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Winds, wind waves, and turbulence are essential variables and playing critical role in regulating a series of physical and biogeochemical processes in large shallow lakes. However, parameterizing winds, waves, currents and turbulence and simulating the interaction between them in large shallow lakes haven't been evaluated strictly because of a lack of field observations of lake hydrodynamics process. To address this problem, two process-based field observations were conducted to record the development of summer and winter wind-driven currents in Lake Taihu, a large shallow lake in China. Based on these observations and numerical experiments, a wave-current coupled model (WCCM) is developed by rebuilding expression of wind drag coefficient, introducing wave-induced radiation stress, and adopting a simple turbulence scheme, and then used to simulate wind-driven currents in Lake Taihu. The results show that, the WCCM can accurately simulate the upwelling process resulting from the wind-driven currents during the field observations. Comparing with other model, there is a 42.9 % increase of WCCM-simulated current speed which is mainly attributed to the new expression of wind drag coefficient. Meanwhile WCCM-simulated current direction and field are also improved due to the introduction of wave-induced radiation stress. Furthermore, the use of the simple turbulent scheme in the WCCM makes the simulation of the upwelling processes more efficient. The WCCM provides a sound basis for simulating shallow lake ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lakes are numbered as follows: 1, Lake Changhu; 2, Lake Datong; 3, Lake Dongting; 4, Lake Yueyangnanhu; 5, Lake Honghu; 6, Lake Huanggai; 7, Lake Donghu; 8, Lake Liangzi; 9, Lake Cihu; 10, Lake Wushan; 11, Lake Poyang; 12, Lake Junshan; 13, Lake Zhuhu; 14, Lake Longgan; 15, Lake Huangda; 16, Lake Wuchang; 17, Lake Shengjin; 18, Lake Caizi; 19, Lake Chaohu; 20, Lake Shijiu; 21, Lake Gehu; 22, Lake Yangcheng; 23, Lake Dianshan; 24, Lake Taihu; 25, Lake Nanyi. Responses of water quality and benthic biodiversity in Lake Taihu suggest that the lake restoration has been unsuccessful, although this lake has received the largest investment towards pollution governance in China. [Extracted from the article]

Long-term decreases in the incident total radiation and water clarity might substantially affect the underwater light environment in aquatic ecosystems. However, the underlying mechanism and relative contributions of radiation dimming and decreasing water clarity to the underwater light environment on a national or global scale remains largely unknown. Here, we present a comprehensive dataset of unprecedented scale in China's lakes to address the combined effects of radiation dimming and decreasing water clarity on underwater darkening. Long-term total radiation and sunshine duration showed 5.8% and 7.9% decreases, respectively, after 2000 compared to 1961–1970, resulting in net radiation dimming. An in situ Secchi disk depth (SDD) dataset in 170 lakes showed that the mean SDD significantly decreased from 1.80 ± 2.19 m before 1995 to 1.28 ± 1.82 m after 2005. SDD remote sensing estimations for 641 lakes with areas ≥ 10 km2 showed that SDD markedly decreased from 1.26 ± 0.62 m during 1985–1990 to 1.14 ± 0.66 m during 2005–2010. Radiation dimming and decreasing water clarity jointly caused an approximately 10% decrease in the average available photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the euphotic layer. Our results revealed a more important role of decreasing water clarity in underwater darkening than radiation dimming. A meta -analysis of long-term SDD observation data from 61 various waters further elucidated a global extensive underwater darkening. Underwater darkening implies a decrease in water quality for potable water supplies, recession in macrophytes and benthic algae, and decreases in benthic primary production, fishery production, and biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanobacterial blooms caused by eutrophication in Lake Taihu, China are recognized as highly heterogeneous spatiotemporally. It is assumed that the high spatiotemporal heterogeneity of algal blooms is determined by divergence/convergence processes in the fluid medium. To address this issue, three episodes of the dominant spatial patterns of hourly simulated divergence fields of current in Lake Taihu in July of 2012 were analyzed using a hydrodynamic numerical model combined with the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) method. The results showed that, on days that blooms occurred, the first two EOF modes explained 89.4% of the variability and the dominant spatial patterns of stronger convergence zones were in agreement with the regions of bloom occurrence and accumulation. When no blooms occurred, the first EOF mode explained 72.5% of the variability and divergence zones were dominant in the lake. Both the simulated hourly average divergence field and the first EOF mode in the time interval in which blooms occurred further confirmed that blooms accumulate in the current convergence zones. These findings explain the dynamic mechanism of occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms and will facilitate forecasting of short-term blooms for protecting drinking water supplies and managing risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Hydrodynamics play an important role in sediment nutrient dynamics in large shallow eutrophic lakes. In this study, the spatial patterns of sediment nitrogen and phosphorus in Lake Taihu were compared from a hydrodynamics-induced transport perspective based on high-resolution investigation of sediment, field observations, numerical simulations and long-term ecological data analysis. The results showed that sediments were primarily distributed in the west and southeast portions of the lake. Additionally, the total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) stored in the active sediments was 166,329 t and 67,112.4 t, respectively. The sediment TN content was 319.4–3123.8 mg kg−1, with high content areas being primarily located in the Zhushan, Meiliang and East Taihu bays. The external nitrogen-containing nutrients in the overlying water, which is mostly dissolved nitrogen, can be horizontally transported by lake currents to the water areas with high biomass levels and weak vertical hydrodynamic disturbance where sediment nitrogen enrichment primarily occurs via bio-deposition. The sediment TP content ranged between 382.6 and 1314.1 mg kg−1, and the high content areas were primarily distributed near the inflowing river mouths. Sediment phosphorus enrichment primarily occurred via physical and chemical deposition. Surface waves caused vertical phosphorus transport from sediments to the overlying water but had a limited effect on its spatial distribution. Although the horizontal transport of phosphorus was found to be weaker than that of nitrogen, short-distance vertical transport of sediment phosphorus may relieve nutrient limitations, leading to maintenance of cyanobacterial blooms found in Lake Taihu. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • The spatial pattern of sediment nitrogen was determined by wind-induced hydrodynamics. • The spatial pattern of sediment phosphorus was determined by inflows, rather than by wind-induced hydrodynamics. • Sediment phosphorus is more likely than sediment nitrogen to cause persistent cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Taihu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harmful cyanobacterial blooms (CyanoHABs) impact lakes, estuaries, and freshwater reservoirs worldwide. The duration, severity, and spread of CyanoHABs have markedly increased over the past decades and will likely continue to increase. This article addresses the universal phenomena of cyanobacterial blooms occurring in many freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Based on analysis of ecophysiological traits of bloom-forming cyanobacteria and their interactions with environmental processes, we summarize and decipher the driving forces leading to the initiation, outbreak, and persistence of the blooms. Due to the coupling effects of eutrophication, rising CO2 levels and global warming, a multidisciplinary joint research approach is critical for better understanding the CyanoHAB phenomenon and its prediction, remediation, and prevention. There is an urgent need to evaluate and guide proper use of bloom control techniques at large scales, using science-based and environmentally friendly approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turbulent mixing is enhanced in shallow lakes. As a result, exchanges across the air–water and sediment–water interfaces are