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Abstract Flexible frequency controls are crucial in many photonic and electronic applications, ranging from communications systems, spectroscopy, and metrology to quantum information processing. However, the state-of-the-art solutions based on nonlinear bulk media, electro-optic effect, and nonlinear metasurfaces incur very limited spectral controllability, and merely a couple of harmonic orders can be independently manipulated. Here, we theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate synthetic moving-envelope metasurface antennas capable of simultaneously generating arbitrary harmonic orders and independently manipulating their wave properties in a software-defined manner. As proof-of-principle examples, we demonstrate unidirectional frequency transition, frequency comb generation, arbitrary harmonic orders independent control, and their applications in frequency-division multiplexing communications. All these complicated functionalities are achieved by the 1-bit spatiotemporally ON-OFF switching of meta-atoms of the waveguide-integrated metasurface antenna. Our proposed synthetic metasurface antenna solution greatly expands the frontiers of wave engineering and information manipulation, showing promising potential in wireless communications, spectroscopy, metrology, and quantum science.

Abstract Independent controls of various properties of electromagnetic (EM) waves are crucially required in a wide range of applications. Programmable metasurface is a promising candidate to provide an advanced platform for manipulating EM waves. Here, we propose an approach that can arbitrarily control the polarization direction and phases of reflected waves in linear and nonlinear ways using a stacked programmable metasurface. Further, we extend the space-time-coding theory to incorporate the dimension of polarization, which provides an extra degree of freedom for manipulating EM waves. As proof-of-principle application examples, we consider polarization rotation, phase manipulation, and beam steering at linear and nonlinear frequencies. For validation, we design, fabricate, and measure a metasurface sample. The experimental results show good agreement with theoretical predictions and simulations. The proposed approach has a wide range of applications in various areas, such as imaging, data storage, and wireless communication.

Radio frequency (RF) energy harvester as an efficient tool for capturing and converting the flourishing ambient RF energy provides a promising solution for long-term powering the wireless sensor networks and the Internet of things (IoTs). However, the actual distribution of the environmental RF signals is dynamically frequency-dependent due to the diverse wireless terminals only interacting with specified frequencies. To take full advantage of the RF energy carrying this characteristic, an intelligent RF energy harvester is in demand to automatically sense the frequency information of an incident signal and conduct the corresponding RF-to-direct current transformation process. Here, to the best of my knowledge, a frequency-self-adaptive RF harvester is first presented with the help of the shape-reconfigurable liquid metal, which can precisely identify and efficiently convert an arbitrary signal from the frequency span of 1.8 to 2.6 GHz. Companied with a microcontroller unit and a tensile system, the dynamic functionality of the entire system is comprehensively demonstrated, showing promising potential to significantly advance various fields, including sustainable IoT applications, green wearable technologies, and self-powered devices.

Abstract The powerful capability of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) in tailoring electromagnetic waves and fields has put them under the spotlight in wireless communications. However, the current designs are criticized due to their poor frequency selectivity, which hinders their applications in real-world scenarios where the spectrum is becoming increasingly congested. Here we propose a filtering RIS to feature sharp frequency-selecting and 2-bit phase-shifting properties. It permits the signals in a narrow bandwidth to transmit but rejects the out-of-band ones; meanwhile, the phase of the transmitted signals can be digitally controlled, enabling flexible manipulations of signal propagations. A prototype is designed, fabricated, and measured, and its high quality factor and phase-shifting characteristics are validated by scattering parameters and beam-steering phenomena. Further, we conduct a wireless communication experiment to illustrate the intriguing functions of the RIS. The filtering behavior enables the RIS to perform wireless signal manipulations with anti-interference ability, thus showing big potential to advance the development of next-generation wireless communications.

Abstract Background In the beef industry, bull calves are usually castrated to improve flavor and meat quality; however, this can reduce their growth and slaughter performance. The gut microbiota is known to exert a significant influence on growth and slaughter performance. However, there is a paucity of research investigating the impact of castration on gut microbiota composition and its subsequent effects on slaughter performance and meat flavor. Result The objective of this study was to examine the processes via which castration hinders slaughter productivity and enhances meat quality. Bull and castrated calves were maintained under the same management conditions, and at slaughter, meat quality was assessed, and ileum and epithelial tissue samples were obtained. The research employed metagenomic sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics techniques to investigate the makeup of the microbiota and identify differential metabolites. The findings of this study revealed the Carcass weight and eye muscle area /carcass weight in the bull group were significantly higher than those in the steer group. There were no significant differences in the length, width, and crypt depth of the ileum villi between the two groups. A total of 53 flavor compounds were identified in the two groups of beef, of which 16 were significantly higher in the steer group than in the bull group, and 5 were significantly higher in the bull group than in the steer group. In addition, bacteria, Eukaryota, and virus species were significantly separated between the two groups. The lipid metabolism pathways of α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and unsaturated fatty acids were significantly enriched in the Steers group. Compared with the steer group, the organic system pathway is significantly enriched in the bull group. The study also found that five metabolites (LPC (0:0/20:3), LPC (20:3/0:0), LPE (0:0/22:5), LPE (22:5/0:0), D-Mannosamine), and three species (s_Cloning_vector_Hsp70_LexA-HP1, s_Bacteroides_Coprophilus_CAG: 333, and s_Clostridium_nexile-CAG: 348) interfere with each other and collectively have a positive impact on the flavor compounds of beef. Conclusions These findings provide a basic understanding that under the same management conditions, castration does indeed reduce the slaughter performance of bulls and improve the flavor of beef. Microorganisms and metabolites contribute to these changes through interactions.

Abstract Large-scale stretchable strain sensor arrays capable of mapping two-dimensional strain distributions have gained interest for applications as wearable devices and relating to the Internet of Things. However, existing strain sensor arrays are usually unable to achieve accurate directional recognition and experience a trade-off between high sensing resolution and large area detection. Here, based on classical Mie resonance, we report a flexible meta-sensor array that can detect the in-plane direction and magnitude of preloaded strains by referencing a dynamically transmitted terahertz (THz) signal. By building a one-to-one correspondence between the intrinsic electrical/magnetic dipole resonance frequency and the horizontal/perpendicular tension level, arbitrary strain information across the meta-sensor array is accurately detected and quantified using a THz scanning setup. Particularly, with a simple preparation process of micro template-assisted assembly, this meta-sensor array offers ultrahigh sensor density (~11.1 cm−2) and has been seamlessly extended to a record-breaking size (110 × 130 mm2), demonstrating its promise in real-life applications.

