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Abstract Understanding precise structures of two-/three- dimensional (2D/3D) covalent organic polymers (COPs) through single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) analysis is important. However, how to grow high-quality single crystals for 2D/3D COPs is of challenge due to poor reversibility and difficult self-correction of covalent bonds. In addition, the success of introducing tellurium into the backbone to construct 2D/3D COPs and obtaining their single crystals is rare. Here, utilizing the strategy that a heavy element (e.g., tellurium) can form dynamic linkages with a self-correction function, we develop a fast and universal method for growing large-sized single crystals (up to 500 µm) for 2D/3D COPs, especially for 2D COPs. Three 2D COPs and one 3D COP are harvested through dynamic -Te-O-P- bonds in two days, with structures clearly uncovered via the SCXRD analysis. These 2D/3D COPs also show promising photocatalytic activities (nearly 100% selectivity and 100% yield) in superoxide anion radical-mediated coupling of (arylmethyl)amines.

Comprehending the anaerobic nitrogen transformations, including denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and anaerobic ammonium oxidation linked with iron reduction (Feammox) in soil, is essential for improving soil fertility and minimizing the environmental impacts of nitrogen loss. Despite this, research on anaerobic nitrogen transformations, particularly Feammox in paddy soil, is sparse. This study examined soil denitrification, anammox, and Feammox, along with their respective contributions to nitrogen loss in paddy soil at various depths, under different fertilization and irrigation treatments. It utilized 15N isotope labeling to investigate the limiting factors of these anaerobic nitrogen transformations and their interactions. The findings showed that denitrification rates ranged from 0.41 to 2.12 mg N kg−1 d−1, while anammox rates ranged from 0.062 to 0.394 mg N kg−1 d−1, contributing 84.3% to 88.1% and 11.8% to 15.7% of total soil nitrogen loss, respectively. Denitrification was identified as the predominant pathway for nitrogen loss across different soil depths. Fertilization and irrigation had more pronounced impacts on anaerobic nitrogen transformations than did soil depth, potentially affecting these processes through both abiotic and biotic pathways. This study identified significant correlations among the three types of anaerobic nitrogen transformations. These findings offer a theoretical foundation for optimizing nitrogen management strategies to mitigate losses in agricultural systems.

Abstract The integration of radials into covalent organic frameworks (COFs) would have a profound effect on their applications in spin devices since such radical arrays can offer scientists an additional dimension to manipulate electron spins and maximize the function of organic optoelectrical devices. However, such realization (especially reversible radicals) is very challenging. In this article, using a fluorene‐based benzoquinone‐derived monomer (M) as the building unit, we successfully synthesized a boroxine‐linked COF (named CityU‐3), whose crystallinity and chemical composition were confirmed by powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, solid‐state 13C cross‐polarization magic‐angle‐spinning (CP/MAS) NMR, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Interestingly, CityU‐3 can be converted into its radical form by treating with BF3·Et2O, which is associated with a color change from red to black, and vice versa upon heating. The as‐formed radicals have been confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. It is worth pointing out that the cycles between radical formation and disappearance would not affect its crystallinity and structure. The reversible COF radicals would have great applications in organic spin devices.

Abstract Developing an efficient freshwater and electricity co‐generation device (FECGD) can solve the shortage of freshwater and electricity. However, the poor salt resistance and refrigeration properties of the materials for FECGD put big challenges in the efficient and stable operation of these devices. To address these issues, we propose the covalent organic framework (COF) confined co‐polymerization strategy to prepare COF‐modified acrylamide cationic hydrogels (ACH‐COF), where hydrogen bonding interlocking between negatively charged polymer chains and COF pores can form a salt resistant hydrogel for stabilizing tunable passive interfacial cooling (TPIC). The FECPDs based on the TPIC and salt resistance of ACH‐COF display a maximum output power density of 2.28 W m−2, which is 4.3 times higher than that of a commercial thermoelectric generator under one solar radiation. The production rate of freshwater can reach 2.74 kg m−2 h−1. Our results suggest that the high efficiency and scalability of the FECGD can hold the promise of alleviating freshwater and power shortages.

Abstract Developing dynamic color‐tunable ultra‐long room temperature phosphorescence (URTP) polymers with afterglow of over 1 s, photo‐chromism, and multi‐stimuli response for practical anti‐counterfeiting and information security applications is attractive but very challenging. Herein, by doping multicolor phosphorescence pyridinium bromide L block or viologen‐based photo‐chromic V block into polyvinyl alcohol matrixes, the water‐stimuli‐responsive color‐tunable URTP polymer films with afterglow of up to 8 s and the reversible viologen‐based photochromic polymer films have been developed. More significantly, a series of dynamic color‐tunable URTP polymer films with ultra‐long afterglow of over 6 s, photo‐chromism, and water‐stimuli response have been successfully exploited by integrating L and V blocks into one polymer system. Mechanistic investigations have revealed that their photo‐chromism mainly comes from the photo‐generated viologen free radicals. Furthermore, their dynamic multilevel anti‐counterfeiting applications have been demonstrated. These results pave the way to develop smarter multifunctional URTP materials for anti‐counterfeiting and optical sensing.

Abstract Cd contamination, especially in farmland soil, can pose serious threats to human health as well as ecological security. Stabilization is an important strategy for agricultural soil Cd remediation. In this study, a Cd-resistant strain (Cupriavidus B-7) was isolated and loaded onto cow manure (CDB), rice straw (RSB) and pine wood biochar (PB) to investigate its effects on Cd stabilization by a 60-day pot experiment. Results indicated that the Cupriavidus B-7-loaded biochar (labelled as CDBB, PBB and RSBB) reduced the CaCl2-extractable Cd by 43.06–59.78%, which was significantly superior to individual applications of Cupriavidus B-7 and biochar. Likewise, the soil physicochemical properties, urease, catalase and phosphatase activities were improved, indicating improved soil health. Consequently, dry weights of pakchoi’s shoot and root were increased by 938.9–1230.9% and 149.1–281.2%, respectively, by applying CDBB, PBB and RSBB. Meanwhile, the Cd accumulation in pakchoi shoots decreased by 38.06–50.75%. Notably, the RSBB exhibited an optimal performance on pakchoi growth promotion and Cd accumulation alleviation. The structural equation model indicated the synergistic effect on pakchoi growth promotion and Cd accumulation decreased between biochar and Cupriavidus B-7. Our research provides some new insights into the development of strategies for green and sustainable remediation of Cd-contaminated soil. Graphical Abstract