increased, causing these systems to be large sources of greenhouse gases. This study investigated the effects of turbulence on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ) emissions in shallow lakes using simulated mesocosm experiments. Results demonstrated that turbulence increased CO 2 emissions, while simultaneously decreasing CH 4 emissions by altering microbial processes. Under turbulent conditions, a greater fraction of organic carbon was recycled as CO 2 instead of CH 4 , potentially reducing the net global warming effect because of the lower global warming potential of CO 2 relative to CH 4 . The CH 4 /CO 2 flux ratio was approximately 0.006 under turbulent conditions, but reached 0.078 in the control. The real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated that methanogen abundance decreased and methanotroph abundance increased under turbulent conditions, inhibiting CH 4 production and favoring the oxidation of CH 4 to CO 2 . These findings suggest that turbulence may play an important role in the global carbon cycle by limiting CH 4 emissions, thereby reducing the net global warming effect of shallow lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Internal loading can significantly delay the improvement of eutrophication in lakes. When external nutrient inputs are controlled and internal loading intensifies, the dissolved oxygen condition at the water-sediment interface improves during non-algal bloom seasons, but more anaerobic conditions occur during algal bloom seasons. Macroinvertebrates, living at the water-sediment interface, are particularly sensitive to such changes. Our results indicate that, in large shallow Lake Taihu, the changes in dissolved oxygen conditions at the water-sediment interface, caused by intensified internal loading, significantly affect the community structure, diversity, and response to eutrophication of macroinvertebrates. In eutrophic lakes, even if external loading is controlled, internal nutrient loading delays the recovery of lake eutrophication. When the input of external pollutants is reduced, the dissolved oxygen environment at the sediment interface improves in a season without algal blooms. As an important part of lake ecosystems, macroinvertebrates are sensitive to hypoxia caused by eutrophication; however, how this change affects macroinvertebrates is still unknown. In this study, we analysed the monitoring data of northern Lake Taihu from 2007 to 2019. After 2007, the external loading of Lake Taihu was relatively stable, but eutrophication began to intensify after 2013, and the nutrients in the sediments also began to decline, which was related to the efficient use of nutrients by algal blooms. The community structure and population density of macroinvertebrates showed different responses in different stages. In particular, the density of oligochaetes and the Shannon–Wiener index showed significant differences in their response to different stages, and their sensitivity to eutrophication was significantly reduced. Under eutrophication conditions dominated by internal loading, frequent hypoxia occurs at the sediment interface only when an algal bloom erupts. When there is no bloom, the probability of sediment hypoxia is significantly reduced under the disturbance of wind. Our results indicate that the current method for evaluating lake eutrophication based on oligochaetes and the Shannon–Wiener diversity index may lose its sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sediment resuspension is an important characteristic of large shallow lakes. To further understand the influence of sediment resuspension on the nutrients release, the algal photosynthetic activity, algal biomass and algal community composition, a 2 × 5 factorial (2 water types and 5 turbulence intensities) bioassay experiment was carried out for 2 weeks. 2 water types: one type water was filtered through GF/F filter to remove all indigenous algae (Filtered group) and the other type was source water without filtering through GF/F filter (Non-filtered group). 5 turbulence intensities in the experiment simulated the different intensity of the field wind-induced turbulence in Lake Taihu, with different turbidities (0, 30, 70, 150, 250 NTUs). Results showed that sediment resuspension had significant effects on the nutrients release that could be absorbed to support algae growing. Different turbulence intensities had no significant effects on the photosynthetic activities. The time variation of photosynthetic parameters in the Filtered and Non-filtered groups indicated that algae could moderate themselves to adapt to different intensities turbulence environment to be more in favor of photosynthesis. In addition, sediment resuspension also brought sediment-associated algae back into the water body increasing the algal biomass. The community composition in the Filtered group and Non-filtered group showed that the new phytoplankton community formed from the resuspended algae was similar to the original community. So, the research highlights the importance of sediment resuspension in long-term management goals and restoration efforts for these types of ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxic cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) have posed serious water use and public health threats because of the toxins they produce, such as the microcystins (MCs). The direct physical effects of turbulence on MCs, however, have not yet been addressed and is still poorly elucidated. In this study, a 6-day mesocosm experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of wind wave turbulence on the competition of toxic Microcystis and MCs production in highly eutrophicated and turbulent Lake Taihu, China. Under turbulent conditions, MCs concentrations (both total and extracellular) significantly increased and reached a maximum level 3.4 times higher than in calm water. Specifically, short term (∼3 days) turbulence favored the growth of toxic Microcystis species, allowing for the accumulation of biomass which also triggered the increase in MCs toxicity. Moreover, intense turbulence raises the shear stress and could cause cell mechanical damage or cellular lysis resulting in cell breakage and leakage of intracellular materials including the toxins. The results indicate that short term (∼3 days) turbulence is beneficial for MCs production and release, which increase the potential exposure of aquatic organisms and humans. This study suggests that the importance of water turbulence in the competition of toxic Microcystis and MCs production, and provides new perspectives for control of toxin in CyanoHABs-infested lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature is generally considered as a key factor controlling algal bloom formation. Previous studies have indicated that the bloom-forming cyanobacteria Microcystis spp. overwinters near the sediment surface and does not actively grow below 15°C. However, satellite images and field collections from Lake Taihu, China have shown that Microcystis spp. blooms persisted when water temperatures were below 10°C during winter, although their magnitudes were smaller than during periods of higher temperature. Winter Microcystis cells maintained low activity and were able to grow again when exposed to elevated temperatures (≥12.5°C). Hence, cyanobacterial blooms may appear year-round in eutrophic lakes. Temperature increases coupled with nutrient enrichment promoted the growth of cyanobacteria, while low temperature decreased the loss rate of Microcystis, allowing winter blooms to persist. High concentrations of overwintering vegetative cells may provide a large inoculum for blooms during warmer seasons. Controlling winter blooms may reduce their magnitude during the warmer seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkaline phosphatase (AP), an inducible and hydrolytic enzyme, plays a key role in the biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus (P) in lakes. Activity and regulation of AP has been suggested to be affected by hydrodynamic turbulence. However, many aspects of the coupling of the AP activity (APA) and turbulence are still to be investigated and understood. In this study, mesocosm experiments were carried out to further understand the effects of turbulence on APA and the relative contribution of the different microbial groups to the total APA (TAPA). Specifically, we focused on evaluating the APA of phytoplankton (2-112 µm) and bacterioplankton (0.2-2 µm) and its relationship with P fractions under four turbulence levels. Results showed that turbulent conditions enhanced planktonic APA (PAPA) which dominated TAPA by comprising 66-93% of the total fraction. In particular, PAPA was almost two times higher in the turbulence treatments than in still-water control. On the other hand, bacterioplanktonic APA (BAPA) decreased which could be associated with the competitive advantage of bacteria in nutrient-limited conditions due to surface-to-volume ratio. The results suggest that turbulence can accelerate the biogeochemical cycle of P and plays an important role in P strategies of plankton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural drainage ditches are essential to sustaining food production in arid irrigation regions, with various sizes and drainage characteristics as important buffer ecotones in agricultural areas. Bed vegetation and water properties were investigated in 39 agricultural drainage ditches in the Lingwu District of Ningxia Yellow River Irrigation Area in Northwestern China. The results showed that water depth, width, and velocity generally increased with larger ditch size. Water salinity was higher in drainage ditches (>1 g/L) than in croplands, canals, and the Yellow River. