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Optimal site selection of a dam is one of the crucial tasks in water resource management. In this study, a dam suitability stream model (DSSM) is utilized to identify potential sites for constructing multi-purpose dams. In DSSM, each input parameter is weighted using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and then weighted overlay analysis is performed in a Geographical Information System (GIS) environment. Compared to the previous studies, this study showed different results based on the crucial parameter that is “stream order”. Two resultant site suitability maps are prepared to differentiate the importance of stream order. Each of the resulting maps visualizes four classes of suitability from highly suitable to least suitable. The proposed sites will store water for a variety of uses at the local and regional level and reduce flood risk, which can be very useful for hydrologists and disaster risk managers.

Mass transit systems such as Metro Bus System and Rapid Bus Transit Systems are recently introduced in Pakistan. Although the type of projects can relieve transportation pressure in cities and facilitate the flexible mobility of the citizens, it raises many social and environmental challenges during the construction process. Likewise, culture has a significant role in the successful construction execution in mega mass transit projects because the construction takes place in the heart of the city. Hence, it affects many stakeholders' groups. That is why it is important to determine the impact of key social and environmental challenges and the salient role of culture and conform to the construction of urban mass transit projects to mitigate its negative influence on the stakeholders. Questionnaire is used to collect the data from the stakeholder groups such as merchants, employees, and students. The study analyses the interrelationship of four impact factors, culture (long term orientation), and satisfaction of the stakeholders. The findings of this study assist the decision-makers, contractors, government, planning, and development department to develop more rational construction programs. In the end, future research directions and limitations of the study are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]