Abstract The photocatalytic reduction of CO2 represents an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach for generating valuable chemicals. In this study, a thiophene‐modified highly conjugated asymmetric covalent triazine framework (As‐CTF‐S) is developed for this purpose. Significantly, single‐component intramolecular energy transfer can enhance the photogenerated charge separation, leading to the efficient conversion of CO2 to CO during photocatalysis. As a result, without the need for additional photosensitizers or organic sacrificial agents, As‐CTF‐S demonstrates the highest photocatalytic ability of 353.2 µmol g−1 and achieves a selectivity of ≈99.95% within a 4 h period under visible light irradiation. This study provides molecular insights into the rational control of charge transfer pathways for high‐efficiency CO2 photoreduction using single‐component organic semiconductor catalysts.

BackgroundThe National Health Commission and the other relevant departments in China have initiated testing of the Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs) system in 30 pilot locations since 2019. In the process of DRG payment reform, accounting for the costs of diseases has become a highly challenging issue. The traditional method of disease accounting method overlooks the compensation for the knowledge capital value of medical personnel.ObjectiveThe primary objective of this study is to analyze the cost accounting scheme of China’s Diagnosis Related Groups (C-DRG), focusing on the value of knowledge capital.MethodsThe study initially proposes a measurement index system for the value of knowledge-based capital, including the difficulty of disease treatment, labor intensity of disease treatment, risk of disease treatment, and operation/treatment time for diseases. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is then utilized to weigh the features of medical workers’ knowledge capital value. First, pairwise comparisons are conducted in this stage to develop a two-pair judgment matrix of the primary indicators. Second, the eigenvectors corresponding to the maximum eigenvalues of the matrix are calculated to generate the weight coefficient of each feature. The consistency test is carried out after this stage. An empirical analysis is conducted by collecting data, including the full costs of treating three types of diseases—hip replacement, acute simple appendicitis, and heart bypass surgery—from one public medical institution.ResultsThe empirical analysis examines whether this DRG costing accounting can address the issue of neglecting the value of medical workers’ knowledge capital. The methods reconfigure the positive incentive mechanism, stimulate the endogenous motivation of the medical service system, foster independent changes in medical behavior, and achieve the goals of reasonable cost control.ConclusionIn the cost accounting system of C-DRG, the value of medical workers’ knowledge capital is acknowledged. This acknowledgment not only boosts the enthusiasm and creativity of medical workers in optimizing and standardizing the diagnosis and treatment process but also improves the transparency and authenticity of DRG pricing. This is particularly evident in the optimization and standardization of the diagnosis and treatment processes within medical institutions and in monitoring inadequate medical practices within these institutions.

In current research, achieving carbon neutrality has become a primary focus through the utilization of various conversion technologies that transform carbon dioxide (CO2) into valuable chemicals or fuels. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as emerging crystalline organic polymers, offer distinct advantages in CO2 conversion compared to other materials. These advantages include controllable nanoscale pores, predefined functional units, editable framework structures, and rich conjugated systems. The unique characteristics of COFs make them highly promising electrocatalysts for CO2 conversion. This review provides a comprehensive overview of pioneering works and recent research on the utilization of COF‐based materials as electrocatalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the design principles for various reactive sites, skeleton structures, pore functionalities, 3D frameworks, morphologies, and composite materials of COFs, aiming to enhance electrocatalysis. Finally, this review presents some recommendations for material design, reaction mechanisms, and theoretical computations to enhance the understanding of reaction mechanisms further and facilitate the design of high‐performance COF‐based electrocatalysts.

Abstract Cognitive dysfunction increases as menopause progresses. We previously found that estrogen receptors (ERs) contribute to dyslipidemia, but the specific relationship between ERs, dyslipidemia and cognitive dysfunction remains poorly understood. In the present study, we analyzed sequencing data from female hippocampus and normal breast aspirate samples from normal and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) women, and the results suggest that abnormal ERs signaling is associated with dyslipidemia and cognitive dysfunction. We replicated a mouse model of dyslipidemia and postmenopausal status in LDLR−/− mice and treated them with β-estradiol or simvastatin, and found that ovariectomy in LDLR−/− mice led to an exacerbation of dyslipidemia and increased hippocampal apoptosis and cognitive impairment, which were associated with reduced estradiol levels and ERα, ERβ and GPER expression. In vitro, a lipid overload model of SH-SY-5Y cells was established and treated with inhibitors of ERs. β-estradiol or simvastatin effectively attenuated dyslipidemia-induced neuronal apoptosis via upregulation of ERs, whereas ERα, ERβ and GPER inhibitors together abolished the protective effect of simvastatin on lipid-induced neuronal apoptosis. We conclude that decreased estrogen and its receptor function in the postmenopausal stage promote neuronal damage and cognitive impairment by exacerbating dyslipidemia, and that estrogen supplementation or lipid lowering is an effective way to ameliorate hippocampal damage and cognitive dysfunction via upregulation of ERs. Graphical Abstract

The load of power system exhibits evident characteristics of volatility and randomness. The traditional load forecasting algorithm usually studies and trains the historical data to obtain the load model, which makes it difficult to adapt to the load dynamic change situation, and then resulting the unreasonable inaccurate prediction. In this paper, a combinatorial machine learning model is adopted to forecast short-term power load using a dynamic adjustable weight. Firstly, a combined machine learning model is constructed using three types of algorithms including the improved long and short-term neural network, bagging algorithm, and boosting regression algorithm. The weight of each algorithm is determined dynamically by the improved error function. Secondly, the dynamic error function and the optimal weight optimization algorithm are employed so as to balance the contradiction between the speed and accuracy of dynamic adjustment. For different months or different days within a month, different weight adjustment algorithms are selected for enhancement. In addition, a penalty term is introduced to improve the algorithm accuracy and the final prediction outcomes. Finally, a practical load prediction case is simulated and compared with the traditional combined prediction model with fixed weights. It is verified that the proposed model can effectively eliminate the excessive errors caused by the poor dynamic response effect. It has a good dynamic response effect and accurate prediction. The error rate is only 1.24% when the load fluctuation is significant. This study provides a novel approach to forecasting short-term power load.