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus were at high levels: ∼1.6 and ∼0.1 mg/L, respectively. Forty plant species belonging to 19 families and 31 genera were identified, with higher plant richness and diversity found in smaller sized drainage ditches. Macrophytes dominated the bed vegetation with a mean vegetative coverage of >30% in all-sized ditches, andPhragmites australisoccurred with the most frequency. Water depth and salinity were considered as the primary factors affecting the distribution of vegetation in drainage ditch beds. The study suggests that practical conservation of smaller sized drainage ditches is conducive to increasing the plant diversity of agricultural landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been hypothesized that climate change will induce the areal extension of cyanobacterial blooms. However, this hypothesis lacks field-based observation. In the present study both long-term historical data and short-term field measurement were used to identify the importance of changes in wind patterns on the cyanobacterial bloom in Lake Taihu (China), a large, shallow, eutrophic lake located in a subtropical zone. The cyanobacterial bloom mainly composed of Microcystis spp. recurred frequently throughout the year. The regression analysis of multi-year satellite image data extracted by the Floating Algae Index revealed that both the annual mean monthly maximum cyanobacterial bloom area (MMCBA) increased year by year from 2000 to 2011, while the contemporaneous cyanobacterial biomass showed no significant change. However, the correlation analysis shows that MMCBA was negatively correlated with wind speed. Our short-term field measurements indicated that the influence of wind on surface cyanobacterial blooms is that the Chlorophyll- a (Chl a ) concentration is fully mixing throughout the water column when the wind speed exceed 7 m s − 1 . At lower wind speeds, there was vertical stratification of Chl a with high surface concentrations and an increase in bloom area. The regression analysis of wind speed indicates that the climate has changed over the last decade. Lake Taihu has become increasingly calm, with the decrease of strong wind frequency between 2000 and 2011, corresponding to the increase in the MMCBA over time. Therefore, we conclude that changes in wind patterns related to climate change have favored the increase of cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Taihu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large shallow eutrophic Lake Taihu in China has long suffered from eutrophication and toxic cyanobacterial blooms. Despite considerable efforts to divert effluents from the watershed, the cyanobacterial blooms still reoccur and persist throughout summer. To mitigate cyanobacterial bloom pollution risk, a large scale integrated monitoring and forecasting system was developed, and a series of emergency response measures were instigated based on early warning. This system has been in place for 2009–2012. With this integrated monitoring system, it was found that the detectable maximum and average cyanobacterial bloom area were similar to that before drinking water crisis, indicating that poor eutrophic status and cyanobacterial bloom had persisted without significant alleviation. It also revealed that cyanobacterial bloom would occur after the intense storm, which may be associated with the increase in buoyance of cyanobacterial colonies. Although the cyanobacterial blooms had persisted during the monitoring period, there had been a reduction in frequency and intensity of the cyanobacterial bloom induced black water agglomerates (a phenomenon of algal bloom death decay to release a large amount black dissolved organic matter), and there have been no further drinking water crises. This monitoring and response strategy can reduce the cyanobacterial bloom pollution risk, but cannot reduce eutrophication and cyanobacterial blooms, problems which will take decades to resolve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely accepted that algal blooms are a result of eutrophication processes. Water temperature, total phosphorus and total nitrogen are the main environmental parameters impacting Chlorophyll- a (Chl a) in aquatic ecosystems. To elucidate the variability of these parameters in Lake Taihu, China, we analyzed their multi-temporal characteristics using wavelet power spectrum. We evaluated the non-stationary statistical association between algal biomass (as Chl a) and the selected environmental parameters using wavelet coherence and wavelet phase difference. Our results indicate that these variables presented periodic oscillations in frequency domain and localization along time axis. Significant 3-4 month and annual bands are identified in both algal and environmental parameters variations. Chl a responded quickly to variation in water temperature but showed a delayed response to variation in total nitrogen; it also showed a delayed response to variation in total phosphorus during 1995-1997, but responded more quickly in recent years. The intensity of oscillation power in frequency domain resulted in non-stationary statistical association, and the phase difference in time domain resulted in time-lag correlations between Chl a and the selected environmental indices. These results contribute to elucidate the nonlinear eutrophication dynamic process and provide information for algal bloom prediction and lake management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concentrations of dissolved acidic polysaccharides (dAPS) were investigated at four stations zones along Meiliang Bay from the river mouths, to the inner bay, to the outer bay, and further to the lake center in the northern Lake Taihu during the Microcystis blooming periods from June to October 2012. The concentrations of dAPS displayed a decreasing trend from the lakeshore to the open areas. Concentrations of dAPS along Meiliang Bay varied from 1.25 mg gum xanthan equivalents (Xeq)/L to 15.73 mg Xeq/L with an average value of 5.76 mg Xeq/L. High concentrations of dAPS were found at the river mouths [5.44 ± 2.32 mg Xeq/L (mean ± SD)]. Chlorophyll a (Chl a) was positively related to dAPS in the whole bay (including the river mouths, the inner bay, the outer bay) ( p < 0.05), suggesting the algae were the major source of dAPS in the water column. Five-day biological oxygen demand (BOD) was inversely correlated with the quantities of dAPS, but the mechanism for that should be studied further. On average, dAPS accounted for 42.2 ± 20.3 % of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the whole bay, and 35.2 ± 14.6 % of DOC at the lake center. The abundance of dAPS proved that they were a significant pool of organic carbon in the lake and would further affect the aquatic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the potential effects of environmental variables, and their interaction, on phytoplankton community succession in spring using long-term data from 1992 to 2012 in Lake Taihu, China. Laboratory experiments were additionally performed to test the sensitivity of the phytoplankton community to nutrient concentrations and temperature. A phytoplankton community structure analysis from 1992 to 2012 showed that Cryptomonas (Cryptophyta) was the dominant genus in spring during the early 1990s. Dominance then shifted to Ulothrix (Chlorophyta) in 1996 and 1997. However, Cryptomonas again dominated in 1999, 2000, and 2002, with Ulothrix regaining dominance from 2003 to 2006. The bloom-forming cyanobacterial genus Microcystis dominated in 1995, 2001 and 2007–2012. The results of ordinations indicated that the nutrient concentration (as indicated by the trophic state index) was the most important factor affecting phytoplankton community succession during the past two decades. In the laboratory experiments, shifts in