) was used. Results: At the initial 24hrs, among both chewing gum and non chewing gum groups, the difference in median Total Impact Score was 2, which means there was considerable difference (p=0.034; Mann-Whitney U test). Whereas, the median difference of VAS among the two groups at 24 hours was also 2, also depicting there was considerable difference (p=0.03; Mann-Whitney U test). However, after 1 week, there was no significant difference in both groups. Conclusion: Both the pain and impact of fixed orthodontic appliance was reduced by using chewing gum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine cephalometric norms of Pakistani population according to McNamara's analysis and to evaluate differences existing between Pakistani adult male and females and to compare the mean difference between present study and established values of McNamara's norms. Materials and methods: The present study was carried out on 100 standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs. The subjects included 40 males and 60 females. The ages of the subjects ranged from 15 to 30 years with the mean age of 22.5 years. The criteria of selection were Class I incisor relationship without any crowding, no skeletal abnormality, and no previous orthodontic treatment. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were traced and produced the values to assess the McNamara's Variables. Results: There was a significant difference between the genders in some values. Generally in Pakistani males, both the maxilla and mandible were positioned forward. The values were consistently larger than the McNamara's established cephalometric norms. Conclusion: The cephalometric norms are specific for race and gender. The values provided here would aid in the diagnosis and treatment planning of orthodontic/orthognathic patients of Pakistani adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The main objective of this innovation is to introduce a modification in fixed functional appliance installation technique to achieve mandibular advancement, overjet reduction in skeletal class II growing patients without much proclination of lower incisors. Methods: A growing female patient with skeletal class II relationship was treated with modified forsus appliance and checked for its effect on correction of class II relationship and lower incisor proclination. Results: This modification was proved to be successful in treating skeletal class II growing patients as a method to achieve mandibular advancement, maxillary incisors incisors retraction and overjet reduction with minimal effect on lower incisor proclination. Pre and post cephalometric analysis showed only 1° increase in lower incisor proclination. Conclusion: This method can be used in orthodontic practice in class II growing patients during first phase of orthodontic treatment with fixed functional appliance to achieve mandibular advancement and overjet reduction with more effective control over lower incisor proclination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of the study was to compare the Bangladeshi and Malaysian Chinese populations for old and recently developed sagittal cephalometric analyses. Study design: Cross sectional study involved lateral cephalometric radiographs of Bangladeshi and Malaysian Chinese population for sagittal assessment of maxillo-mandibular relationship. Materials and Methods: Pretreatment lateral cephalogram of 96 Malaysian Chinese orthodontic patients and 200 Bangladeshi patients were selected for the research. Radiographs were traced for angle ANB, Wits appraisal, Beta angle, W angle and Yen angle. Patients were divided into three skeletal classes i.e. I, II and III based on their cephalometric values, profile and incisor's classification from plaster models. ANOVA was applied to assess the difference in cephalometric values for all skeletal classes and independent-t test was used to compare the measurements for both the populations. Results: Skeletal class II was more prevalent in Malaysian Chinese sample and class I dominated the Bangladeshi sample. Mean values of all the measured analyses for all the skeletal classes were significantly different for both the population (p < 0.05) except ANB for class II and Yen angle for class III patients. Conclusions: All the performed analyses were significant in diagnosing the sagittal discrepancies. Bangladeshi and Malaysian Chinese populations are significantly different in craniofacial morphology; therefore the respective standards should be followed when diagnosis and treatment planning are formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to compare the Bangladeshi and Malay populations for old and newly developed sagittal cephalometric analyses. Study design: Cross sectional study of lateral cephalometric sagittal analysis of Bangladeshi and Malay population to assess their skeletal jaw discrepancies. Materials and Methods: Pretreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of 246 Malaysian Malay orthodontic patients and 200 Bangladeshi patients were selected for the research. Radiographs were traced for angle ANB, Wits appraisal, Beta angle, W angle and Yen angle. Patients were divided into three skeletal classes on the basis of their cephalometric values, profile and incisor's classification from casts. Independent-t test was used to compare the measurements for both the populations. Results: Skeletal class 1 was more prevalent in Malay sample as well as in Bangladeshi sample. Both the populations were significantly different in the mean values of all the measured analyses for all the skeletal classes (p < 0.05) except ANB and Yen for class III and Wits for class I patients. Conclusions: All the performed measurements were significant in