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Purpose: To investigate the genetic correlation and causal links between sleep traits (including sleep duration, chronotype, and insomnia) and myopia., Methods: Summary data on three sleep traits (sleep duration, chronotype and insomnia) and myopia from FinnGen (n = 214,211) and UK Biobank (n = 460,536) were analyzed using linkage disequilibrium score regression (LD Score), univariable and multivariable mendelian randomization (MR) experiments and Causal Analysis Using Summary Effect (CAUSE) estimation., Results: LD Score regression detected candidate genetic correlation between sleep traits and myopia, such as sleep duration, chronotype (Genetic Correlation Z-score >10.00, h2 &#95; observed&#95; p < 0.005, Lambda GC > 1.05, p > 0.05). Univariable MR analyses indicated that increased sleep duration has a promotional effect on the occurrence of myopia ( p = 0.046 < 0.05, P&#95;FDR = 0.138 < 0.2, OR = 2.872, 95% CI: 1.018-8.101). However, after accounting for potential confounding factors, multivariable MR and CAUSE analysis did not provide evidence for a causal effect of the three sleep traits on myopia., Conclusion: There may be a potential genetic correlation between sleep duration, chronotype and myopia. However, neither of sleep duration, chronotype or insomnia had causal effect on myopia., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Zhu, Tian, Zhou and Qin.)

Background: Vision impairments (VIs) and blindness are major global public health issues. A visual acuity (VA) test is one of the most crucial standard psychophysical tests of visual function and has been widely used in a broad range of health care domains, especially in many clinical settings. In recent years, there has been increasing research on mobile app-based VA assessment designed to allow people to test their VA at any time and any location., Objective: The goal of the review was to assess the accuracy and reliability of using mobile VA measurement apps., Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for relevant articles on mobile apps for VA assessment published between January 1, 2008, and July 1, 2020. Two researchers independently inspected and selected relevant studies. Eventually, we included 22 studies that assessed tablet or smartphone apps for VA measurement. We then analyzed sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in the 6 papers we found through a meta-analysis., Results: Most of the 22 selected studies can be considered of high quality based on the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2. In a meta-analysis of 6 studies involving 24,284 participants, we categorized the studies based on the age groups of the study participants (ie, aged 3-5 years, aged 6-22 years, and aged 55 years and older), examiner (ie, professional and nonprofessional examiners), and the type of mobile devices (ie, smartphone, iPad). In the group aged 3 to 5 years, the pooled sensitivity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.87 (95% CI 0.79-0.93; P=.39), and the pooled specificity was 0.78 (95% CI 0.70-0.85; P=.37). In the group aged 6 to 22 years, the pooled sensitivity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.86 (95% CI 0.84-0.87; P<.001), and the pooled specificity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.91 (95% CI 0.90-0.91; P=.27). In the group aged 55 years and older, the pooled sensitivity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.85 (95% CI 0.55-0.98), and the pooled specificity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.98 (95% CI 0.95-0.99). We found that the nonprofessional examiner group (AUC 0.93) had higher accuracy than the professional examiner group (AUC 0.87). In the iPad-based group, the pooled sensitivity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.86, and the pooled specificity was 0.79. In the smartphone-based group, the pooled sensitivity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.86 (P<.001), and the pooled specificity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.91 (P<.001)., Conclusions: In this study, we conducted a comprehensive review of the research on existing mobile apps for VA tests to investigate their diagnostic value and limitations. Evidence gained from this study suggests that mobile app-based VA tests can be useful for on-demand VI detection., (©Lingge Suo, Xianghan Ke, Di Zhang, Xuejiao Qin, Xuhao Chen, Ying Hong, Wanwei Dai, Defu Wu, Chun Zhang, Dongsong Zhang. Originally published in JMIR mHealth and uHealth (https://mhealth.jmir.org), 14.02.2022.)