dominance among phytoplankton taxa occurred in all nutrient addition treatments. Results of both long term monitoring and experiment indicated that nutrients exert a stronger control than water temperature on phytoplankton communities during spring. Interactive effect of nutrients and water temperature was the next principal factor. Overall, phytoplankton community composition was mediated by nutrients concentrations, but this effect was strongly enhanced by elevated water temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the effects of regional warming and water quality on phytoplankton community succession, focussing on the bloom-forming cyanobacterial genus Microcystis in subtropical Lake Taihu, China. Daily air temperatures from 1991 to 2010 indicated that onset of the Microcystis growing season has advanced by approximately 20 days over the last two decades, and accumulated air temperature (from 1 March to 31 May) has increased significantly., Since 2005, Microcystis blooms have begun in May more frequently than in June. An increase in degree days for growth indicated that the early warming trend in spring would have benefitted Microcystis populations that overwintered on the sediment surface, by allowing them to grow, gain buoyancy and float into water column earlier in the year., Results of canonical correspondence analysis showed that both water quality (i.e. nutrient loading) and water temperature have affected phytoplankton community succession in spring over the past two decades. When nutrient concentrations are adequate to support Microcystis blooms, rising temperature promotes their earlier onset and proliferation, a phenomenon previously documented for temperate regions, and now demonstrated for this subtropical lake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The geomorphological characteristics of freshwater ecosystems play critical roles in mediating CyanoHAB potentials in China. • Rapid increases in population, economic activity, and wastewater accelerated CyanoHABs in China since 1980s. • Climatic changes have provided an additional catalyst for expansion of CyanoHABs. • Large hydroelectric and water supply projects have led to an increase of CyanoHABs in China. • The maintenance of natural hydrologic connectivity between lakes and rivers is of utmost importance in mitigating CyanoHABs throughout China. Harmful cyanobacterial blooms (CyanoHABs) are expanding world-wide, adversely affecting aquatic food production, recreational and tourism activities and safe drinking water supplies. China's inland waters have been increasingly threatened by CyanoHABs during the past several decades. The environmental factors controlling CyanoHABs are highly variable in space and time in China due to significant variations in climate, geography, geological and geochemical conditions among its many regions. Here, we synthesize diverse examples among Chinese water bodies regarding interactive effects of anthropogenic, climatic and geographic drivers influencing CyanoHAB potentials and dynamics in lakes and reservoirs; in order to provide a perspective and integrative approach to mitigating CyanoHABs. In China's many shallow water bodies, water quality is highly susceptible to human activity and to changing climatic and hydrological conditions, when compared to deeper lakes. Rapid increases in population, economic activity, and wastewater have accelerated CyanoHABs in China since 1980s, especially in the heavily urbanized, agricultural and industrial regions in the middle and lower Yangtze River basins. Climatic changes have provided an additional catalyst for expansion of CyanoHABs. In particular, rising spring temperatures have accelerated the onset and proliferation of Microcystis spp, blooms in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River basin. Large hydroelectric and water supply projects, like the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), have altered hydrological regimes, and have led to an increase of CyanoHABs in reservoirs and tributaries due to increases in water residence times. Manipulating water level fluctuations in the TGR may prove useful for controlling CyanoHAB in its tributary bays. Overall,CyanoHAB mitigation strategies will have to incorporate both N and P input reductions in these shallow systems. Furthermore, nutrient reduction strategies must consider climate change-induced increases in extreme weather events, including more intense rainfall and protracted heat waves and droughts, which can extend the magnitudes and duration of CyanoHABs. Ensuring the maintenance of natural hydrologic connectivity between lakes and rivers is of utmost importance in mitigating CyanoHABs throughout China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is a country with many lakes, about one-third of which are freshwater mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Currently most of the lakes are mesotrophic or eutrophic. Lake eutrophication has become one of the major ecological and environmental problems faced by lakes in China and can lead to a series of abnormal ecosystem responses, including extinction of submerged plants, frequent occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms, increased microbial biomass and productivity, decreased biodiversity, accelerated cycles, and a change in the efficient use of nutrients. With development of eutrophication, the whole lake ecosystem suffers decreased biodiversity, simplification of biotic community structure, instability of the ecosystem, and ultimately the clear-water, macrophyte-dominated ecosystem gradually shifts to a turbid-water, algae-dominated ecosystem. This ecosystem succession mechanism is speculated to be caused by different nutrient utilization efficiencies of macrophytes and phytoplankton. The ultimate ecosystem succession trend of seriously eutrophic lakes is that a phytoplankton-dominated autotrophic lake shifts to a heterotrophic lake dominated by micro-organisms, protozoans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wave flume simulator was used to study internal nitrogen release from the surface sediment collected from Taihu Lake, China. Particulate nitrogen concentrations were positively correlated with the concentrations of suspended solids, primarily from surface erosion related to the shear stress and duration of wave action. In response to 4 cm- and 10 cm-high wave production representing waves generated in Taihu Lake by gentle and gusty winds, respectively, the mean dynamic release rate of ammonium (NH) from the sediment to the overlying water was 1×10 mg/(m·s) and the NH concentration in the overlying water increased by 0.016 mg/L, indicating that waves resulting from strong wind can induce the rapid release of dissolved nitrogen from Taihu Lake sediments. The decrease in interstitial NH concentrations at all sediment depths was associated with an increase in NH concentrations in the overlying water by 0.01 mg/L, showing that sediment below the eroded layer was the main source of internal nitrogen release. Changes in the interstitial dissolved oxygen and NH concentrations showed that wave-induced pore water movement can greatly increase the diffusion rate, and that these effects can influence the sediment to a depth of at least 15 cm. Diffusion induced by pore water movement may be very important for the formation of an active sediment layer in Taihu Lake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The algal succession in Microcystis blooms of varying biomass under continuous aeration was studied in a greenhouse. There were four treatments (control, Low, Medium, and High) with initial chlorophyll a (Chl-a) of 32.5, 346.8, 1413.7, and 14,250.0 μg L−1, respectively. During the experiment, Cyanophyta biomass was the lowest in the Medium treatment (P < 0.05), while its Chlorophyta biomass was the highest (P < 0.05). Both Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta biomass were the lowest in the High treatment (P < 0.05). Bacillariophyta biomass, particularly the diatom Nitzschia palea was the highest in the Low treatment (P < 0.05), and Nitzschia palea cells were attached to the Microcystis colonies. Thus, the algal shift in Microcystis blooms under aeration disturbance depends on its initial biomass, and it shift to green algae or/and diatom dominance in the control, Low, Medium treatments. Diatom cells, particularly N. palea, grew in an attached form on Microcystis colonies in treatment Low, in which the colonies provided media for the adherence. The mechanism of the algal shift with different biomass must be related to the nutrient level, low light and aerobic conditions under aeration disturbance as well as the aeration itself, which destroyed the Microcystis colonies' advantage of floating on the water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical