Search

Traditional Chinese medicine volatile oil has a long history and possesses extensive pharmacological activity. However, volatile oils have characteristics such as strong volatility, poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and poor targeting, which limit their application. The use of volatile oil nano drug delivery systems can effectively improve the drawbacks of volatile oils, enhance their bioavailability and chemical stability, and reduce their volatility and toxicity. This article first introduces the limitations of the components of traditional Chinese medicine volatile oils, discusses the main classifications and latest developments of volatile oil nano formulations, and briefly describes the preparation methods of traditional Chinese medicine volatile oil nano formulations. Secondly, the limitations of nano formulation technology are discussed, along with future challenges and prospects. A deeper understanding of the role of nanotechnology in traditional Chinese medicine volatile oils will contribute to the modernization of volatile oils and broaden their application value.

Lignocellulosic biomass is widely used in the field of laccase production because it has the advantages of low price and easy availability. Thus, a comparative analysis was performed of the laccase secretion ability of five white-rot fungi in submerged fermentation using single or mixtures of lignocellulosic biomass. Maximum laccase activity of Trametes gibbosa An 360, Vanderbylia fraxinea An 369, Perenniporia pyricola Han 202, Coriolopsis trogii Han 474, and Trametes versicolor Han 1504 was 55.83 ± 0.28 U/L on the mixture of corncob and cottonseed hull, 77.96 ± 1.60 U/L on corncob, 443.33 ± 15.49 U/L on corncob, 686.57 ± 16.49 U/L on corncob, and 162.04 ± 11.33 U/L on cottonseed hull. The mixed lignocellulosic material effectively improved the laccase activity of T. gibbosa An 360 compared with other fungal strains. However, the presence of corncob contributed to the secretion of laccase activity for V. fraxinea An 369, P. pyricola Han 202, and C. trogii Han 474. Meanwhile, cottonseed hull was conducive to the secretion of laccase of T. versicolor Han 1504. Laccase activity of P. pyricola Han 202 was very stable throughout most of the fermentation time. The results from this study provide new methods and increase fungal strains to improve laccase activity.

Laccase activity secreted by Pleurotus eryngii Han 1787 and Lentinus edodes Han 1788 grown on six types of agroindustrial wastes was investigated. Maximum laccase activity of P. eryngii Han 1787 on Ulmus pumila, Juniperus formosana, Pinus tabuliformis, cottonseed shell, corncob, and leaf of corncob was nearly 5.77-fold, 2.37-fold, 2.78-fold, 2.81-fold, 11.53-fold, and 6.73-fold higher than that of L. edodes Han1788 on corresponding agroindustrial wastes. In general, the capacity of secreting laccase of P. eryngii Han 1787 was superior to that of L. edodes Han 1788. Furthermore, laccase activity of P. eryngii Han 1787 on the leaf of corncob, the corncob, Ulmus pumila, and Juniperus formosana was relatively stable during the whole fermentation process. Different fungi showed different preferences in different agroindustrial wastes to secret laccase on whole fermentation stage. The presence of leaf of corncob was useful for improving laccase activity of P. eryngii Han 1787, while L. edodes Han 1788 was more preferred to produce laccase along with the presence of Juniperus formosana. These results were preliminary conducive in laying the foundation for increasing industrial laccase-producing strains and producing low-cost laccase.

Intestinal microbial metabolites have been increasingly recognized as important regulators of enteric viral infection. However, very little information is available about which specific microbiota-derived metabolites are crucial for swine enteric coronavirus (SECoV) infection in vivo. Using swine acute diarrhea syndrome (SADS)-CoV as a model, we were able to identify a greatly altered bile acid (BA) profile in the small intestine of infected piglets by untargeted metabolomic analysis. Using a newly established ex vivo model-the stem cell-derived porcine intestinal enteroid (PIE) culture-we demonstrated that certain BAs, cholic acid (CA) in particular, enhance SADS-CoV replication by acting on PIEs at the early phase of infection. We ruled out the possibility that CA exerts an augmenting effect on viral replication through classic farnesoid X receptor or Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 signaling, innate immune suppression or viral attachment. BA induced multiple cellular responses including rapid changes in caveolae-mediated endocytosis, endosomal acidification and dynamics of the endosomal/lysosomal system that are critical for SADS-CoV replication. Thus, our findings shed light on how SECoVs exploit microbiome-derived metabolite BAs to swiftly establish viral infection and accelerate replication within the intestinal microenvironment.