This study utilizes Mentha piperita (MI) for the first time to investigate the uptake and translocation of chlorpyrifos (CPF; 10 µg g−1) from soil, introducing a new approach to improve the efficacy of this technique, which includes using biosurfactants (Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) at 107 CFU/mL to degrade CPF under greenhouse conditions. Moreover, antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (Prx), and oxidative stress due to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in MI roots and leaves were evaluated under CPF stress. Our results demonstrated that amending soil with MI and B. subtilis followed by P. aeruginosa significantly reduced CPF levels in the soil (p > 0.05) and enhanced CPF concentrations in MI roots and leaves after 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days of the experiment. Furthermore, CPF showed its longest half-life (t1/2) in soil contaminated solely with CPF, lasting 15.36 days. Conversely, its shortest half-life occurred in soil contaminated with CPF and treated with MI along with B. subtilis, lasting 4.65 days. Soil contaminated with CPF and treated with MI and P. aeruginosa showed a half-life of 7.98 days. The half-life (t1/2) of CPF-contaminated soil with MI alone was 11.41 days. A batch equilibrium technique showed that B. subtilis is better than P. aeruginosa for eliminating CPF from soil in In vitro experiments. Notably, CPF-polluted soil treated with coadministration of MI and the tested bacteria improved the activities of SOD and Prx and reduced H2O2 and MDA compared with CPF-polluted soil treated with MI alone. Our findings demonstrated that using B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa as biosurfactants to augment phytoremediation represents a commendable strategy for enhancing the remediation of CPF contamination in affected sites while reducing the existence of harmful pesticide remnants in crop plants.

Abstract Sodium ion‐batteries (SIBs) are considered as a class of promising alternatives to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) to overcome their drawbacks of limited sources and safety problems. However, the lack of high‐performance electrode materials hinders the wide‐range commercialization of SIBs. Comparing to inorganic counterparts, organic electrode materials, which are benefitted from flexibly designable structures, low cost, environmental friendliness, and high theoretical gravimetric capacities, should be a prior choice. Here, a covalent organic polymer (COP) based material (denoted as CityU‐9) is designed and synthesized by integrating multiple redox motifs (benzoquinone and thioether), improved conductivity (sulfur induction), and intrinsic insolubility (rigid skeleton). The half‐cell SIBs exhibit ultrahigh specific capacity of 1009 mAh g−1 and nearly no capacity drop after 650 cycles. The first all‐COP symmetric full‐cell shows high specific capacity of 90 mAh g−1 and excellent rate capability. This work can extend the selection of redox‐active moieties and provide a rational design strategy of high‐performance novel organic electrode materials.

Abstract Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with periodic channels and tunable chemical structures have been widely considered as promising electrode materials in rechargeable batteries. However, the design and construction of high‐performance COFs‐based electrodes still face some challenges in the introduction of multiple efficient redox centers as well as the reduction of dead mass. To address these issues, a unique COF containing double active centers (C═N and N═N) is developed as an anode in rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). The as‐prepared COF displays excellent electrochemical performance due to its remarkable structural stability and the existence of many active groups. Meanwhile, its electrochemical performance is significantly better than that of the small molecule compound or the linear polymer with the same construction units. Even at a high current density of 5 A/g, the LIBs with COF electrodes remain at a high discharge capacity of 227 mAh/g after 2000 cycles. Moreover, the distinction in electrochemical performances of these three materials is further revealed by calculation. This study illustrates the importance of molecular structure design for improving the performance of organic electrodes.

Abstract Interests in organic quantum materials (OQMs) have been explosively growing in the field of condensed physics of matter due to their rich chemistry and unique quantum properties. They are strongly correlated systems and show novel electromagnetic performance such as high‐temperature superconducting, quantum sensing, spin electronics, quantum dots, topological insulating, quantum Hall effects, spin liquids, qubits, and so forth, which exhibit promising prospects in information communication and thus facilitate the construction of a modern intelligent society. This article reviews recent developments in the research on the electromagnetic characteristics of OQMs. We mainly give an overview on the progress of superconductors and quantum spin liquids based on organic materials and describe their possible mechanisms. Numerous experimental findings exhibit new exciton interactions and provide insights into exotic electronic properties. Finally, their association and strategies for realizing multiple quantum states in one system are discussed.

Abstract Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are one class of porous materials with permanent porosity and regular channels, and have a covalent bond structure. Due to their interesting characteristics, COFs have exhibited diverse potential applications in many fields. However, some applications require the frameworks to possess high structural stability, excellent crystallinity, and suitable pore size. COFs based on β-ketoenamine and imines are prepared through the irreversible enol-to-keto tautomerization. These materials have high crystallinity and exhibit high stability in boiling water, with strong resistance to acids and bases, resulting in various possible applications. In this review, we first summarize the preparation methods for COFs based on β-ketoenamine, in the form of powders, films and foams. Then, the effects of different synthetic methods on the crystallinity and pore structure of COFs based on β-ketoenamine are analyzed and compared. The relationship between structures and different applications including fluorescence sensors, energy storage, photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, batteries and proton conduction are carefully summarized. Finally, the potential applications, large-scale industrial preparation and challenges in the future are presented. Graphical Abstract

The 2D nanosheets of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently emerged as a promising material that makes them valuable in widespread electrocatalytic fields due to their atomic‐level thickness, abundant active sites, and large surface area. Efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and overall water splitting are highly desired with low overpotentials to promote the industrial applications of energy conversion and devices. 2D MOF nanostructures provide long‐term stability and high electrical conductivity to enhance catalyst activity and durability. This review briefly summarizes the synthesis and electrocatalytic applications of 2D MOF for HER/OER/water splitting. More attention is focused on the synthetic strategies of 2D MOF and their derivatives. The catalytic performance and superior properties of these materials are highlighted. The outperformance of these materials originates from the rational design, myriad of abundant active sites, and atomic‐level thickness. The current and future challenges in this field and the scientific perspectives to overcome these challenges are highlighted. It is suggested that the construction of 2D MOF nanostructures can develop a state‐of‐the‐art electrocatalyst in energy and environmental division.