properties of tripton, and the correlation between the absorption coefficient and tripton concentration, were investigated based on a large dataset of 727 samples, collected from different regions of shallow Lake Taihu, in China, from July 2004 to April 2007. Four models describing tripton absorption spectra in the visible domain (400-700 nm) were examined to find the optimal model. The conventional single exponential model performed the poorest. Statistically, the most 'useful' model was the hyperbolic model; judged by the root mean square error (RMSE) and the magnitude of the F statistic from an analysis of variance, this was found to give a closer fit for the measured absorption (70.1% reduction in RMSE and 449.7% increase in F value) than did the simple exponential model method. The mean Sd value derived for the hyperbolic model was 5.98 ± 0.30 nm-1, with a very small coefficient of variation of 5.0%. Significant linear correlations were found between ad(440) and total suspended matter, inorganic suspended matter and tripton concentrations, but with the minimal RMSE of ad(440) estimation (0.815 m-1) for tripton. The results demonstrate that it is possible to develop regional models for the estimation of tripton absorption coefficient from the concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Eutrophication is a world-wide environmental issue. Lake Taihu is a typical large, shallow, eutrophic lake located in delta of River Changjiang (Yangtze River). A large-scale ecological engineering experiment targeted at water quality improvement was implemented in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu. In this special issue, there are six papers related to water purification and algal bloom control techniques applied in this experiment. Four papers address the validity and efficiency of water quality improvement of this ecological engineering and one paper presents a similar but small-size ecological engineering. The others focus on macrophyte restoration, aquatic plant management and recycling exploitation. The editorial paper highlights the main results and conclusions from these papers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To evaluate seasonal and regional variations in precipitation chemistry in Lake Taihu Basin, 5 cities around the lake were selected for monthly collection of rainfall samples from July 2002 to June 2003. The analytical parameters included pH, cations (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, ), anions (F−, Cl−, ), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). In descending order, concentrations (in meqL−1) of the ions in wet deposition can be ordered as >Cl−>Na+>Mg2+>K+>F− with concentratin percentages of 48. 7%, 19. 1%, 11. 6%, 8. 1%, 5. 6%, 2. 6%, 1. 7%, 1. 6% and 1%, respectively. Rainfall was seasonally variable, with high rates in spring and summer but low rates in autumn and winter, while ion concentrations followed the reverse seasonal cycle. To evaluate deposition rates (DR) of different elements, average DR of each ion was calculated from a simple model. Most of the highest DRs of these substances occurred in Suzhou and Wuxi, located east and north of Lake Taihu, which shows there was considerable variation over the 5 stations. This regional pattern reflects local emissions from industry and agriculture, and suggests that steps need to be taken by local governments for particle emission reductions. The estimated annual inputs of TN and TP over the lake are 4722 and 75t, respectively, which accounts for around 16. 5% and 7. 3% of the annual total external inputs of these nutrients. Primary productivity in Lake Taihu associated solely with wet deposition of nitrogen to the lake was estimated to be 7. 03×106 mol Cday−1. These results suggest that wet deposition can have significant impacts on the trophic status of Lake Taihu and that attention to nutrients in precipitation should be included in the management of external nutrient loads to the lake. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abundance, biomass and production of pelagic bacteria were examined over one year at monthly sampling intervals across a trophic profile in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu. With the lowest density in the open lake, the bacterial abundance showed a clear trend in relation to trophic status. The carbon content per cell was higher in autumn and winter, and the opposite was true for bacterial biomass. Bacterial 3[H]- TdR and 14[C]-Leu incorporation rates, cell production, turnover times and carbon production varied during the annual cycle at different sites. The ratio of bacterial production to primary production was high, independently of the method used, indicates that the microbial food web in Lake Taihu is an important component of the total food web of the lake and dominated by external inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lake Taihu suffers from eutrophication caused by riverine nutrient inputs and air deposition. To characterize wet deposition of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) to the lake, precipitation collection and measurements of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) and other components at five cities around Lake Taihu were made from July 2002 to June 2003. TP and TN concentrations and deposition rates exhibited strong spatial variation in the whole catchment. An inverse correlation between station-averaged TP and TN concentrations and precipitation amount was found. Maximal TP concentration in rainfall was found in Suzhou, and maximal TN in Wuxi. However, highest wet deposition rates of TP and TN were found in Suzhou, which suggests that atmospheric nutrients are mostly from the east and northwest area of Lake Taihu. Mean TP and TN deposition rates were 0.03 and 2.0 t km−2 year−1 respectively in Lake Taihu, which are greater than reported values in other areas by comparision. Total N and P contributed to the lake by wet deposition were 75 and 4720 t per year, respectively, which represent about 7.3% and 16.5% of total annual N and P inputs via inflow rivers. Wet deposition, especially N, could have significant effects on eutrophication in the lake, which shows that air deposition should be taken into account while reducing the external nutrients in the lake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the effect of hydrodynamical process on water phosphorus concentration, wind, wave, and several water quality indices were observed in Meiliang Bay, a shallow and eutrophic bay locates in north of Lake Taihu. During the 7 day observation period, wind speed and significant wave height were recorded more than 3 h per day, and water samples were collected in five water-depth layers once a day. Hydrodynamical disturbance had no significant correlationship with the water quality at the top layer when the significant wave height was smaller than 30 cm, but it significantly increased suspended solids (SS) concentration of the bottom water layer. Concentrations of nutrients showed no positive correlationship with SS concentration in the water body. Intensive sediment resuspension may not have occurred when the hydrodynamic stress on sediment was only a little higher than the critical stress for sediment resuspension. A new method for confirming the critical stress for intensive sediment resuspension and nutrient release still needs to be developed. The range of the water quality indices was quite high during the seven days of observation. High variation seems to be a common character of large shallow lakes like Taihu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Absorption measurements from chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and their relationships with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and fluorescence were studied in Lake Taihu, a large, shallow, subtropical lake in China. Absorption spectra of lake water samples were measured from 240 nm to 800 nm. Highest values of a(λ), DOC and F n (355) occurred near the river inflow to Meiliang Bay and decreased towards the central lake basin. A significant spatial difference was found between Meiliang Bay and the central lake basin in absorption coefficient, DOC-specific absorption coefficient, exponential slope coefficient, DOC concentration and fluorescence value. The spatial distribution of CDOM suggested that a major part of CDOM in the lake was from river input. CDOM absorption coefficients were correlated with DOC over the wavelength range 280–500 nm, and a(355) was also correlated with F n (355), which showed that CDOM absorption could be inferred from DOC and fluorescence measurement. The coefficient of variation between a(λ) and DOC concentration decreased with increase in wavelength from 240 nm to 800 nm. Furthermore, a