diagnosing the sagittal discrepancies for all skeletal classes. Bangladeshi and Malay populations are significantly different in craniofacial morphology and cephalometric values; therefore the respective norms should be followed when diagnosis and treatment planning are formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of the study was the skeletal assessment of the Malaysian Chinese population in sagittal plane by commonly used (ANB, Wits appraisal) and newly introduced (Beta angle, W angle and Yen angle) cephalometric analyses. Study design: It was a cross sectional study of cephalometric sagittal analyses of Malaysian Chinese sample. Materials and Methods: Pretreatment lateral cephalograms of 96 (45 males and 51 females) Malaysian Chinese patients were selected for the study. Radiographs were traced for ANB, Wits appraisal, Beta angle, W angle and Yen angle. Based on cephalometric analyses, incisor's classification from casts and soft tissue profile; patients were classified into skeletal Class I, II and III. SPSS was used for descriptive analyses of data and t test was applied to evaluate the difference in measured values between males and females. Results: Skeletal class II was the most prevalent malocclusion in Malaysian Chinese. Skeletal class I patients also showed measurements with the tendency towards class II. Most of the measured analyses were comparable to the established norms. There was insignificant difference found in the obtained values between males and females except ANB and Yen angle for class II patients (p < 0.05) Conclusion: Malaysian Chinese have Class II craniofacial morphology with no significant sexual dimorphism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess Malay population for the skeletal relationship of jaws in sagittal plane, using old (ANB, Wits appraisal) and recently introduced (Beta angle, W angle and Yen angle) cephalometric sagittal analyses. Study design: Cross sectional study of cephalometric sagittal measurements of sample from Malay population. Materials and methods: Pretreatment standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs of 246 patients were selected from Malay population which comprised of 87 males and 159 females. Patients were categorize into three skeletal Classes (class I, II and III), based on cephalometric measurements i.e. ANB, Wits appraisal, Beta angle, W angle and Yen angle, incisor's classification from casts and soft tissue profile from pictures. Descriptive analyses and t test was applied to evaluate the difference in measurements among genders. Results: Skeletal class I was the most prevalent malocclusion in Malays with the measured values in upper limits. All the measured analyses were comparable to the established norms. There was insignificant difference found in the obtained values between males and females (p > 0.05) Conclusion: Malaysian Malays have no significant sexual dimorphism in the sagittal plane craniofacial morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of the study is the skeletal sagittal assessment of the Bangladeshi population by commonly used (ANB, Wits appraisal) and newly introduced (Beta angle, W angle and Yen angle) sagittal cephalometric analyses. Study design: It is a cross sectional study of cephalometric sagittal analyses of Bangladeshi sample. Materials and Methods: Pretreatment lateral cephalograms of 200 (100 males and 100 females) Bangladeshi patients were selected for the study. Radiographs were traced for ANB, Wits appraisal, Beta angle, W angle and Yen angle. Patients were classified into skeletal Class I, II and III on the basis of cephalometric analyses, incisor's classification from casts and soft tissue profile. SPSS was used for descriptive analyses of data and t test was applied to evaluate the sexual dimorphism for measured values. Results: Most of the measured analyses were comparable to the established norms. There was insignificant difference found in the obtained values between males and females except W angle for class I patients (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Bangladeshi norms for Beta angle, W angle and Yen angle were established. All the performed measurements were comparable to the established norms. No significant sexual dimorphism was found in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the difference in sagittal cephalometric analysis in centric occlusion (CO) and in centric relation (CR), among Angle's classes i.e. class I, class II, and class III., Design: Comparative, cross-sectional study., Place and Duration of Study: Orthodontic Outpatient Department, Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, from July 2003 to December 2004., Patients and Methods: Eighty pre-treatment orthodontic patients were divided into 3 groups according to Angle's classification. The first lateral cephalogram was taken in CO. Then leaf gauges were placed in between incisors for deprogramming. The second cephalogram was taken with leaf gauges in place to obtain centric relation. Both the radiographs were traced. Angle ANB was measured for sagittal analysis. ANB angle compares the position of mandible with the maxilla relating it with the cranial base. Angles from both cephalograms were compared with each other., Results: Significant difference (p<0.0001) was found in values of ANB in CO (2.93 degrees -/+3.7) and CR (4.88 degrees -/+3.4) cephalograms. Significant CO-CR discrepancy was found (p<0.05) in Angle's class III patients (3.05 degrees -/+0.55) in comparison to Angle's class I (1.96 degrees -/+0.94) and class II (1.65 degrees -/+0.65)., Conclusion: CO-CR discrepancy can occur regardless of Angle's classification. Special emphasis should be given to Angle's class III patients for the centric slide.