Abstract The performance of asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) is strongly restricted by the capacity gap between the positive and negative electrodes. To address this issue, two new electrode materials deriving from Co‐ and Fe‐based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs, Co‐TAMBA‐d, and Fe‐TAMBA‐d) through a single‐step sintering method have been developed by considering the superiorities of the derivatives of MOFs including large surface areas, sufficient metal‐atom‐doping content, and extreme surface wettability to the bath solution. The as‐prepared Co‐TAMBA‐d as a positive electrode delivers typical pseudocapacitive behavior with the improvement of capacity, which is better than those of pristine MOF materials, while Fe‐TAMBA‐d as negative electrodes displays better electrochemical behavior than those of activated carbon. ASCs based on these two electrodes exhibits excellent energy density and power density of 47 W h/kg and 1658 W/kg, respectively, where this device can maintain prominent cycling stability with capacity retention after 5000 cycles being about 75%. Furthermore, the capacity can feed a series of red light‐emitting diodes, which gives solid evidence of the potential utilization. These results can afford the feasibility of isostructural MOF derivatives as promising electrodes in novel ASCs.

Abstract In the era of big data and artificial intelligence (AI), advanced data storage and processing technologies are in urgent demand. The innovative neuromorphic algorithm and hardware based on memristor devices hold a promise to break the von Neumann bottleneck. In recent years, carbon nanodots (CDs) have emerged as a new class of nano‐carbon materials, which have attracted widespread attention in the applications of chemical sensors, bioimaging, and memristors. The focus of this review is to summarize the main advances of CDs‐based memristors, and their state‐of‐the‐art applications in artificial synapses, neuromorphic computing, and human sensory perception systems. The first step is to systematically introduce the synthetic methods of CDs and their derivatives, providing instructive guidance to prepare high‐quality CDs with desired properties. Then, the structure–property relationship and resistive switching mechanism of CDs‐based memristors are discussed in depth. The current challenges and prospects of memristor‐based artificial synapses and neuromorphic computing are also presented. Moreover, this review outlines some promising application scenarios of CDs‐based memristors, including neuromorphic sensors and vision, low‐energy quantum computation, and human–machine collaboration.

Abstract Solution processability and flexibility still remain major challenges for many thermoelectric (TE) materials, including bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3), a typical and commercially available TE material. Here, we report a new solution‐processed method to prepare a flexible film of a Bi2Te3/single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) hybrid, where the dissolved Bi2Te3 ion precursors are mixed with dispersed SWCNTs in solution and recrystallized on the SWCNT surfaces to form a “cement–rebar”‐like architecture. The hybrid film shows an n‐type characteristic, with a stable Seebeck coefficient of −100.00 ± 1.69 μV K−1 in air. Furthermore, an extremely low in‐plane thermal conductivity of ∼0.33 W m−1 K−1 is achieved at 300 K, and the figure of merit (ZT) reaches 0.47 ± 0.02. In addition, the TE performance is independent of mechanical bending. The unique “cement–rebar”‐like architecture is believed to be responsible for the excellent TE performances and the high flexibility. The results provide a new avenue for the fabrication of solution‐processable and flexible TE hybrid films and will speed up the applications of flexible electronics and energy conversion.

Abstract Large amount of oily wastewater discharged from domestic sources and industrial has caused lots of pollution to our surrounding. Thus, searching effective and eco‐friendly ways for separation of stabilized oil/water emulsions is urgent and highly desirable. Among various methods, membrane with special wettability is an ideal choice for the efficient treatment of oil/water emulsions owing to its low energy consumption and cost. However, it remains a great challenge to develop super‐wettable membranes using green and inexpensive materials to realize durability, easy fabrication and scale‐up. To address this issue, a highly flexible, durable, robust, and super‐hydrophobic polydivinylbenzene (PDVB)‐wood membrane with hydrophobic‐nanopores is developed by the surface coating of cross‐linked PDVB on the porous wood. The as‐produced PDVB‐wood membrane shows excellent flexibility, durability, chemical resistance and possesses above 99.98% separation efficiency for surfactant‐stabilized water‐in‐oil emulsions. Furthermore, the PDVB‐wood membrane also performs excellent recyclability with separation efficiency up to 99.98% after 20 separation cycles. The synergistic effect of the super‐hydrophobicity and nanopores contributes to the high separation performance. With its excellent durability, easy scale up, easy fabrication, inexpensive, and green regeneration, we envision that this functional biomass‐derived membrane could be used as a substitute for filter membrane in environmental restoration.

Optimizing nitrogen (N) fertilization without sacrificing grain yield is a major concern of rice production system because most of the applied N has been depleted from the soil and creating environmental consequences. Hence, limited information is available about nutrient management (NM) performance at a specific site under alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation compared to conventional permanent flooding (PF). We aimed to inquire about the performance of NM practices compared to the farmer’s fertilizer practice (FFP) under PF and AWD on rhizospheric nitrifier and denitrifier abundance, rice yield, plant growth, and photosynthetic parameters. Two improved NM practices; nutrient management by pig manure (NMPM); 40% chemical N replaced by pig manure (organic N), and nutrient management by organic slow-release fertilizer (NMSR); 40% chemical N replaced by organic slow-release N were compared. The results showed an increased total grain yield (16.06%) during AWD compared to PF. Compared to conventional FFP, NMPM, and NMSR significantly increased the yields by 53.84 and 29.67%, respectively, during AWD. Meanwhile, PF prompted a yield increase of 45.07 and 28.75% for NMPM and NMSR, respectively, (p < 0.05) compared to FFP. Besides, a significant correlation was observed between grain yield and nitrogen content during AWD (R2 = 0.58, p < 0.01), but no significant correlation was observed during PF. The NMPM contributed to photosynthetic attributes and the relative chlorophyll content under both watering events. Moreover, relatively higher abundances of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) were observed during AWD, and the highest value was found after the late panicle stage. Our results suggest that the AWD–NMPM model is the best option to stimulate nitrifier and denitrifier gene abundance and promote rice production.