Abstract Dual‐polarization programmable metasurfaces can flexibly manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves while providing approximately twice the information capacity. Therefore, they hold significant applications in next‐generation communication systems. However, there are three challenges associated with the existing dual‐polarization programmable metasurfaces. This article aims to propose a novel design to address them. First, the design overcomes the challenge of element‐ and polarization‐independent controls, enabling more powerful manipulations of EM waves. Second, by using more energy‐efficient tunable components and reducing their number, the design can be nearly passive (maximum power consumption of 27.7 mW), leading to a significant decrease in the cost and power consumption of the system (at least two orders of magnitude lower than the power consumption of conventional programmable metasurfaces). Third, the design can operate in a broad bandwidth, which is attractive for practical engineering applications. Both the element and array of the metasurface are meticulously designed, and their performance has been carefully studied. The experiments demonstrate that 2D wide‐angle beam scanning can be realized. Moreover, secure communication based on directional information modulation can be implemented by exploiting the metasurface and an efficient discrete optimization algorithm, showing its programmable, multiplexing, broadband, green, and secure features.

IntroductionImmunoglobulin G (IgG) is important in mediating humoral immunity and in the maintenance of immune homeostasis in the intestinal mucosa. Oregano essential oil (OEO) is a natural herbal extract that possesses antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. As the effects of OEO on intestinal mucosal immunity in Holstein dairy bulls remained unclear, we investigated the effect of dietary supplementation of OEO on IgG levels and IgG+ cells residing in the intestinal tract in Holstein dairy bulls.MethodsTwelve Holstein bulls in good health of approximately 10 months of age were selected for the experiment and randomly equally divided into two groups. The control (CK) group was fed a basal ration, and in the OEO group, the basal ration was supplemented with OEO (20 g/head/day). After 300 days of feeding, tissue samples of the jejunum, ileum, and colon of the bulls in each group were collected for histopathological analysis, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively.ResultsThe jejunum, ileum, and colon of bulls in the CK group had obvious pathological damage, whereas the structure of each intestinal segment was clear and intact. In the OEO group, pathological damage was significantly reduced. IgG+ plasma cells were diffusely distributed in the lamina propria of the jejunum, ileum, and colon in the CK and OEO groups, with no significant difference between the groups. OEO supplementation significantly reduced the number of IgG+ plasma cells in each intestinal segment, with the highest decrease rate being noted for the ileum (22.87%), followed by the colon (19.45%) and jejunum (8.52%). ELISA test results and immunohistochemical results were mutually verified. The change in IgG content was consistent with the trend of change in the number of IgG+ plasma cells.DiscussionOur findings suggest that OEO supplementation does not alter the diffuse spatial distribution of IgG+ plasma cells in the intestines of Holstein dairy bulls, but lowers immunoglobulin levels to normal levels, significantly reduces intestinal damage, and may enhance mucosal immune defence barrier function by inhibiting inflammatory reactions.

The traditional Direction Of Arrival (DOA) estimation is typically based on phased array antenna systems. However, it is greatly limited by the high hardware cost for applications in various fields. In addition, conventional phased array antennas also suffer from the high Radar Cross-Section (RCS), which cannot be employed for stealth purposes. To address these issues, we propose a new algorithm based on the Space-Time-coding (STC) strategy for simultaneous DOA estimation and RCS reduction, which is further experimentally verified using a metasurface in the millimeter band. The results demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed DOA method with an error below 1°. Meanwhile, a good RCS reduction of over 10 dB is achieved in the bandwidth of interest. The proposed algorithm paves a new path to integrating DOA estimation and RCS reduction with a single metasurface, with the advantages of low cost and good performance.

Time Domain Coding Metasurface (TDCM) is an emerging technology enabling dynamic modulation of electromagnetic waves. In response to the control characteristics of this technology, this paper presents a radar jamming method based on TDCM intrapulse and interpulse coding optimization. First, optimization models are established in fast and slow time domains. By optimizing intrapulse and interpulse phase coding, the energy redistribution of targets is achieved, thereby generating deceptive interference on the range-Doppler two-dimensional plot. Subsequently, a genetic algorithm is employed to solve this discrete optimization problem. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the effect of various modulation factors on interference effectiveness in terms of TDCM coding strategies, providing guidance for achieving optimal strategies for deceptive interference.

Managing bone defects remains a formidable clinical hurdle, primarily attributed to the inadequate orchestration of vascular reconstruction and osteogenic differentiation in both spatial and temporal dimensions. This challenge persists due to the constrained availability of autogenous grafts and the limited regenerative capacity of allogeneic or synthetic bone substitutes, thus necessitating continual exploration and innovation in the realm of functional and bioactive bone graft materials. While synthetic scaffolds have emerged as promising carriers for bone grafts, their efficacy is curtailed by deficiencies in vascularization and osteoinductive potential. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a key role in revascularization and bone tissue regeneration, yet studies related to the use of NO for the treatment of bone defects remain scarce. Herein, we present a pioneering approach leveraging a photothermal-responsive system to augment NO release. This system comprises macromolecular mPEG-P nanoparticles encapsulating indocyanine green (ICG) (NO-NPs@ICG) and a mPEG-PA-PP injectable thermosensitive hydrogel carrier. By harnessing the synergistic photothermal effects of near-infrared radiation and ICG, the system achieves sustained NO release, thereby activating the soluble guanylate cyclase (SGC)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo. This orchestrated cascade culminates in the facilitation of angiogenesis and osteogenesis, thus expediting the reparative processes in bone defects. In a nutshell, the NO release-responsive system elucidated in this study presents a pioneering avenue for refining the bone tissue microenvironment and fostering enhanced bone regeneration.