significant negative linear relationship was recorded between S value and CDOM absorption coefficient, as well as DOC-specific absorption coefficient. S value and DOC-specific absorption coefficient were used as a proxy for CDOM composition and source. Accurate CDOM absorption measurements are very useful in explaining UV attenuation and in developing, validating remote sensing model of water quality in Lake Taihu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lake Taihu is characterized by its shallowness (mean depth = 1.9 m) and large surface area (2,338 km2). Runoff sources are mostly from the mountainous west and southwest, and outflows are located throughout East Taihu. This causes shorter retention times in the south. In contrast, urban pollutants discharge into northern Taihu and result in poor water quality. Non-point pollution from rural areas and sewage wastewater is the primary pollution source. Water current velocity ranges from 10–30 cm s−1, and surface currents normally follow wind direction. Bottom currents appear to be a compensation flow. Most wave heights are less than 40 cm, and underwater irradiance correlates to seston in the water column. Lacustrine sediment is distributed in littoral zones, mostly along the western shoreline, with almost no accumulation in the lake center. Intensive aquaculture in East Taihu caused eutrophication and hampered water supply in surrounding areas. In addition, development of marshiness in the eastern littoral zones and East Taihu has occurred. The function of flood discharging of East Taihu has been limited by flourishing macrophytes. The problems facing in Lake Taihu will be alleviated by improving the management of nutrient sources into the lake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review about lake naturally eutrophicating, the internal loading of nutrients from lake sediment as well as the mechanism of algal blooms and the control practices was made, especially the eutrophication problem of shallow lakes since seventy percent of fresh water lakes in China are shallow lakes. It was found that shallow lakes are apt toward eutrophication than deep lakes. Without any influences of human activity, shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River are still easily eutrophicated, which may be owing to the effects of flood in this area. In shallow lakes, sediments are frequently disturbed by wind-wave and resuspended, which result in huge nutrients release to overlying water. This may be the major reason for higher internal loading of nutrients in shallow lakes than in deep lakes. Algal bloom is an extreme response of lake ecosystem to the eutrophication. Appearance of algal blooms is related to physical condition of lakes, such as underwater radiation (or transparency), temperature, and hydrodynamic conditions, or related to geochemical conditions of lakes, like concentrations of nutrients and ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus, as well as the physiological advantage of cyanobacteria such as vacuole for moving towards the radiant energy-rich zone and the mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) for resisting the harm of ultraviolet radiation. In shallow lakes, these advantages of cyanobacteria are favorable in the competition than in deep lakes. Also being the shallowness, it is more difficult to reduce nutrient loading and to control algae blooms in shallow lakes. For the control of eutrophication, people should follow the sequence from pollution sources control, ecological restoration to catchment management. To control the internal nutrient release, physical, chemical, biological techniques, and even bionic techniques could be selected. The idea of ecological restoration for a eutrophic lake is to shift the ecosystem from phytoplankton-dominant state to macrophyte-dominant state. To realize the shift of ecosystem state, environmental condition improvement is the fundamental work. Nowadays, we should do more work on environmental condition improvement than on planting of macrophytes since we are lack of the knowledge about the relationship between macrophyte and lake ecosystem. Emphasizing the macrophyte planting, therefore, has blindness at present. Because all lakes have different characteristics of environment and ecosystem, applicable lake harness techniques should be selected based on the distinct ecosystem types and environ- mental problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concentration variations of suspended solids (SS), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved total phosphorus (DTP), dissolved reactive phosphorus (SRP), and algae available phosphorus (AAP) in overlying water were observed during the coldest week in a year in Lake Taihu, a large shallow lake in China. Water samples at different water depths were collected with wind speeds of 8, 12, 0 and 0 m/s on 23, 24, 26 and 30 January 2004, respectively. On 23 January 2004, SS concentration increased to 258 mg/L with a wind speed of 8 m/s lasting for 1 h. SS concentration kept increasing and reached to 507 mg/L when the strong wind lasted for 24 h and the peak value of wind-speed reached to 12 m/s on 24 January 2004. On 26 January 2004, SS concentration decreased to 51 mg/L with the wind speed smaller than 2 m/s lasting for about half a day. Then after five continuous waveless days, SS concentration decreased to 21 mg/L on 30 January 2004. The observed results confirmed that sediments in Lake Taihu would be intensively suspended if the surface wind speed is greater than 8 m/s, and the magnitude of SS would increase with increasing wind-speed. Coupled with the intensive sediment suspending, concentrations of TP, DTP and SRP on 23 January were 0.210, 0.048 and 0.035 mg/L, respectively. And they were 0.299, 0.054 and 0.026 mg/L on 24 January, which were significantly higher than those on 26 and 30 January. SRP concentration on 23 January was twice as high as that observed on 30 January. It indicates that the strong wind may result in an outbreak release of phosphorus. Moreover, AAP contents in suspended solids were 132, 97 and 226 mg/kg on 23, 24 and 26 January, respectively. Therefore, it could be estimated that this strong wind process resulted in 987 t of TP, 80 t of SRP and 167 t of AAP releasing from sediments into overlying water. Since such strong wind process is frequent in the area of Lake Taihu, dynamical release driven by wind-induced wave disturbance may be the main mode for internal release of phosphorus. It must have important effects on the nutrient supply during Microcystis bloom in Lake Taihu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of investigations in situ, it was found that mass exchange on the water-sediment interface occurred chiefly on the superficial sediment within 5-10 cm. The spatial physicochemical character of sediment was distributed uniformly. The observation of lake currents and waves indicated that the dynamic sources, which act on the interface of water and sediment, came mainly from waves under strong wind forcing, while the critical shear stresses due to the waves and currents were of the same magnitude under weak wind forcing. The critical shear stress that leads to extensive sediment resuspension was about 0.03 - 0.04N/m², equivalent to a wind speed in situ up to 4 m/s. If a dynamic intensity exceeded the critical shear stress, such as a wind velocity up to 6.5 m/s, massive sediment re-suspension would be observed in the lake. Furthermore, field investigations revealed that the nutrient concentration of pore water within the sediment was far greater than that of overlaying water, which provides objective conditions for the nutrient release from sediment. According to nutrient analyses in the pore water from the superficial 5-10 cm sediments, a severe dynamic process in the Taihu Lake would bring out a peak nutrient release, i.e. a 0.12 mg/L increase of TN, and 0.005 mg/L increase of TP in the lake. In the end, a general scheme of nutrient release from sediment in large shallow lakes was put forward: when the wind-driven forcing imposes on the lake, it will make the sediment resuspension. At the same time, the nutrition from the pore water will follow the sediment resuspension release to overlaying water. Because of oxidation of solid particulates when it resuspends from sediment, the disturbance of hydrodynamics will enhance the suspension particulates absorbing nutrition. After the withdrawal of wind forcing, the suspended mass would deposit and bring part of the released nutrients back into sediment. The degraded organic particulate would be separated to the pore water within the sediment under the condition of deposition, and wait for the next wind forcing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban aquatic ecosystems in