Membrane computing is a branch of natural computing which has been extended to solve various optimization problems. A hybrid mode membrane-computing-based algorithm (HMMCA) is proposed in this paper to solve complex unconstrained optimization problems with continuous variables. The algorithmic framework of HMMCA translates from its distributed cell-like membrane structure and communication rule. A non-deterministic evolutionary programming method and two computational rules are applied to enhance the computational performance. In a numerical simulation, 12 benchmark test functions with different variables are used to verify the algorithmic performance. The test results and comparison with three other algorithms illustrate its effectiveness and superiority. Moreover, a case study on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system parameter optimization problem is applied to validate its practicability. The results of the simulation and comparison with seven other algorithms demonstrate its practicability.

Abstract Organic‐ligand‐containing frameworks have drawn considerable attention due to their multifunctional properties as well as tunable structures for broad applications. Among numerous synthesis methods developed in the past two decades, electrochemical processing has been demonstrated as one of the most efficient, safe, and facile ways to realize the large‐scale and highly controllable production of organic‐ligand‐containing frameworks. In this review, the progress of electrochemically induced crystallization and thin film fabrication of organic‐ligand‐containing frameworks is summarized in a well‐rounded way. Besides, the mechanism and processing parameters are also discussed. Moreover, the main challenges are also expounded for providing some guidance on the future development of organic‐ligand‐containing frameworks, especially for covalent‐organic frameworks and hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks.

Abstract For the performance improvement of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), the anode becomes a breakthrough point due to its influence on bacterial attachment and extracellular electron transfer (EET). On other level, carbon materials possess the following features: low cost, rich natural abundance, good thermal and chemical stability, as well as tunable surface properties and spatial structure. Therefore, the development of carbon materials and carbon‐based composites has flourished in the anode of MFCs during the past years. In this review, the major carbon materials used to decorate MFC anodes have been systematically summarized, based on the differences in composition and structure. Moreover, we have also outlined the carbon material‐based hybrid biofilms and carbon material‐modified exoelectrogens in MFCs, along with the discussion of known strategies and mechanisms to enhance the bacteria‐hosting capabilities of carbon material‐based anodes, EET efficiencies, and MFC performances. Finally, the main challenges coupled with some exploratory proposals are also expounded for providing some guidance on the future development of carbon material‐based anodes in MFCs.

Concerns regarding inevitable soil translocation and bioaccumulation of cadmium (Cd) in plants have been escalating in concomitance with the posed phytotoxicity and threat to human health. Exhibiting a Cd tolerance, Bacillus sp. M6 strain has been reported as a soil amendment owing to its capability of reducing metal bioavailability in soils. The present study investigated the rhizospheric bacterial community of the Cd hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Additionally, the Cd removal efficiency of strain Bacillus sp. M6 was enhanced by supplementing with biochar (C), glutamic acid (G), and rhamnolipid (R) to promote the phytoremediation effect of hyperaccumulator S. alfredii. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the amendments such as C, G, and R together with the plant-microbe system S. alfredii-Bacillus sp. M6 has been used for Cd bioremediation. The results showed that soil CaCl2 and DTPA (Diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid) extractable Cd increased by 52.77 and 95.08%, respectively, in all M6 treatments compared to unamended control (CK). Sedum alfredii with Bacillus sp. M6 supplemented with biochar and rhamnolipid displayed a higher phytoremediation effect, and the removal capability of soil Cd (II) reached up to 16.47%. Moreover, remediation of Cd polluted soil by Bacillus sp. M6 also had an impact on the soil microbiome, including ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), and cadmium transporting ATPase (cadA) genes. Quantitative PCR analysis confirmed the Bacillus sp. M6 strain increased the abundance of AOB and cadA in both low Cd (LC) and high Cd (HC) soils compared to AOA gene abundance. Besides, the abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria was found to be highest in both soils representing high tolerance capacity against Cd. While Firmicutes ranked third, indicating that the additionof strain could not make it the most dominant species. The results suggested the presence of the hyperaccumulator S. alfredii and Cd tolerant strain Bacillus sp. M6 supplemented with biochar, and rhamnolipid, play a unique and essential role in the remediation process and reducing the bioavailability of Cd.

Abstract Organic cathode materials have potential applications in rechargeable batteries due to their several advantages such as high specific capacity, flexible designability, plentiful raw materials, environmental friendliness, and renewability. However, their high solubility in organic electrolytes strongly impedes the further research progress. Thus, it is highly desirable to develop some new strategies to address this issue. Herein, we report one method to address this dissolution issue by increasing molecular weight without reducing theoretical capacity, where a novel Calix[8]quinone (C8Q) with 8 p‐benzoquinone units connected by methylene groups was designed and prepared in a good yield (total: 23%). C8Q exhibits higher cycle stability (268 mAh g−1) in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) compared to the same series of substances Calix[4]quinone (C4Q, 30 mAh g−1) and Calix[6]quinone (C6Q, 207 mAh g−1) after 100 cycles at 0.2 C. Moreover, C8Q shows better electrochemical performance in 4.2 M LiTFSI‐AN highly‐concentrated electrolyte with special aggregate structure configured with high‐dissociation salt LiTFSI and low‐viscosity solvent acetonitrile (AN), namely, C8Q possesses high capacity (340 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.2 C), superior rate ability (440 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and 167 mAh g−1 at 5 C), and ultra‐long cycle life (220 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 0.5 C). This work could provide a promising strategy to address the dissolution issue of organic electrode materials in organic electrolyte.

Abstract The efficient electrocatalysis plays the key role in the development of electrochemical energy conversion technologies to alleviate energy crisis. Given their multiple active sites and large specific surface areas as electrocatalysts, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives have attracted considerable interests in recent years. Specially, exploring the roles of the enhanced active sites in MOFs and their derivatives is significant for understanding and developing new effective electrocatalysts. Recently, the vital role of vacancies has been proven to promote electrocatalytic processes (such as H2 or O2 evolution reactions, O2 reduction reactions, and N2 reduction reactions). In order to in‐depth exploring the effect of vacancies in electrocatalysts, the vacancies classification, synthetic strategy, and the recent development of various vacancies in MOFs and their derivatives for electrocatalysis are reviewed. Also, the perspectives on the challenges and opportunities of vacancies in MOFs and their derivatives for electrocatalysis are presented.

