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Lithium (Li) metal is regarded as a promising anode for high-energy-density Li-ion batteries because of its high theoretical specific capacity and low potential. Unfortunately, the safety issues derived from Li dendrite formation have hindered their commercialization. Thus, fabricating a flexible, three-dimensional (3D) composite Li anode is an effective strategy to suppress Li dendrite growth. Lithiophilic nanoarrays are commonly constructed on a 3D skeleton to increase its surface area and lithiophilicity. However, the lithiophilic nanoarrays are unstable due to the conversion reaction during Li plating/stripping. Therefore, designing composite nanoarrays with an electrochemically stable inner core and a lithiophilic outer shell is conducive to providing a large surface area and promoting uniform Li deposition. Herein, CoS2 shell–Co(OH)F core composite nanowire arrays were prepared on carbon cloth (CoS2–Co(OH)F/CC) to fabricate a flexible 3D composite Li anode (Li@CoS2–Co(OH)F/CC), in which the electrochemically stable Co(OH)F core ensures the stability of the nanoarray and the lithiophilic CoS2 shell facilitates uniform Li adsorption. Moreover, the Co/Li2S configuration derived from the lithiation of CoS2 could promote homogeneous Li deposition, in which the lithiophilic Li2S phase and electron-conductive Co phase jointly facilitate uniform Li nucleation and charge transfer. Consequently, the symmetric cells and full cells paired with a LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode based on the flexible Li@CoS2–Co(OH)F/CC anode presented superior cycling stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li metal has been considered as a potential anode candidate for next‐generation high‐energy Li‐metal batteries, even though the uncontrollable growth of Li dendrites shortens their cycling lifespan. Herein, a reliable and dendrite‐free Li‐metal anode is fabricated via inducing chemical confinement based on an atomic layer deposited lithiophilic ZnO in situ generating LiZn/Li2O arrays. In a configuration, the arrays consisting of uniformly distributed LiZn and Li2O phases, the lithiophilic Li2O phases with favorable Li diffusion barrier guarantee the preferential Li nucleation and prevent the Li diffusion to some sites with uneven charge accumulation. Furthermore, these functional LiZn/Li2O configurations with satisfied localized free electron distribution can effectively decompose the Li clusters to prevent Li aggregation. Meanwhile, the electron‐conductive LiZn phases ensure efficient electron transfer throughout the configuration. Therefore, the LiZn/Li2O‐derived chemical confinement enables uniform Li deposition. Consequently, the as‐prepared Li‐metal anode presents an overpotential <45 mV at 15 mA cm−2 in the symmetrical cells. Moreover, the preferable cycling stability and rate capability are delivered by the as‐assembled cells with a LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622) cathode. It is believed that the strategy proposed here can be also beneficial to other effective chemical confinement systems for fabricating high‐performance Li metal anode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a typical complex network system, the reliability of command and control network can usually be analyzed by using dynamic Bayesian network (DBN). However, DBN cannot solve the reliability problem of command and control network system including time and non-time events. To end this, a modeling method of generalized continuous time Bayesian network (GCTBN) with two state conditional probability table is proposed. Based on this model,the reliability algorithm of different logic gates is proposed, and the reliability analysis method of wireless propagation, communication devices and network is proposed for command and control network system, so as to comprehensively consider the reliability problem of command and control network to perform different tasks. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by a real case study of command and control network reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]