plains are often subject to extensive anthropogenic pollutant inputs and have prolonged times for pollutant degradation, potentially leading to diverse carbon emission patterns. This study explored carbon emission patterns and underlying mechanisms in Ge Lake and its tributaries, located in an urban area within a plain in China. The results revealed that carbon emissions from rivers were significantly higher than those from the downstream lake. Spatial interpolation analysis further revealed that CO2‐eq emissions from a 1‐km2 river area can be equivalent to those from an area as large as 86‐km2 of the downstream lake. Rivers are the gateway for the entry of organic compounds, often carrying substances that are readily biodegradable. As the river water moves slowly, these compounds accumulate and undergo degradation in rivers before they reach downstream lakes. The findings may benefit the estimates of carbon emissions in these regions with greater precision. Plain Language Summary: Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are the two most important greenhouse gases. Inland waters are hotspots of CO2 and CH4 emissions, greatly contributing to atmospheric levels. This study investigated the patterns of CO2 and CH4 emissions from aquatic ecosystems within plains, known for high pollutant loads and extended residence times. The results revealed that CO2 and CH4 emissions from rivers were significantly higher than those from the downstream receiving lake, exhibiting a decrease along the river flow direction. Rivers serve as the gateway for the entry of pollutants to aquatic environments, often carrying substances that are readily biodegradable. As the river water moves slowly, these compounds accumulate and undergo degradation in rivers before they reach downstream lakes, and therefore, CO2 and CH4 emissions diminish in the downstream direction. The findings add the understanding of carbon emissions in plain aquatic ecosystems, and benefit their estimates in these regions with greater precision. Key Points: Carbon emissions from urban rivers were higher than the downstream receiving lakeCarbon emissions exhibited a decreasing trend along the river flow directionUrban rivers warrant more attention in regional estimates of carbon emissions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming and algal blooms have been two of the most pressing problems faced by the world today. In recent decades, numerous studies indicated that global warming promoted the expansion of algal blooms. However, research on how algal blooms respond to global warming is scant. Global warming coupled with eutrophication promoted the rapid growth of phytoplankton, which resulted in an expansion of algal blooms. Algal blooms are affected by the combined effects of global warming, including increases in temperatures, CO2 concentration, and nutrient input to aquatic systems by extreme weather events. Since the growth of phytoplankton requires CO2, they appear to act as a carbon sink. Unfortunately, algal blooms will release CH4, CO2, and inorganic nitrogen when they die and decompose. As substrate nitrogen increases from decompose algal biomass, more N2O will be released by nitrification and denitrification. In comparison to CO2, CH4 has 28-fold and N2O has 265-fold greenhouse effect. Moreover, algal blooms in the polar regions may contribute to melting glaciers and sea ice (will release greenhouse gas, which contribute to global warming) by reducing surface albedo, which consequently would accelerate global warming. Thus, algal blooms and global warming could form feedback loops which prevent human survival and development. Future researches shall examine the mechanism, trend, strength, and control strategies involved in this mutual feedback. Additionally, it will promote global projects of environmental protection combining governance greenhouse gas emissions and algal blooms, to form a geoengineering for regulating the cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the reconstruction of inland lake level changes in arid or semi-arid mainland Asia at six and 18 ka B.P. Association of high lake level with southward displacement of westerlies; Northern boundary of monsoon expansion; Indications of climatic transitional zone in Central Asia where the lake behavior was close to that in Southeastern Asia at six ka B.P.

In recent decades, freshwater ecosystems have been threatened worldwide by multiple simultaneous stressors, including eutrophication, climate change and competing demands for water sources. However, understanding of the long-term variation of zooplankton communities remains limited because long-term observations are lacking. Here, using a long-term (19 year) monitoring dataset, we demonstrate the spatio-temporal variation of zooplankton communities in Lake Taihu, a large, shallow, heterogenous lake in China. With the development of eutrophication, the abundance and biomass of zooplankton first increased from 1998 to 2004, and then exhibited a decreasing trend thereafter. Specifically, the population of rotifer dramatically declined after 2001, while the abundance of copepod and cladoceran showed an increasing trend even though their biomass decreased significantly after 2008. The dominance of small cladocerans (Bosmina coregoni and Ceriodaphnia cornuta) and copepod (Limnothora sinensis) significantly increased with decreasing rotifer density after 2014. Moreover, the zooplankton community structure exhibited heterogenous spatial population dynamics. Cladoceran and rotifer were predominant in cyanobacteria-dominated regions, while a higher proportion of copepod were found in macrophyte-dominated regions. Analyses revealed that zooplankton communities were strongly affected by climate warming and nutrients. These results reinforce previous work demonstrating that the development of eutrophication and climate warming could change the structure of zooplankton community and increase the dominance of small-bodied crustacean. Our findings address the recognized gap in understanding the variation of the zooplankton community in Lake Taihu, and provide an opportunity to evaluate ongoing changes in the zooplankton community related to future environmental change scenarios. • Long-term datasets for zooplankton communities in lakes are few, especially in China. • Spatial heterogeneity of zooplankton communities is less investigated in a single lake. • The dominance of smaller crustaceans increased with warming and eutrophication. • Environmental heterogeneity controls the spatial dynamics of zooplankton communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eutrophication and warming are changing the functioning of lake ecosystems, and their impacts on lake carbon dioxide (CO2) variability have received increasing attention. However, how eutrophication and warming change lakes' carbon cycle has not been determined. Here, the surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and CO2 flux in Lake Taihu, a large and eutrophic lake in eastern China, was investigated based on monthly samplings over a 24‐yr period (1992–2015), during which the lake experienced profound anthropogenic and climate changes. The results showed that eutrophication caused by nutrient enrichment plays a role in three aspects: (1) nutrient concentrations controlled the CO2 variability on decadal scales; (2) peak pCO2 and CO2 fluxes occurred in river mouths due to large external nutrient loading inputs; and (3) eutrophication effects on CO2 varied among subzones, which was linked to external inputs and in‐lake primary production. Meanwhile, temperature controls the seasonal variation in CO2 by stimulating primary production, leading to significantly lower pCO2 and CO2 fluxes in warm seasons with algal blooms. Further analysis suggested that temperature effects varied spatially and temporally, high nutrient loading may confound the temperature effects via stimulating CO2 production. To our knowledge, this study presents the longest field measurements (24 yr) of CO2 from such large and ice‐free freshwater lakes with monthly surveys, which may provide a powerful example to demonstrate that eutrophication and warming can shape CO2 variability from a temporal perspective. Future studies should focus on the interactive warming and eutrophication effects to accurately predict future CO2 emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of hydrodynamic mixing on controlling Microcystis blooms or changing the algal community to diatom dominance has been widely studied; however, the effects of colonial Microcystis biomass on the development of the algal community are poorly known. Here, in order to study the changes in Microcystis blooms under continuous aeration mixing, an experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with