Introduction: Excessive inflammation and the pyroptosis of vascular endothelial cells caused by estrogen deficiency is one cause of atherosclerosis in post-menopausal women. The autophagy is highly regulated by estrogen, however whether estrogen can reduce vascular endothelial cell pyroptosis through estrogen receptor-mediated activation of autophagy to improve atherosclerosis in post-menopausal stage is still unknown. Objectives: To explore whether estrogen can prevent atherosclerosis by regulating estrogen receptor and subsequently activating autophagy to reduce inflammation and pyroptosis. Methods: Aortic samples from pro-menopausal and post-menopausal women with ascending aortic arteriosclerosis were analyzed, and bilateral ovariectomized (OVX) female ApoE-/- mice and homocysteine (Hcy)-treated HUVECs were used to analyze the effect of estrogen supplementation therapy. Results: The aortic endothelium showed a decrease in ERα expression and autophagy, but presented an increase in inflammation and pyroptosis in female post-menopausal patients. Estrogen treatment accelerated autophagy and ameliorated cell pyroptosis in the cardiac aortas of OVX ApoE-/- mice and Hcy-treated HUVECs. Estrogen had therapeutic effect on atherosclerosis and improved the symptoms associated with lipid metabolism disorders in OVX ApoE-/- mice. Inhibition and silencing of ERα led to a reduction in the autophagy promoting ability of estrogen and aggravated pyroptosis. Moreover, the inhibition of autophagy promoted pyroptosis and abolished the protective effect of estrogen, but had no influence on ERα expression. Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrated that post-menopausal women present decreased autophagy and ERα expression and excessive damage to the ascending aorta. In addition, in vitro and in vivo assay results demonstrated that estrogen prevents atherosclerosis by upregulating ERα expression and subsequently induces autophagy to reduce inflammation and pyroptosis.

Aiming to detect concrete defects, we propose a new identification method based on stochastic configuration networks. The presented model has been trained by time-domain and frequency-domain features which are extracted from filtering and decomposing ultrasonic detection signals. This method was applied to ultrasonic detection data collected from 5 mm, 7 mm, and 9 mm penetrating holes in C30 class concrete. In particular, wavelet packet transform (WPT) was then used to decompose the detected signals, thus the information in different frequency bands can be obtained. Based on the data from the fundamental frequency nodes of the detection signals, we calculated the means, standard deviations, kurtosis coefficients, skewness coefficients, and energy ratios to characterize the detection signals. We also analyzed their typical statistical features to assess the complexity of identifying these signals. Finally, we used the stochastic configuration networks (SCNs) algorithm to embed four-fold cross-validation for constructing the recognition model. Based upon the experimental results, the performance of the presented model has been validated and compared with the genetic algorithm based on BP neural network model, where the comparison shows that the SCNs algorithm has superior generalization abilities, better fitting abilities, and higher recognition accuracy for recognizing defect signals. In addition, the test and analysis results show that the proposed method is feasible and effective in detecting concrete hole defects.

This paper investigates command filter backstepping fault-tolerant control for a class of nonlinear systems with nonlinear faults. In particular, the system nonlinear faults are non-affine, which are handled by the filtered signal and fuzzy logic systems approximate Lemma. Command filter is used in this paper, which eliminates the “explosion of complexity” of the classical backstepping and compensates the output of the filter to the derivative of the virtual control. In addition, the controller design procedure has been shown in detail, while the stability of the closed-loop system and the convergence of the tracking error are proved via Lyapunov Theorem. Simulation examples are given to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Electrochromic materials are important for different optical applications but often these materials show low stability. Here, the authors demonstrate a stable donor-acceptor covalent organic framework which shows a stable dark-to-transmissive switching behaviour.

Abstract With the rapid development of data‐driven human interaction, advanced data‐storage technologies with lower power consumption, larger storage capacity, faster switching speed, and higher integration density have become the goals of future memory electronics. Nevertheless, the physical limitations of conventional Si‐based binary storage systems lag far behind the ultrahigh‐density requirements of post‐Moore information storage. In this regard, the pursuit of alternatives and/or supplements to the existing storage technology has come to the forefront. Recently, organic‐based resistive memory materials have emerged as promising candidates for next‐generation information storage applications, which provide new possibilities of realizing high‐performance organic electronics. Herein, the memory device structure, switching types, mechanisms, and recent advances in organic resistive memory materials are reviewed. In particular, their potential of fulfilling multilevel storage is summarized. Besides, the present challenges and future prospects confronted by organic resistive memory materials and devices are discussed.

Abstract The urgent need for consistent, reliable, ecofriendly, and stable power sources drives the development of new green energy materials. Thermoelectric (TE) materials receive increasing attention due to their unique capability of realizing the direct energy conversion between heat and electricity, showing diverse applications in harvesting waste heat and low‐grade heat. Carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene have experienced a rapid development as TE materials because of their intrinsic ultrahigh electrical conductivity and light weight. Besides, polymer‐based carbon composites are particularly fascinating as the combination of the merits of polymers and filler materials leads to high TE performance and superior flexibility. Herein, the recent TE advances are systematically summarized in the studied popularity of carbon materials (ie, CNTs and graphene) and the category of polymers. The conducting polymer‐based carbon materials are particularly highlighted. Finally, the remaining challenges and some tentative suggestions possibly guiding future developments are proposed, which may pave a way for a bright future of carbon and carbon composites in the energy market.