Abstract Micro‐Doppler effect is a vital feature of a target that reflects its oscillatory motions apart from bulk motion and provides an important evidence for target recognition with radars. However, establishing the micro‐Doppler database poses a great challenge, since plenty of experiments are required to get the micro‐Doppler signatures of different targets for the purpose of analyses and interpretations with radars, which are dramatically limited by high cost and time‐consuming. Aiming to overcome these limits, a low‐cost and powerful simulation platform of the micro‐Doppler effects is proposed based on time‐domain digital coding metasurface (TDCM). Owing to the outstanding capabilities of TDCM in generating and manipulating nonlinear harmonics during wave‐matter interactions, it enables to supply rich and high‐precision electromagnetic signals with multiple micro‐Doppler frequencies to describe the micro‐motions of different objects, which are especially favored for the training of artificial intelligence algorithms in automatic target recognition and benefit a host of applications like imaging and biosensing.

Abstract Approximately 10% of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients, particularly those with CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene nonsense mutations, lack effective treatments. The potential of gene correction therapy through delivery of the CRISPR/Cas system to CF-relevant organs/cells is hindered by the lack of efficient genome editor delivery carriers. Herein, we report improved Lung Selective Organ Targeting Lipid Nanoparticles (SORT LNPs) for efficient delivery of Cas9 mRNA, sgRNA, and donor ssDNA templates, enabling precise homology-directed repair-mediated gene correction in CF models. Optimized Lung SORT LNPs deliver mRNA to lung basal cells in Ai9 reporter mice. SORT LNP treatment successfully corrected the CFTR mutations in homozygous G542X mice and in patient-derived human bronchial epithelial cells with homozygous F508del mutations, leading to the restoration of CFTR protein expression and chloride transport function. This proof-of-concept study will contribute to accelerating the clinical development of mRNA LNPs for CF treatment through CRISPR/Cas gene correction.

Abstract Objectives To investigate the optimal parameters of spectral CT for preferably visualizing the periprosthetic vasculature and metal artifact reduction (MAR) in total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods A total of 34 THA of 30 patients were retrospectively included. Image reconstructions included conventional image (CI), CI combined with MAR (CIMAR), and virtual monoenergetic images (VMI) combined with MAR (VMIMAR) at 50–120 keV. The attenuation and standard deviation of the vessel and artifact, and the width of artifact were measured. Qualitative scoring was evaluated including the vascular contour, the extent of artifact, and overall diagnostic evaluation. Results The attenuation, noise of the vessel and artifact, and the width of artifact decreased as the energy level increased (p

Abstract Objective To identify the prevalence of obesity, sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity in end-stage knee osteoarthritis (KOA) patients and analyze influences of obesity and sarcopenia in the progression of KOA. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out among end-stage KOA patients who consecutively admitted to Orthopedic Department for TKA. We suppose that the level of decreased physical activities would be influenced by unilateral or bilateral KOA. Patient information, albumin, hemoglobin, pace, step frequency, number of comorbid conditions were collected. Bioelectrical impedance analyzer was used to analyze body composition. Obesity, sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity rate were analyzed with accepted diagnosis criteria. Correlations between body mass index (BMI) or age and fat mass (FM), appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) were analyzed. Results 138 patients (male 30, female 108) in southwest of China including 67 patients with unilateral KOA and 71 patients with bilateral KOA were analyzed. No statistic difference was found in mean albumin, prealbumin and hematocrystallin, body composition values and number of comorbid conditions. We found that BMI was positively correlated with FM (Male: R2 = 0.7177, p

Small-modulus gears, which are essential for motion transmission in precision instruments, present a measurement challenge due to their minuscule gear gaps. A high-precision measurement method under the influence of positioning errors is proposed, enabling precise evaluation of the machining quality of small-modulus gears. Firstly, a compound measurement platform for small-modulus gears is developed. Using a 3D model of the measurement system, the mathematical relationships governing motion transmission between various components are analyzed. Secondly, the formation mechanism of gear positioning error is revealed and its important influence on measurement accuracy is discussed. An optimization method for spatial coordinate transformation matrices under positioning errors of gears is proposed. Thirdly, the study focuses on small-sized gears with a modulus of 0.1 mm and a six-level accuracy. Based on the aforementioned measurement system, the tooth profile measurement points are collected in the actual workpiece coordinate system. Then, gear error parameters are extracted based on the established models for tooth profile deviation and pitch deviation. Finally, the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed measurement method are verified by comparing the measurement results of the P26 gear measuring center.

As a kind of space robot, the two-arm cascade combination system (TACCS) has been applied to perform auxiliary operations at different locations outside space cabins. The motion coupling relation of two arms and complex surrounding obstacles make the collision-free trajectory planning optimization of TACCS more difficult, which has become an urgent problem to be solved. For the above problem, this paper proposed collision-free and time–energy–minimum trajectory planning optimization algorithms, considering the motion coupling of two arms. In this method, the screw-based inverse kinematics (IK) model of TACCS is established to provide the basis for the motion planning in joint space by decoupling the whole IK problem into two IK sub-problems of two arms; the minimum distance calculation model is established based on the hybrid geometric enveloping way and basic distance functions, which can provide the efficient and accurate data basis for the obstacle-avoidance constraint condition of the trajectory optimization. Moreover, the single and bi-layer optimization algorithms are presented by taking motion time and energy consumption as objectives and considering obstacle-avoidance and kinematics constraints. Finally, through example cases, the results indicate that the bi-layer optimization has higher convergence efficiency under the premise of ensuring the optimization effect by separating variables and constraint terms. This work can provide theoretical and methodological support for the efficient and intelligent applications of TACCS in the space arena.

In order to improve the combustion performance of anthracite coal and solve the problem of resource utilization of distillers’ grains, experiments on the mixing combustion of anthracite coal and distillers’ grains were carried out and the effects of different combustion conditions on their ash characteristics were investigated in order to provide theoretical guidance for the optimization of combustion parameters in the actual operation of power plants. The ash samples were made on a drop tube furnace and a tube furnace, and then the microscopic morphology of the slag was observed by Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM-EDS), while its mineralogical composition was analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the increase of distillers’ grain mixing ratio, combustion temperature and oxygen concentration will lead to the deterioration of ash slagging characteristics, while the excess air coefficient has little effect on it.

