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Abstract Bone injury plagues millions of patients worldwide every year, and it demands a heavy portion of expense from the public medical insurance system. At present, orthopedists think that autologous bone transplantation is the gold standard for treating large-scale bone defects. However, this method has significant limitations, which means that parts of patients cannot obtain a satisfactory prognosis. Therefore, a basic study on new therapeutic methods is urgently needed. The in-depth research on crosstalk between macrophages (Mϕs) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) suggests that there is a close relationship between inflammation and regeneration. The in-depth understanding of the crosstalk between Mϕs and BMSCs is helpful to amplify the efficacy of stem cell-based treatment for bone injury. Only in the suitable inflammatory microenvironment can the damaged tissues containing stem cells obtain satisfactory healing outcomes. The excessive tissue inflammation and lack of stem cells make the transplantation of biomaterials necessary. We can expect that the crosstalk between Mϕs and BMSCs and biomaterials will become the mainstream to explore new methods for bone injury in the future. This review mainly summarizes the research on the crosstalk between Mϕs and BMSCs and also briefly describes the effects of biomaterials and aging on cell transplantation therapy.

In this study, electrospinning was used to connect carbon nanofibers (CNFs) with multiple metals. Then, through high-temperature graphitization technology, uniformly sized high-entropy alloy nanoparticles (HEA NPs) were successfully synthesized in situ on CNFs. An electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous and sensitive detection of three heavy metal ions was fabricated based on FeCoNiCrCe/CNFs. In 0.1 mol/L acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer solution at pH 5, at deposition voltage and time of −1.3 V and 300 s, respectively, the limits of detection (LOD) of the electrochemical sensor were 0.06, 0.005 and 0.005 μmol/L (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) for Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+, respectively. The excellent performance was considered to be attributed to the good conductivity and catalytic activity provided by HEA NPs and the higher specific surface area of CNFs exposing more active sites, which were synergistically conducive to the adsorption and desorption of heavy metal ions, thereby promoting the redox reaction and charge transfer of heavy metal ions. The FeCoNiCrCe/CNFs/GCE electrochemical sensor prepared in this study has promising application prospects in the detection of heavy metal ions in vegetables and fruits.