Background: Clinical trials have proven that indigo naturalis is a candidate drug for treating ulcerative colitis (UC), but its therapeutic mechanism is still unclear.Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect and mechanism of indigo naturalis to treat mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC.Methods: DSS-induced UC mice were treated with indigo naturalis (200 mg/kg), indigo (4.76 mg/kg), and indirubin (0.78 mg/kg) for 1 week. The anti-UC mechanism of indigo naturalis was studied by pathological section, inflammatory factor, western blot, and 16S rRNA sequencing.Results: According to body weight change, disease activity index, and colon length, indigo naturalis had the strongest anti DSS-induced UC effect, followed by indirubin and indigo. Pathological section showed that indigo naturalis, indigo, and indirubin could reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells, increase the secretion of intestinal mucus, and repair the intestinal mucosa. Indigo naturalis, indigo, and indirubin could reduce IL-1β,IL-6, and TNF-α by inhibiting TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signal transduction. Indigo naturalis and indigo could also reduce IgA and IgG both in serum and colon tissue. In addition, indigo naturalis, indigo, and indirubin could adjust the gut microbiota structure of DSS-induced UC mice, reducing the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and increasing the abundance of probiotics.Conclusion: Indigo and indirubin are one of the main anti-UC components of indigo naturalis. INN could regulate intestinal flora, reduce inflammation, repair intestinal mucosa, and improve the physiological status of DSS-induced UC mice and its anti-UC mechanism may be involved in inhibiting TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signal transduction.

Lignocellulosic biomass is widely used in the field of laccase production because it has the advantages of low price and easy availability. Thus, a comparative analysis was performed of the laccase secretion ability of five white-rot fungi in submerged fermentation using single or mixtures of lignocellulosic biomass. Maximum laccase activity of Trametes gibbosa An 360, Vanderbylia fraxinea An 369, Perenniporia pyricola Han 202, Coriolopsis trogii Han 474, and Trametes versicolor Han 1504 was 55.83 ± 0.28 U/L on the mixture of corncob and cottonseed hull, 77.96 ± 1.60 U/L on corncob, 443.33 ± 15.49 U/L on corncob, 686.57 ± 16.49 U/L on corncob, and 162.04 ± 11.33 U/L on cottonseed hull. The mixed lignocellulosic material effectively improved the laccase activity of T. gibbosa An 360 compared with other fungal strains. However, the presence of corncob contributed to the secretion of laccase activity for V. fraxinea An 369, P. pyricola Han 202, and C. trogii Han 474. Meanwhile, cottonseed hull was conducive to the secretion of laccase of T. versicolor Han 1504. Laccase activity of P. pyricola Han 202 was very stable throughout most of the fermentation time. The results from this study provide new methods and increase fungal strains to improve laccase activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laccase activity secreted by Pleurotus eryngii Han 1787 and Lentinus edodes Han 1788 grown on six types of agroindustrial wastes was investigated. Maximum laccase activity of P. eryngii Han 1787 on Ulmus pumila, Juniperus formosana, Pinus tabuliformis, cottonseed shell, corncob, and leaf of corncob was nearly 5.77-fold, 2.37-fold, 2.78-fold, 2.81-fold, 11.53-fold, and 6.73-fold higher than that of L. edodes Han1788 on corresponding agroindustrial wastes. In general, the capacity of secreting laccase of P. eryngii Han 1787 was superior to that of L. edodes Han 1788. Furthermore, laccase activity of P. eryngii Han 1787 on the leaf of corncob, the corncob, Ulmus pumila, and Juniperus formosana was relatively stable during the whole fermentation process. Different fungi showed different preferences in different agroindustrial wastes to secret laccase on whole fermentation stage. The presence of leaf of corncob was useful for improving laccase activity of P. eryngii Han 1787, while L. edodes Han 1788 was more preferred to produce laccase along with the presence of Juniperus formosana. These results were preliminary conducive in laying the foundation for increasing industrial laccaseproducing strains and producing low-cost laccase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]