Abstract Due to its ability to adapt to a variety of electromagnetic (EM) environments, the sensing‐enabled metasurface has garnered significant attention. However, large‐scale EM‐field sensing to obtain more information is still very challenging. Here, an adaptive information metasurface is proposed to enable intelligent sensing and wave manipulating simultaneously or more specifically, to realize intelligent target localization and beam tracking adaptively. The metasurface is composed of an array of meta‐atoms, and each is loaded with two PIN diodes and a sensing‐channel structure, for polarization‐insensitive and programmable beamforming and sensing. By controlling the state of the PIN diode, the proposed meta‐atom has 1‐bit phase response in the designed frequency band, while the sensing loss keeps higher than ‐10 dB for both “ON” and “OFF” states. Hence there is nearly no interaction between the beamforming and sensing modes. Experiments are conducted to show multiple functions of the metasurface, including intelligent target sensing and self‐adaptive beamforming, and the measured results are in good agreement with the numerical simulations and theoretical calculations.

To calculate the scattering impact of scratches on space-based telescope systems accurately, this study proposes fitting scratch scattering using an anisotropic scattering model based on actual test results. The stray light nonuniformity and total stray light of each mirror in a Cook-type off-axis three-mirror system was calculated. A scratch illuminated with unit radiation power can generate a maximum stray light level of 7 × 10-5 and can obscure dark targets with a brightness ratio of 1 × 10-5 to 8 × 10-5. Furthermore, as the wavelength decreases, the total stray light generated by this scratch can reach 5.7 × 10-4 when illuminated with unit radiation power in the 200 nm ultraviolet band. Such scratches on the mirrors of an off-axis three-mirror telescope cause 7–8 times higher nonuniformity of stray light than roughness scattering, decreasing signal-to-noise ratio and affecting target recognition and image processing.

Abstract Manipulations of multiple carrier frequencies are especially important in a variety of fields like radar detection and wireless communications. In conventional radio-frequency architecture, the multi-frequency control is implemented by microwave circuits, which are hard to integrate with antenna apertures, thus bringing the problems of expensive system and high power consumption. Previous studies demonstrate the possibility to jointly control the multiple harmonics using space-time-coding digital metasurface, but suffer from the drawback of inherent harmonic entanglement. To overcome the difficulties, we propose a multi-partition asynchronous space-time-coding digital metasurface (ASTCM) to generate and manipulate multiple frequencies with more flexibility. We further establish an ASTCM-based transmitter to realize wireless communications with frequency-division multiplexing, where the metasurface is responsible for carrier-wave generations and signal modulations. The direct multi-frequency controls with ASTCM provides a new avenue to simplify the traditional wireless systems with reduced costs and low power consumption.

Abstract Metasurfaces have promising potential to revolutionize a variety of photonic and electronic device technologies. However, metasurfaces that can simultaneously and independently control all electromagnetics (EM) waves’ properties, including amplitude, phase, frequency, polarization, and momentum, with high integrability and programmability, are challenging and have not been successfully attempted. Here, we propose and demonstrate a microwave universal metasurface antenna (UMA) capable of dynamically, simultaneously, independently, and precisely manipulating all the constitutive properties of EM waves in a software-defined manner. Our UMA further facilitates the spatial- and time-varying wave properties, leading to more complicated waveform generation, beamforming, and direct information manipulations. In particular, the UMA can directly generate the modulated waveforms carrying digital information that can fundamentally simplify the architecture of information transmitter systems. The proposed UMA with unparalleled EM wave and information manipulation capabilities will spark a surge of applications from next-generation wireless systems, cognitive sensing, and imaging to quantum optics and quantum information science.

The sandstone reservoir in the Lule River group of Mahai East District is strong, densely dense, and the expansion of clay material is very easy to block the pores. Therefore, the new pressure cracks and cationic cluster stabilizers with double-season ammonium salt clay stabilizers are used. Experimental analysis is performed under the circumstances of the perimeter. Use nuclear magnetic real-time testing different fracture liquids to drive the pore structure structure changes before and after the sandstone, combined with differential theory to calculate the fractal dimensions of sandstone. As a result, under the condition of water full, as the perimeter pressure increases, the rocks are increased, and the rocks are increased, and the rocks are increased. The matrix occurs under the common action of the fence and the fracture fluid to prevent the inflation of clay minerals under the combined action of the fence and the fracture fluid, which causes a significant reduction in large holes and increased micropores and medium holes. Exploring different fracture liquids to reservoirs is of great significance to the development of dense sandstone reservoirs.

For complex equipment, it is easy to over-evaluate the impact of failure on production by estimating the reliability level only through failure probability. To remedy this problem, this paper proposes a statistical evaluation method based on fuzzy failure data considering the multi-state characteristics of equipment failures. In this method, the new reliability-evaluation scheme is firstly presented based on the traditional statistical analysis method using the Weibull distribution function. For this scheme, the failure-grade index is defined, and a fuzzy-evaluation method is also proposed by comprehensively considering failure severity, failure maintenance, time, and cost; this is then combined with the time between failures to characterize the failure state. Based on the fuzzy failure data, an improved adaptive-failure small-sample-expansion method is proposed based on the classical bootstrap method and the deviation judgment between distributions of the original and newborn samples. Finally, a novel reliability-evaluation model, related to the failure grade and its membership degree, is established to quantify the reliability level of equipment more realistically. Example cases for three methods of the scheme (the failure-grade fuzzy-evaluation method, the sample-expansion method, and the reliability-evaluation modeling method) are presented, respectively, to validate the effectiveness and significance of the proposed reliability-evaluation technology.

In this paper, a novel wideband power amplifier (PA) operating in the 2–6 GHz frequency range is presented. The proposed PA design utilizes a combination technique consisting of a distributed equalization technique, multiplexing the power supply network and matching network technique, an LR dissipative structure, and an RC stability network technique to achieve significant bandwidth while maintaining superior gain flatness, high efficiency, high gain, and compact size. For verification, a three-stage PA using the combination technique is designed and implemented in a 0.25 μm GaN high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) process. The fabricated prototype demonstrates a saturated output power of 4 W, a power gain of 21 dB, a gain flatness of ±0.6 dB, a power-added efficiency of 39–46%, and a fractional bandwidth of 100% under the operating conditions of drain voltage 28 V (continuous wave) and gate voltage −2.6 V. Moreover, the chip occupies a compact size of only 2.51 mm × 1.97 mm.