Abstract Background Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf tea benefits the control of diabetes in Asian nations. This study was aim to investigate if the flavonoids, which extracts from mulberry leaves, could regulate the metabolism of glycolipid, and to investigate if flavonoids could regulate IRS1/PI3K/AKT pathway signal to affect the expression of FAS and membrane transfer capacity GLUT4 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Results Results revealed that flavonoids decreased the levels of free fatty acid and increased the glucose consumption and the levels of adiponectin and leptin in a dose-dependent manner, and remarkably increased the protein expression levels of p-IRS1, p-PI3K, p-Akt, total GLUT4, and membrane GLUT4, and decreased the protein expression levels of PTEN and FAS in 3T3-L1 adipocytes IR model. On the other hand, wortmannin (2 nM), a selective and irreversible PI3K inhibitor, significantly decreased the glucose consumption and the adiponectin and leptin levels, and increased the free fatty acid level in flavonoids treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes IR model. Furthermore, wortmannin (2 nM) partly eliminated the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling, the suppression of FAS, and the up-regulated membrane transfer capacity of GLUT4 in flavonoids treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes IR model. Conclusion In conclusion, our results illustrated that mulberry leaf extracts flavonoids alleviated the glycolipid metabolic abnormalities in 3T3-L1 adipocytes IR model, and the effect was associated with the activation of IRS1/PI3K/AKT pathway, the suppression of FAS, and the up-regulation of membrane transfer capacity of GLUT4.

In this paper, a performance enhancement scheme has been investigated for a class of stochastic nonlinear systems via set-point adjustment. Considering the practical industrial processes, the multi-layer systematic structure has been adopted to achieve the control design requirements subjected to random noise. The basic loop control is given by PID design while the parameters have been fixed after the design phase. Alternatively, we can consider that there exists an unadjustable loop control. Then, the additional loop is designed for performance enhancement in terms of the tracking accuracy. In particular, a novel approach has been presented to dynamically adjust the set-points using the estimated states of the systems through extended Kalman filter (EKF). Minimising the entropy criterion, the parameters of the set-point adjustment controller can be optimised which will enhance the performance of the entire closed-loop systems. Based upon the presented scheme, the stochastic stability analysis has been given to demonstrate that the closed-loop tracking errors are bounded in probability one. To indicate the effectiveness of the presented control scheme, the numerical examples have been given and the simulation results imply that the designed systems are bounded and the tracking performance can be enhanced simultaneously. In summary, a new framework for system performance enhancement has been presented even if the loop control is unadjustable which forms the main contribution of this paper.

This paper investigates the interaction phenomena of the coupled axons while the mutual coupling factor is presented as a pairwise description. Based on the Hodgkin-Huxley model and the coupling factor matrix, the membrane potentials of the coupled myelinated/unmyelinated axons are quantified which implies that the neural coupling can be characterised by the presented coupling factor. Meanwhile the equivalent electric circuit is supplied to illustrate the physical meaning of this extended model. In order to estimate the coupling factor, a data-based iterative learning identification algorithm is presented where the Rényi entropy of the estimation error has been minimised. The convergence of the presented algorithm is analysed and the learning rate is designed. To verified the presented model and the algorithm, the numerical simulation results indicate the correctness and the effectiveness. Furthermore, the statistical description of the neural coupling, the approximation using ordinary differential equation, the measurement and the conduction of the nerve signals are discussed respectively as advanced topics. The novelties can be summarised as follows: 1) the Hodgkin-Huxley model has been extended considering the mutual interaction between the neural axon membranes, 2) the iterative learning approach has been developed for factor identification using entropy criterion, and 3) the theoretical framework has been established for this class of system identification problems with convergence analysis.

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OHPs) with a rich reservoir of distinct physical attributes have been considered as promising resistive switching materials for next‐generation electronic devices, including resistive random‐access memory (RRAM) devices, artificial synapses, and logic operation. In this review, we first briefly introduce the structural and photoelectronic properties of OHPs materials, followed by elaborating the typical lateral/vertical device architectures and commonly‐used device fabrication technologies. Secondly, recent progress of OHPs in three categories of RRAM, artificial synapses, and logic operation, including various materials design, outstanding electrical behaviors, and multifunctional applications, are well discussed. Besides, the operational mechanisms and performance improvement strategies are summarized in a recapitulative way. Finally, current challenges and future development prospects of OHPs‐based devices are demonstrated to provide a better guideline for the next‐generation technical revolution. This review offers an encouraging recognition that OHPs hold immense expectation to keep up with the upcoming big‐data and artificial intelligence era.

Triptolide exhibits superior and broad-spectrum antitumor activity. However, the narrow safety window caused by the toxicity of triptolide limits its clinical applications. Although several characterized targets for triptolide are reported, the association between triptolide and its targets in cancer therapy is not fully understood. Here, we show that acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines are sensitive to triptolide by constructing an in vitro cell and in vivo xenograft models. Meanwhile, the triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity increases with increasing dosages within the xenograft models. Additionally, the expression levels of WSTF-RPB1 are strongly associated with the sensitivity to triptolide in hematological cancer cells and can be downregulated in a dose and time-dependent manner. Finally, we show that optimizing dosing regimens can achieve the same pharmaceutical effect and reduce toxicity. In summary, this study aims to search for triptolide-sensitive cell lines as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms in order to broaden the safety window of triptolide; thus, increasing its clinical utility.

China’s economic development has shifted from a high-speed growth stage to a high-quality development stage, which promotes the sustainable economic development of the Yangtze River (YR) and also improves the response capacity of the YR basin’s resilience system to floods. Flood resilience (FR) is not only just the achievement of high-quality economic development (HQED) but also the key to mitigating flood damage (FD). Therefore, based on panel data from 2000 to 2019 from provincial administrative regions (PARs) in the Yangtze River basin (YRb), the entropy weight method and the quantitative regression analysis method were used to empirically investigate the impact of HQED and FR on FD in the YRb. The empirical analysis results show the following. (i) HQED has an inverted U-shaped effect on FD in the YRb, meaning that HQED will reach a certain point and reduce flood losses. (ii) The HQED model, which has been pushed forward, will significantly improve the level of FR. Various mediating effect test methods revealed that FR has a significant negative mediating effect on the process of HQED to mitigate FD. Taken together, this reveals the importance of insisting on implementing an HQED model to mitigate FD in the YRb, gradually deriving an FR that is adapted to floods and has a high self-organizing and self-restoring capacity through high-quality development.

