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This work investigated how the structure size affects the quasi-static and fatigue behaviors of graphene polymer nanocomposites, a topic that has been often overlooked. The results showed that both quasi-static and fatigue failure of these materials scale nonlinearly with the structure size due to the presence of a significant Fracture Process Zone (FPZ) ahead of the crack tip induced by graphene nanomodification. Such a complicated size effect and scaling in either quasi-static or fatigue scenario cannot be described by the Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM), but can be well captured by the Size Effect Law (SEL) which considers the FPZ. Thanks to the SEL, the enhanced quasi-static and fatigue fracture properties were properly characterized and shown to be independent of the structure size. In addition, the differences on the morphological and mechanical behaviors between quasi-static fracture and fatigue fracture were also identified and clarified in this work. The experimental data and analytical analyses reported in this paper are important to deeply understand the mechanics of polymer-based nanocomposite materials and even other quasi-brittle materials (e.g., fiber-reinforced polymers or its hybrid with nanoparticles, etc.), and further advance the development of computational models capable of capturing size-dependent fracture of materials in various loading conditions., Comment: 41 pages, 18 figures

This work presents a comprehensive investigation of the elastic and fracture behavior of ply-to-ply angle interlock three-dimensional woven composites. The research investigated novel splitting and wedge-driven out-of-plane fracture tests to shed light on the tensile fracture behavior in the thickness direction and to provide estimates of the out-of-plane tensile strength and fracture energy. In addition, size effect tests on geometrically-scaled Single Edge Notch Tension (SENT) specimens were performed to fully characterize the intra-laminar fracture energy of the material and to study the scaling of structural strength in this type of three-dimensional composites. The results confirmed that size effect in the structural strength of these materials is significant. In fact, even if the range of sizes investigated was broader than in any previous size effect study on traditional laminated composites and two-dimensional textile composites, all the experimental data fell in the transition zone between quasi-ductile and brittle behavior. This implies strong damage tolerance of the investigated three-dimensional composites. The analysis of the data via Bazant's Type II Size Effect Law (SEL) enabled the objective characterization of the intra-laminar fracture energy of three-dimensional composites for the first time. Finally, Arcan rig tests combined with X-ray micro-computed tomography allowed unprecedented insights on the different damage mechanisms under multi-axial nominal loading conditions, particularly tension-dominated and shear-dominated conditions.

The broad application of polymer composites in engineering demands the deep understanding of the main damage mechanisms under realistic loading conditions and the development of proper physics-based models. Towards this goal, this study presents a comprehensive characterization of the main damage mechanisms in a selection of notched composite structures under multiaxial fatigue loading. Thanks to a synergistic combination of X-ray micro-computed tomography ($\mu$-CT) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC), the main failure modes are identified while the crack volume associated to each mechanism is characterized. This study provides unprecedented quantitative data for the development and validation of computational models to capture the fatigue behavior of polymer composite structures., Comment: 21 pages including cover page, 15 figures

Composite structures must endure a great variety of multi-axial stress states during their lifespan while guaranteeing their structural integrity and functional performance. Understanding the fatigue behavior of these materials, especially in the presence of notches that are ubiquitous in structural design, lies at the hearth of this study which presents a comprehensive investigation of the fracturing behavior of notched quasi-isotropic [+45/90/$-$45/0]$_{s}$ and cross-ply [0/90]$_{2s}$ laminates under multi-axial quasi-static and fatigue loading. The investigation of the S-N curves and stiffness degradation, and the analysis of the damage mechanisms via micro-computed tomography clarified the effects of the multi-axiality ratio and the notch configuration. Furthermore, it allowed to conclude that damage progression under fatigue loading can be substantially different compared to the quasi-static case. Future efforts in the formulation of efficient fatigue models will need to account for the transition in damaging behavior in the context of the type of applied load, the evolution of the local multi-axiality ratio, the structure size and geometry, and stacking sequence. By providing important data for model calibration and validation, this study represents a first step towards this important goal., Comment: 30 pages

This study investigated, experimentally and numerically, the fracturing behavior of thermoset polymer structures featuring cracks and sharp u-notches. It is shown that, even for cases in which the sharpness of the notch would suggest otherwise, the failure behavior of cracked and pre-notched specimens is substantially different, the failure loads of the former configuration being about three times lower than the latter one. To capture this interesting behavior a two-scale cohesive model is proposed. The model is in excellent agreement with the experimental data and its predictions allow to conclude that (a) residual plastic stresses cannot explain the very high failure loads of notched structures; (b) the strength of the polymer at the microscale can be from six to ten times larger than the values measured from conventional tests whereas the fracture energy at the microscale can be about forty times lower; (c) the pre-notched specimens investigated in this work failed when the stress at the tip reached the microscale strength whereas the cracked specimens failed when the energy release rate reached the total fracture energy of the material. The foregoing considerations are of utmost importance for the design of microelectronic devices or polymer matrix composites for which the main damage mechanisms are governed by the strength and cohesive behavior at the microscale., Comment: 35 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables

This work proposes an investigation of the fracturing behavior of polymer nanocomposites. Towards this end, the study leverages the analysis of a large bulk of fracture tests from the literature with the goal of critically investigating the effects of the nonlinear Fracture Process Zone (FPZ). It is shown that for most of the fracture tests the effects of the nonlinear FPZ are not negligible, leading to significant deviations from Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) sometimes exceeding 150% depending on the specimen size and nanofiller content. To get a deeper understanding of the characteristics of the FPZ, fracture tests on geometrically-scaled Single Edge Notch Bending (SENB) specimens are analyzed leveraging a cohesive zone model. It is found that the FPZ cannot be neglected and a bi-linear cohesive crack law generally provides the best match of experimental data., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1707.09250

This work proposes an investigation on the fracturing behavior of polymer nanocomposites. Towards this end, the study leverages on the analysis of a large bulk of fracture tests from the literature with the goal of critically investigating the effects of the nonlinear Fracture Process Zone (FPZ). It is shown that for most of the fracture tests, the effects of the nonlinear FPZ are not negligible, leading to significant deviations from Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM). As the data indicate, this aspect needs to be taken into serious consideration since the use of LEFM to estimate mode I fracture energy, which is common practice in the literature, can lead to an error as high as 157% depending on the specimen size and nanofiller content., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1702.05828

This work proposes an investigation on the scaling of the structural strength of polymer/graphene nanocomposites. To this end, fracture tests on geometrically scaled Single Edge Notch Bending (SENB) specimens with varying contents of graphene were conducted to study the effects of nanomodification on the scaling. It is shown that, while the strength of the pristine polymer scales according to Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM), this is not the case for nanocomposites, even for very low graphene contents. In fact, small specimens exhibited a more pronounced ductility with limited scaling and a significant deviation from LEFM whereas larger specimens behaved in a more brittle way, with scaling of nominal strength closer to the one predicted by LEFM. This behavior, due to the significant size of the Fracture Process Zone (FPZ) compared to the specimen size, needs to be taken into serious consideration. In facts, it is shown that, for the specimen sizes investigated in this work, neglecting the non-linear effects of the FPZ can lead to an underestimation of the fracture energy as high as 113%, this error decreasing for increasing specimen sizes.