This study aims to analyze the impact of uniform and eccentric load conditions on the performance of internal feedback hydrostatic thrust and journal bearing. Two distinct models are established: a three-degrees-of-freedom uniform load model and a five-degrees-of-freedom eccentric load model. The support stiffness, overturning stiffness, and flow rate for both thrust and journal bearings are calculated. Additionally, numerical analysis is conducted to examine the influence of oil film thickness, inlet pressure, and restrictor size on the operational characteristics of the bearings, revealing the interplay between an eccentric load and journal bearing speed. The validity of the theoretical algorithm is verified through finite element simulation. The research outcomes hold significant guiding implications for the design and application of internal feedback hydrostatic bearings.

Understanding the mechanical properties of coal is crucial for efficient mining and disaster prevention in coal mines. Coal contains numerous cracks and fissures, resulting in low strength and challenges in preparing standard samples for testing coal fracture toughness. In engineering, indicators such as the hardness coefficient (f value) and Hardgrove grindability index (HGI) are straightforward to measure. Various experiments, including drop weight, grinding, uniaxial compressive strength and three-point bending experiments, were conducted using notched semi-circular bend (NSCB) specimens and particle sizes of 1–2 mm/0.425–1 mm. Theoretical and experimental results indicate that the hardness coefficient of coal and rock is proportional to the crushing work ratio and inversely proportional to the mean equivalent diameter. Moreover, the square of the fracture toughness of coal and rock is directly proportional to the crushing work ratio, inversely proportional to the newly added area, directly proportional to the mean equivalent diameter and directly proportional to the hardness coefficient. The Mode-I fracture toughness of coal and rock can be rapidly determined through the density, the equivalent diameter after crushing and the elastic modulus, with experimental verification of its accuracy. Considering that smaller particle sizes exhibit greater resistance to breakage, the distribution mode of new surface areas after particle breakage was established, influenced by the initial particle size and the energy of a single broken particle. This study can assist in quickly and accurately determining the fracture toughness of coal.

BMP9 mediated osteogenic differentiation mechanisms of MSCs were widely explored, however, mechanisms of BMP9-induced angiogenesis still need to be clarified. We previously characterized that Notch1 promoted BMP9-induced osteogenesis–angiogenesis coupling process in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Here, we explored the underlying mechanisms of lncRNA H19 (H19) mediated regulation of BMP9-induced angiogenesis through activating Notch1 signaling. We demonstrated that basal expression level of H19 was high in MSCs, and silencing H19 attenuates BMP9-induced osteogenesis and angiogenesis of MSCs both in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, we identified that BMP9-induced production of CD31+ cells was indispensable for BMP9-induced bone formation, and silencing H19 dramatically blocked BMP9-induced production of CD31+ cells. In addition, we found that down-regulation of H19 inhibited BMP9 mediated blood vessel formation and followed subsequent bone formation in vivo. Mechanistically, we clarified that H19 promoted p53 phosphorylation by direct interacting and phosphorylating binding, and phosphorylated p53 potentiated Notch1 expression and activation of Notch1 targeting genes by binding on the promoter area of Notch1 gene. These findings suggested that H19 regulated BMP9-induced angiogenesis of MSCs by promoting the p53-Notch1 angiogenic signaling axis.

Oregano essential oil (OEO) primarily contains phenolic compounds and can serve as a dietary supplement for fattening bulls. However, the precise molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains largely elusive. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of adding OEO to diet on the integrity of the intestinal barrier, composition of the colonic microbiome, and production of microbial metabolites in fattening bulls. Our goal was to provide insights into the utilization of plant essential oil products in promoting gastrointestinal health and welfare in animals. We employed amplicon sequencing and metabolome sequencing techniques to investigate how dietary supplementation with OEO impacted the intestinal barrier function in bulls. The inclusion of OEO in the diet resulted in several notable effects on the colon of fattening bulls. These effects included an increase in the muscle thickness of the colon, goblet cell number, short-chain fatty acid concentrations, digestive enzyme activity, relative mRNA expression of intestinal barrier-related genes, and relative expression of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10. Additionally, α-amylase activity and the relative mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines decreased. Moreover, dietary OEO supplementation increased the abundance of intestinal Bacteroides, Coprobacillus, Lachnospiraceae_UCG_001, and Faecalitalea. Metabolomic analysis indicated that OEO primarily increased the levels of 5-aminovaleric acid, 3-methoxysalicylic acid, and creatinine. In contrast, the levels of maltose, lactulose, lactose, and D-trehalose decreased. Correlation analysis showed that altered colonic microbes and metabolites affected intestinal barrier function. Taken together, these results demonstrate that OEO facilitates internal intestinal environmental homeostasis by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria while inhibiting harmful ones.

Since the testing of convex mirrors often requires a compensator with a larger aperture than the mirror under test, this is undoubtedly a trade-off not worth pursuing. Moreover, for surfaces with higher levels of asphericity, it further escalates the challenges in testing. In this study, high-accuracy testing of large convex aspheric surfaces with rotary symmetry was achieved via a method that combines sub-aperture stitching and Computer-Generated Holograms (CGH) compensation testing. Applying the methodology outlined in this study, practical testing was conducted on a large-aperture convex aspheric mirror with a diameter of 538 mm. The outcomes demonstrated that the center testing data and the outer ring testing data were stitched by the stitching algorithm to obtain the surface error of the full-aperture. The results were compared to those of Luphoscan and compensation testing, with a residual Root Mean Square (RMS) less than λ/20 (λ = 632.8 nm). Finally, the error analysis of the entire testing process showed that the accuracy was better than λ/50. The results demonstrate that the method can achieve highly accurate test of large convex aspheric surfaces.

Abstract A space‐time coding metasurface (STCM) operating in the sub‐terahertz band to construct new‐architecture wireless communication systems is proposed. Specifically, a programmable STCM is designed with varactor‐diode‐tuned metasurface elements, enabling precise regulation of harmonic amplitudes and phases by adjusting the time delay and duty cycle of square‐wave modulation signal loaded on the varactor diodes. Independent electromagnetic (EM) regulations in the space and time domains are achieved by STCM to realize flexible beam manipulations and information modulations. Based on these features, a sub‐terahertz wireless communication link is constructed by employing STCM as a transmitter. Experimental results demonstrate that the STCM supports multiple modulation schemes including frequency‐shift keying, phase‐shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulations in a wide frequency band. It is also shown that the STCM is capable of realizing wide‐angle beam scanning in the range of ±45o, which offers an opportunity for user tracking during the communication. Thus, the STCM transmitter with high device density and low power consumption can provide low‐complexity, low‐cost, low‐power, and low‐heat solutions for building the next‐generation wireless communication systems in the sub‐terahertz frequency and even terahertz band.