As China experiences rapid economic development, tasks involving poverty alleviation, energy conservation and ecological protection need to be addressed. Whether poverty alleviation, energy conservation and ecological protection in China have coordinated development has become a question worth studying. Based on the coupling coordination degree model and the GM (1, 1) model, this paper calculates and forecasts the development level of poverty alleviation, energy conservation and ecological protection of 30 provinces (cities) in China and analyses the synergy of the three systems spatially and temporally. The results show that first, from 2010 to 2019, the development level of China’s poverty alleviation system, energy conservation system and ecological protection system presented increasing trends, but regional differences could be seen in development trends. Second, the coupling coordination degree of the three systems in China showed an upwards trend. The average coupling coordination degree of 30 provinces (cities) rose from slight coordination in 2010 to moderate coordination in 2019. Third, in the following years, development level will still be on an upwards trend in the four regions of China from 2020 to 2025. The development level of the ecological protection system will be the highest in China, and poverty alleviation and energy conservation will rank second and third. Fourth, the coupling coordination degree of the three systems of 30 provinces (cities) in China will rise significantly, indicating that the development of the three systems in China will be more coordinated in the following years.

Stochastic configuration network (SCN) is a mathematical model of incremental generation under a supervision mechanism, which has universal approximation property and advantages in data modeling. However, the efficiency of SCN is affected by some network parameters. An optimized searching algorithm for the input weights and biases is proposed in this paper. An optimization model with constraints is first established based on the convergence theory and inequality supervision mechanism of SCN; Then, a hybrid bat-particle swarm optimization algorithm (G-BAPSO) based on gradient information is proposed under the framework of PSO algorithm, which mainly uses gradient information and local adaptive adjustment mechanism characterized by pulse emission frequency to improve the searching ability. The algorithm optimizes the input weights and biases to improve the convergence rate of the network. Simulation results over some datasets demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed algorithm. The training RMSE of G-BAPSO-SCN increased by 5.57×10−5 and 3.2×10−3 compared with that of SCN in the two regression experiments, and the recognition accuracy of G-BAPSO-SCN increased by 0.07% on average in the classification experiments.

The heavy reliance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has caused rising concerns on the sustainability of lithium and transition metal and the ethic issue around mining practice. Developing alternative energy storage technologies beyond lithium has become a prominent slice of global energy research portfolio. The alternative technologies play a vital role in shaping the future landscape of energy storage, from electrified mobility to the efficient utilization of renewable energies and further to large-scale stationary energy storage. Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are a promising alternative given its chemical and economic benefits, making a strong competitor to LIBs and sodium-ion batteries for different applications. However, many are unknown regarding potassium storage processes in materials and how it differs from lithium and sodium and understanding of solid–liquid interfacial chemistry is massively insufficient in PIBs. Therefore, there remain outstanding issues to advance the commercial prospects of the PIB technology. This Roadmap highlights the up-to-date scientific and technological advances and the insights into solving challenging issues to accelerate the development of PIBs. We hope this Roadmap aids the wider PIB research community and provides a cross-referencing to other beyond lithium energy storage technologies in the fast-pacing research landscape.

Engineering the heterogeneous interface fusing MOFs and inorganic active component is an effective strategy to improve the electrochemical performance. Herein, we report a new Ni3-based MOF (denoted as CTGU-24) with an infrequent two-fold interpenetrating 3D (3,8)-connected network constructed from Ni(II) trimer and mixed tripodal tectonics for the electrocatalytic methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). In order to improve its stability and activities, the heterogeneous hybrid CTGU-24@NiOOH has been fabricated successfully via the first preparation of the NiOOH nanosphere and then in situ formation of CTGU-24 decorated on the NiOOH surface. Moreover, the integration of CTGU-24@NiOOH and different additives [acetylene black (AB) and ketjen black (KB)], resulting in the optimized hybrid sample AB&CTGU-24@NiOOH (4:4). It attains better MOR performance with an area-specific peak current density of 34.53 mA·cm−2 than pure CTGU-24 (14.99 mA·cm−2) and improved durability in an alkali medium. The new findings indicate that the CTGU-24@NiOOH heterostructure formed in situ and the integration of moderate additives are critical to optimizing and improving electrocatalytic activity of pure MOF crystalline material.

Abstract Organic electrode materials have become a hot research field in lithium‐ion batteries. However, the dissolution issue of organic materials (especially small molecules) in traditional electrolytes has become one of the important reasons to limit their application. The usage of highly concentrated electrolyte (HCE, >3 M) has been demonstrated to solve this problem, where the electrochemical performance of Pillar[5]quinone (P5Q) in 4.2 M LiTFSA/AN electrolyte was investigated. The HCE can avoid the reaction between acetonitrile molecules and lithium metal anode, reduce the dissolution of organic materials, and display excellent battery performance. At a current density of 0.2 C, a high specific capacity of 310 mAh g−1 (Ctheo = 446 mAh g−1) was maintained after 900 cycles, and the reversible capacity is higher than 113 mAh g−1 even at 10 C, indicating a good rate capability. This research would expand the new application of acetonitrile‐based electrolyte in organic secondary battery.

Indophenol blue colorimetry has been widely used for determining soil ammonia nitrogen, but this method has some disadvantages, such as complex reagent preparation, high toxicity, and long colorimetric time. Hence, we aimed to develop a rapid soil ammonia nitrogen determination method using a rapid detection kit. In order to select a suitable extractant, different concentrations of KCl and NaCl solutions were used to extract soil. The ammonia nitrogen content in different types of soils was determined using a rapid detection kit (purchased from Zhejiang Luheng Environmental Technology Limited Company) coupled with a microplate reader. The kit method was compared with the traditional indophenol blue colorimetry method. The results showed no significant difference between the 1 mol·L−1 KCl extraction kit method and indophenol blue colorimetry (p > 0.05). The linearity of the working curve was smooth, the linear detection range was 0.0–2.00 mg·L−1, the average relative standard deviation was 7.00% (n = 5), the standard addition recovery rate was 89.31–118.23%, and the detection limit were was 0.074 mg·L−1. We concluded that the 1 mol·L−1 KCl extraction kit method can be applied to determine the ammonia nitrogen content of paddy soil with different chemical properties. The 1 mol·L−1 KCl extraction kit method has the advantage over indophenol blue colorimetry due to its simple reagent preparation, convenient operation, and shorter detection time (the coloring and colorimetric time for 96 samples was only 30 min using the kit method coupled with a microplate reader). Hence, it has the potential for application due to its rapid determination of soil samples in large quantities.