factors of varying biomass of Microcystis and inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment in summer. There were three chlorophyll a (Chl-a) levels in six treatments: low Chl-a level of 68.4 μg L-1 (treatments L, L-E), medium Chl-a level of 468.7 μg L-1 (treatments M, M-E), and high Chl-a level of 924.1 μg L-1 (treatments H, H-E). Treatments L-E, M-E and H-E were enriched with the same inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients. During the experiment of 30 days, the concentration of Microcystis and Chl-a decreased, and diatom Nitzschia palea cells appeared in all the treatments, which became dominant in treatments M, M-E, H and H-E, with the highest biomass of 9.41 ± 1.96 mg L-1Nitzschia in treatment H-E on day 30. The rank order of the biomass of Nitzschia from low to high was (L = L-E) < (M = M-E) < H < H-E (P < 0.05). In addition, Nitzschia cells were aggregates attached to Microcystis colonies in all the treatments. The results showed that the initial biomass of colonial Microcystis affected the algal shift from Microcystis dominance to Nitzschia dominance. However, the enriched inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus was beneficial for the Nitzschia increase in the high biomass treatment alone. The shift from Microcystis dominance to diatom dominance under continuous aeration mixing may be caused by low light conditions as well as the nutrients released from Microcystis decay. Moreover, the aerobic condition caused by aeration mixing maintained the colonial mucilaginous sheath to support the growth of Nitzschia cells in aggregation. This study found for the first time that Microcystis blooms could shift to diatom Nitzschia dominance in aggregates. It provided a method to control and manipulate Microcystis blooms to diatom dominance through continuous aeration mixing to proper biomass of Microcystis colonies. The shift to diatoms dominance would provide more high quality food organisms for aquaculture and be beneficial to the material cycling and energy flowing in food web dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tiaoxi River is the main source of water for Lake Taihu and can result in plumes in the lake after heavy precipitation events. These plumes have played a crucial role in the water quality changes within the lake. High temporal resolution GOCI (Geostationary Ocean Color Imager) data were used to study the spatial distribution of the total suspended matter concentration in Lake Taihu after heavy precipitation events in the Tiaoxi River Basin via an empirical model. The plumes were analyzed after two heavy precipitation events in 2011 and 2013 using 16 GOCI images, which indicated that the Tiaoxi River had a great influence on the spatial distributions of total suspended matter and algal blooms. It was concluded that the main factors affecting the plumes in the Tiaoxi River were precipitation intensity, runoff, and total suspended matter concentration. Human activity, such as sand excavation also played a crucial role in sediment discharge. The results of this study demonstrate that the visualization of GOCI data makes it possible to use remote sensing technology to continuously monitor an inland water environment on an hourly scale, which is of great significance for studying the diffusion and evolution of river plumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the main global terrestrial ecosystem component, grasslands are extremely sensitive to global climate change. With increasing human activities over the last century, grassland ecosystems have been degraded to different degrees. However, the evolution of lake-grassland ecosystems in recent centuries remains unclear due to the dearth of high-resolution records. Here, we present high-resolution lacustrine sediment grain size, pollen (Artemisia , Myriophyllum), Pediastrum , and n-alkane records from Ganggeng Nur Lake to investigate vegetation, lake evolution, and human effects in semiarid northern China. Four stages were identified from the last ca. 150 years: (1) the natural evolution stage (AD 1870–1945), in which there was a wet climate around Ganggeng Nur and the lake level rose from increased runoff; (2) the human disturbance stage (AD 1945–1967), in which the regional climate got drier and human activities began having a detectable effect on the grassland ecosystem; (3) the human transformation stage (AD 1967–2005), in which a completely arid climate coupled with the implementation of a series of land reclamation policies resulted in a large reduction in grassland areas, extensive soil erosion, exacerbated climate change, and shrinking lake areas; and (4) the posttreatment stage (AD 2005–2018), in which soil erosion was alleviated by policy implementation and a favorable humid climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The widely observed positive response of productivity to biodiversity, known as the biodiversity‐productivity relationship (BPR), underpins nature‐based solutions for mitigating and adapting to global changes. Little is known of the role of such emergent processes in the restoration of damaged ecosystems. Here, we test for evidence of a BPR in degraded freshwater lakes, and its role in underpinning or undermining lake recovery from eutrophic states. Location: Lower Yangtze and Huaihe river basins, China, East Asia. Taxa: Freshwater phytoplankton; also macrophytes, fish, zooplankton and zoobenthos. Methods: A systematic review of biodiversity studies was conducted to enumerate freshwater biodiversity change during eutrophication, encompassing 572 samples from 155 lakes in East China. Empirical samples were then taken of 93 phytoplankton communities from 38 lakes in ecologically degraded states of eutrophication. Samples were analysed for niche overlap in relation to biodiversity and productivity, and metrics of network structure indicative of community stability. Results: Reviewed publications on eutrophication in East China lakes revealed losses in biodiversity of macrophytes, fishes, zooplankton and zoobenthos but not phytoplankton. Empirically sampled eutrophic lakes maintained high phytoplankton biodiversity through niche differentiation, and phytoplankton biodiversity correlated positively with biomass, in line with the expectations of BPR. Conclusions: The positive effect of biodiversity on phytoplankton productivity in eutrophic lakes acts in opposition to the negative impacts on productivity induced by eutrophication‐management strategies of nutrient suppression. In degraded systems, the BPR contributes to sustaining productivity of lake phytoplankton communities, impeding recovery from a eutrophic state. This is a case of the BPR playing an undesirable role at the ecosystem level. Lake recovery programmes need to anticipate that the control of phytoplankton biomass will depend on reducing nutrients to a level sufficient to degrade the internal structure of the phytoplankton community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The role of wind waves on the cycling of organic P are rarely considered in shallow lakes. • Wind waves release alkaline phosphatase and phosphorus from sediment and affect phosphorus dynamics in shallow lakes. • Wind waves increased the phytoplanktonic APA but decreased bacterial APA and dissolved APA. • Wind waves accelerate the biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus and promote algal production. Image, graphical abstract Phosphorus is a vital nutrient for algal growth, thus, a better understanding of phosphorus availability is essential to mitigate harmful algal blooms in lakes. Wind waves are a ubiquitous characteristic of lake ecosystems. However, its effects on the cycling of organic phosphorus and its usage by phytoplankton remain poorly elucidated in shallow eutrophic lakes. A mesocosm experiment was carried out to investigate the responses of alkaline phosphatase activity fractions to wind waves in large, shallow, eutrophic Lake Taihu. Results showed that wind-driven waves induced the release of alkaline phosphatase and phosphorus from the sediment, and dramatically enhanced phytoplanktonic alkaline phosphatase activity. However, compared to the calm conditions, bacterial and dissolved alkaline phosphatase activity decreased in wind-wave conditions. Consistently, the gene copies of Microcystis phoX increased but bacterial phoX decreased under wind-wave conditions. The ecological effects of these waves on phosphorus and phytoplankton likely accelerated the biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus and promoted phytoplankton production in Lake Taihu. This study provides an improved current understanding of phosphorus availability and the phosphorus strategies of plankton in shallow, eutrophic lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]