Abstract Background Many countries have already banned the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry, making it extremely difficult to maintain animal health in livestock breeding. In the livestock industry, there is an urgent need to develop alternatives to antibiotics which will not lead to drug resistance on prolonged use. In this study, eighteen castrated bulls were randomly divided into two groups. The control group (CK) was fed the basal diet, while the antimicrobial peptide group (AP) was fed the basal diet supplemented with 8 g of antimicrobial peptides in the basal diet for the experimental period of 270 d. They were then slaughtered to measure production performance, and the ruminal contents were isolated for metagenomic and metabolome sequencing analysis. Result The results showed that antimicrobial peptides could improve the daily weight, carcass weight, and net meat weight of the experimental animals. Additionally, the rumen papillae diameter and the micropapillary density in the AP were significantly greater than those in the CK. Furthermore, the determination of digestive enzymes and fermentation parameters showed that the contents of protease, xylanase, and β-glucoside in the AP were greater than those in the CK. However, lipase content in the CK was greater than that in the AP. Moreover, the content of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and valerate was found to be greater in AP than those in CK. The metagenomic analysis annotated 1993 differential microorganisms at the species level. The KEGG enrichment of these microorganisms revealed that the enrichment of drug resistance-related pathways was dramatically decreased in the AP, whereas the enrichment of immune-related pathways was significantly increased. There was also a significant reduction in the types of viruses in the AP. 187 probiotics with significant differences were found, 135 of which were higher in AP than in CK. It was also found that the antimicrobial mechanism of the antimicrobial peptides was quite specific. Seven low-abundance microorganisms (Acinetobacter_sp._Ac_1271, Aequorivita soesokkakensis, Bacillus lacisalsi, Haloferax larsenii, Lysinibacillus_sp._3DF0063, Parabacteroides_sp._2_1_7, Streptomyces_sp._So13.3) were found to regulate growth performance of the bull negatively. Metabolome analysis identified 45 differentially differential metabolites that significantly different between the CK and the AP groups. Seven upregulated metabolites (4-pyridoxic acid, Ala-Phe, 3-ureidopropionate, hippuric acid, terephthalic acid, L-alanine, uridine 5-monophosphate) improve the growth performance of the experimental animals. To detect the interactions between the rumen microbiome and metabolism, we associated the rumen microbiome with the metabolome and found that negative regulation between the above 7 microorganisms and 7 metabolites. Conclusions This study shows that antimicrobial peptides can improve the growth performance of animals while resisting viruses and harmful bacteria and are expected to become healthy alternatives to antibiotics. We demonstrated a new antimicrobial peptides pharmacological model. We demonstrated low-abundance microorganisms may play a role by regulating the content of metabolites.

The authors present an intelligent metasurface system that uses a target detection algorithm combined with a depth camera, to automatically detect the position of moving targets and achieve real-time wireless communications. The system can operate for multiple targets in limited ambient light, outdoor and other realistic environments.

ObjectiveIn this paper, experiments are carried out to investigate the effects of water spray on the soot removal of diesel engine flue gas.MethodA Dekati low pressure impactor (DLPI) is used to sample smoke soot in a flue. The sampling gun is wrapped in a heating belt and the temperature is controlled to prevent the condensation of wet flue gas after spraying and maintain the same state of soot in the flue. First, the uniformity of flue gas concentration is measured by a flue gas analyzer to verify that the flue gas distribution is basically uniform, and the sampling time is determined by DLPI. The soot purification efficiency under different diesel engine loads and different water spray volumes is then measured and compared. ResultsThe results show that the efficiency of soot removal can reach 50%. Under the same spray rate, the soot removal efficiency of the diesel engine under 100% load is higher than that under 50% load. When the spray rate reaches a certain value, the efficiency of soot collection and purification may reach the extreme value. Under 50% load, the contact time between water spray and soot is longer, and the agglomeration effect of small particles is more obvious than under 100% load. ConclusionThe measurement results show that water spray can effectively reduce the soot emissions of diesel engines.

Abstract The detection of chemiluminescence from various radicals and molecules in a hydrocarbon flame can provide valuable information on the rate of local heat release, combustion stability, and combustion completeness. In this study, chemiluminescence from the combustion process is detected using a high-speed color camera within the broadband spectrum of visible light. Whereon, a novel hyperspectral reconstruction approach based on the physically plausible spectral reconstruction (PPSR) is employed to reconstruct the spectral chemiluminescence signals from 400 to 700 nm with a resolution of 10 nm to provide 31 different spectral channels. The reconstructed key chemiluminescence signals (e.g., CH*, CH2O*, C2*, and CO2*) from the color images are further analyzed to characterize the chemical kinetics and combustion processes under engine conditions. The spectral chemiluminescence evolution with engine crank angle is identified to comprehend the effect of H2 fraction on flame characteristics and combustion kinetics. Additionally, in this study, a detailed kinetic mechanism is adopted to deepen the theoretical understanding and describe the spectral chemiluminescence from H2/CH4 and H2/CH4/n-dodecane flames at relevant conditions for various species including OH*, CH*, C2*, and CO2*. The results indicate that the PPSR is an adequately reliable approach to reconstructing spectral wavelengths based on chemiluminescence signals from the color images, which can potentially provide qualitative information about the evolution of various species during combustion. Here, the reconstructed chemiluminescence images show less than 1% errors compared to the raw images in red, green, and blue channels. Furthermore, the reconstructed chemiluminescence trends of CH*, CH2O*, C2*, and CO2* show a good agreement with the detailed kinetics 0D simulation.

Reinforcement learning (RL) is attempted to be applied to the control of continuum robots. Because of the inefficiency and high cost of collecting samples in the real world, the control strategy is usually learned in simulation. However, due to the gap between the simulation and the real world, the performance of the strategy learned in the simulation will be reduced when it is transferred to the real world. This paper proposes a strategy learning and Simulation-to-Real (Sim-to-Real) transfer framework for the position control of pneumatic continuum manipulator (PCM). The dynamics model of the PCM, which is used as the simulation environment of RL, is represented by long short-term memory (LSTM). The probabilistic inference and learning for control (PILCO) is used to train the control strategy. In order to utilize the information of the strategy learned in simulation, the Sim-to-Real transfer method based on strategy fine-tuning is proposed. By fine-tuning the strategy, the strategy learned in simulation can be applied to the real world. Finally, an experiment is carried out on a PCM to verify the effectiveness of the proposed framework.

Reconfigurable antennas have been widely employed for beam scanning in recent years. However, such antennas are usually limited by narrow bandwidth. To overcome this challenge, we present a linearly polarized 2-bit ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna array in C-band. The antenna array consists of 16 Vivaldi elements, 16 wideband phase shifters and a feeding network. The structural symmetry is employed to provide a couple of opposite phase states in the broad bandwidth. The measured results show that the antenna array can operate well in a broad bandwidth from 4.0 to 5.5 GHz (the relative bandwidth ~31.5%) with reflection loss lower than −10 dB. The scanning angle ranges from −45° to 45° with the sidelobe below −10dB, which agrees well with the theoretical predictions. The design features low cost, simple structure, easy fabrication and broad bandwidth.

The computer numerically controlled (CNC) system is the key functional component of CNC machine tool control systems, and the servo drive system is an important part of CNC systems. The complex working environment will lead to frequent failure of servo drive systems. Taking effective health management measures is the key to ensure the normal operation of CNC machine tools. In this paper, the comprehensive effect of fault prediction and fault diagnosis is considered for the first time, and a health management system for machine tool servo drive systems is proposed and applied to operation and maintenance management. According to the data collected by the system and related indicators, the technology can predict the state trend of equipment operation, identify the hidden fault characteristics in the data, and further diagnose the fault types. A health management system mainly includes fault prediction and fault diagnosis. The core of fault prediction is the gated recurrent unit (GRU). The attention mechanism is introduced into a GRU neural network, which can solve the long-term dependence problem and improve the model performance. At the same time, the Nadam optimizer is used to update the model parameters, which improves the convergence speed and generalization ability of the model and makes it suitable for solving the prediction problem of large-scale data. The core of fault diagnosis is the self-organizing mapping (SOM) neural network, which performs cluster analysis on data with different characteristics, to realize fault diagnosis. In addition, feature standardization and principal component analysis (PCA) are introduced to balance the influence of different feature scales, enhance the feature of fault data, and achieve data dimensionality reduction. Compared with the other two algorithms and their improved versions, the superiority of the health management system with high-dimensional data and the enhancement effect of fault identification are verified. The relative relationship between fault prediction and diagnosis is further revealed, and the adjustment idea of the production plan is provided for decision makers. The rationality and effectiveness of the system in practical application are verified by a series of tests of fault data sets.

Near-surface soil hydraulic properties (SHPs) are fundamental for describing and predicting water and energy exchange processes, particularly at the soil–atmosphere interface, and regulating evapotranspiration, infiltration, and runoff in different ecosystems. In this study, a new method was proposed to estimate near-surface SHPs by combining sensor-based soil infiltrability measurements with inverse modeling using HYDRUS-2D. The infiltration rate (IR) was estimated by combining the linear source inflow method with image processing, and Ks was estimated from the near-surface steady-state IR (NSIRM). The SWRC parameters described by the van Genuchten model were estimated using the inverse modeling method of HYDRUS-2D for the fitting of sensor-measured infiltration data. Subsequently, the parameters of the van Genuchten model, including α, n, and l, were inversely estimated. Three undisturbed soils, including two stand humus samples from cork oak (Quercus suber L.) and oleander (Pinus tabuliformis L.) stands and one sandy loam from a farmland, were sampled near the soil surface to validate the proposed method. The estimated Ks was evaluated by the constant head method (CHM). The estimated parameters of the SWRC were validated by those determined through the simultaneous measurement of the soil moisture content and water potential using sensor techniques. The results showed that the Ks estimated from the NSIRM for each soil sample were 23.40 ± 1.21, 23.86 ± 1.83, and 22.99 ± 2.26 mm h−1, respectively. In comparison, the Ks determined by the CHM were 24.41 ± 1.53, 24.26 ± 0.37, and 23.81 ± 0.10 mm/h, respectively. The relative errors of the proposed method were 4.14%, 1.64%, and 3.42%, respectively. For the SWRC estimation, the normalized root mean square errors (NRMSEs) between the measurements and the estimates for each soil sample were 0.1724, 0.1454, and 0.0606, respectively. Based on this, the AWC was obtained, and Ku was deduced from the estimated Ks and SWRC parameters for each soil sample. In general, the proposed method successfully estimates near-surface SHPs, simplifies the measurement device, and provides a new perspective for the in situ determination of near-surface SHPs under field conditions in the near future.

The gas contained in coal plays a crucial role in triggering coal and gas outbursts. During an outburst, a large quantity of gas originally absorbed by coal is released from pulverized coal. The role this part of the gas plays in the process of coal and gas outbursts has not been clearly elucidated yet. Therefore, investigating the changes in gas desorption rate from coal particles of different sizes could provide some meaningful insights into the outburst process and improve our understanding of the outburst mechanism. First, combining the diffusivity of coal of different particle sizes and the distribution function of broken coal, we present a gas desorption model for fragmented gas-bearing coal that can quantify gas desorption from coal particles within a certain range of size. Second, the gas desorption rate ratio is defined as the ratio of the gas desorption rate from coal being crushed to that from coal before breaking. The desorption rate ratio is mainly determined by the desorption index (γ) and the granularity distribution index (α). Within the limit range of coal particle sizes, the ratio of effective diffusion coefficient for coal particles with different sizes is directly proportional to the reciprocal of the ratio of particle sizes. Under uniform particle size conditions before and after fragmentation, the gas desorption rate ratio is the square root of the reciprocal of the effective diffusion coefficient. The gas desorption model quantitatively elucidates the accelerated desorption of adsorbed gas in coal during the continuous fragmentation process of coal during an outburst.

Ionic liquids (ILs) are molten organic salts consisting of organic cations and weakly coordinating organic/inorganic anions at room temperature. ILs have excellent physical and chemical properties such as high thermal stability, high combustible temperature, high miscibility with organic compounds and so on, making them good candidates for high performance lubricants and lubricant additives. The functional designability of ILs makes them novel lubrication materials that can break through the bottleneck of the active control of friction and lubrication. This paper firstly briefly introduces how to design the physical and chemical properties of the ILs required for different friction conditions by bonding specific cations with anions. Then, the lubrication mechanisms of ILs as base lubricants and additives for oils and water are focused on. The correlation between the structure of ILs and the lubrication results are established, which can guide the structural design of ILs in different applications. The response behaviors of friction characteristics under external electric fields are analyzed, which can provide a theoretical basis for the intelligent control of friction based on ILs.

Testing accuracy is an essential factor in determining the manufacturing accuracy of aspheric mirrors. Because of the complexity of the null compensation test, the coherent stray lights generated by multiple reflections and transmissions between optical elements and the crosstalk fringes generated by the multi-beam interference of the reference light, test light, and stray lights are superimposed on the interference fringes, resulting in reduced testing accuracy. Focusing on this problem, a simulation analysis method for crosstalk fringes based on ray-tracing and multi-beam interference in interference testing is proposed. The coordinates, amplitudes, and phases of the test light and stray lights on the transmission sphere are traced, and the crosstalk fringes and interference testing fringes and their positions, sizes, and intensity information are simulated via multi-beam interference. The influence of crosstalk fringes on interference fringes is determined. An experimental optical path is built to verify the correctness of the crosstalk fringe simulation method.

BackgroundPostbiotics are an emerging research interest in recent years and are fairly advanced compared to prebiotics and probiotics. The composition and function of postbiotics are closely related to fermentation conditions.MethodsIn this study, we developed a solid-state fermentation preparation method for postbiotics with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. The antibacterial activity was improved 3.62 times compared to initial fermentation conditions by using optimization techniques such as single factor experiments, Plackett–Burman design (PBD), steepest ascent method (SAM), and central composite design (CCD) methods. The optimized conditions were carried out with an initial water content of 50% for 8 days at 37°C and fermentation strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens J and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SN4 at a ratio of 1:1 with a total inoculum size of 8%. The optimized SSF medium content ratios of peptide powder, wheat bran, corn flour, and soybean meal were 4, 37.4, 30, and 28.6%, respectively.ResultsUnder these optimized conditions, postbiotics with a concentration of 25 mg/mL showed significant broad-spectrum antibacterial capabilities against Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus and strong antioxidant activity against ABTS, DPPH, and OH radicals. Moreover, the optimized postbiotics exhibited good anti-inflammatory ability for reducing nitric oxide (NO) secretion in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in response to LPS-induced inflammation. Furthermore, the postbiotics significantly improved intestinal epithelial wound healing capabilities after mechanical injury, such as cell scratches in IPEC-J2 cells (p < 0.05).ConclusionIn brief, we developed postbiotics through optimized solid-state fermentation with potential benefits for gut health. Therefore, our findings suggested that the novel postbiotics could be used as potential functional food products for improving body health.

In order to ensure reliability and security of power supply, the situation awareness of some elements in the distribution network is studied in this paper. Considering the influence of the interference signal, Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) is introduced to reduce it. Subsequently, according to operation characteristics of the actual distribution network, several evaluation indexes are proposed to describe the operation situation of the overall distribution network and internal elements, especially evaluation of fragile nodes. Based on these indexes and characteristics of actual distribution network, the comprehensive evaluation method of fragile nodes (CEMFN) is constructed, which mainly aims at the fragile nodes in the distribution network and synthesizes the single index coefficient to realize the identification of fragile nodes. Through the simulation calculation, it can be seen that the result of CEMFN is more accurate than that of the traditional evaluation model, which provides an important theoretical support for the operation and maintenance of distribution network and reliable power supply.

Inspired by the design philosophy of information metasurfaces based on the digital coding concept, a planar 4-bit reconfigurable antenna array with low profile of 0.15λ0 (where λ0 is the free-space wavelength) is presented. The array is based on a digital coding radiation element consisting of a 1-bit magnetoelectric (ME) dipole and a miniaturized reflection-type phase shifter (RTPS). The proposed 1-bit ME dipole can provide two digital states of “0” and “1” (with 0° and 180° phase responses) over a wide frequency band by individually exciting its two symmetrical feeding ports. The designed RTPS is able to realize a relative phase shift of 173°. By digitally quantizing its phase in the range of 157.5°, additional eight digital states at intervals of 22.5° are obtained. To achieve low sidelobe levels, a 1:16 power divider based on the Taylor line source method is employed to feed the array. A prototype of the proposed 4-bit antenna array has been fabricated and tested, and the experimental results are in good agreement with the simulations. Scanning beams within a ±45° range were measured with a maximum realized gain of 13.4 dBi at 12 GHz. The sidelobe and cross-polarization levels are below –14.3 and –23.0 dB, respectively. Furthermore, the beam pointing error is within 0.8°, and the 3 dB gain bandwidth of the broadside beam is 25%. Due to its outstanding performance, the array holds potential for significant applications in radar and wireless communication systems.

CIOMP report their progress in high-accuracy manufacturing of the world’s largest SiC aspheric mirror. The final surface figure error is 15.2 nm RMS and aerial density is less than 120 kg/m2.

A novel theoretical framework and method, which is based on a novel space-time-coding metasurface (STCM) with nonlinearly periodic phases, is proposed to generate frequency-modulated continuous waves (FMCWs) and dynamically control their spatial propagation behaviors simultaneously.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of oregano essential oil on IgA+, IgG+, and IgM+ cells in the jejunum of castrated Holstein bulls. Twelve castrated Holstein bulls were randomly divided into control (YCK) and oregano essential oil (YEO) groups. Pathological changes in the jejunum were observed by HE staining, and the expression levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM in the jejunum were detected by ELISA. The distributions of IgA+, IgG+, and IgM+ cells in the jejunum were analysed by multiplex immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the jejunal villi were detached in the YCK group, which may have been related to inflammation, while the intestinal epithelium was clear and intact in the YEO group. The expressions of IgA, IgG, and IgM were significantly reduced by 40.75%, 30.76%, and 50.87%. The IgA+, IgG+, and IgM+ cells were diffusely distributed in the lamina propria of the jejunum, and were reduced by 17.07%, 6.44%, and 6.15%, respectively. Oregano essential oil did not alter the distribution characteristics of IgA+, IgG+, or IgM+ cells in the jejunum, but it suppressed inflammatory response, decreased immunoglobulin content, and significantly enhanced the formation of an immune barrier in the gastrointestinal mucosa.