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Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe form of diffuse lung disease that poses a significant health burden in clinical settings. Numerous natural compounds derived from plants have shown effective anti-inflammatory activities with low toxicity, particularly polysaccharides, which have garnered considerable attention. This study explores key aspects of the pathogenesis of ALI and the potential mitigation effects of phosphorylated polysaccharides derived from Scrophulariae Radix (PPSR) in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse model of ALI. These include alterations in the lung tissue wet/dry ratio, histopathological changes, modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibition of the NF-κB signalling pathway. Moreover, PPSR significantly reduced lung nitric oxide (NO) production and the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in lung tissue. The findings provide important insights into the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of PPSR, emphasising its anti-inflammatory properties and its potential to alleviate the detrimental consequences of ALI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photochromic compounds have attracted much attention for their potential applications in photo-actuators, optoelectronic devices and optical recording techniques. This interest is driven by their key photochemical and photophysical properties, which can be reversibly modulated by light irradiation. Among them, diarylethene compounds have garnered extensive investigation due to their excellent thermal stability of both open- and closed-form isomers, robust fatigue resistance, high photocyclization quantum yield and good photochromic performance in both solution and solid phases. However, a notable limitation in expanding the utility of diarylethene compounds is the necessity for ultraviolet light to induce their photochromism. This requirement poses challenges, as ultraviolet light can be detrimental to biological tissues, and its penetration is often restricted in various media. This review provides an overview of design strategies employed in the development of visible-light-responsive diarylethene compounds. These design strategies serve as a guideline for molecular design, with the potential to significantly broaden the applications of all-visible-light-activated diarylethene compounds in the realms of materials science and biomedical science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significance of maintaining the surface stability of the In2O3 catalyst in the conversion of CO2 to methanol through hydrogenation cannot be overstated. To improve surface stability, doping with metal oxides is usually employed. To explore high-efficiency In2O3 based catalysts, density functional theory calculations were utilized to explore the effects of doping CuO, Co2O3, NiO, TiO2, HfO2, Nb2O3, Ta2O5, and CeO2 on the stability of the In2O3(110) surface. It was found that in a CO atmosphere, the crucial step in determining the creation of oxygen vacancies on the In2O3 plane occurred during the desorption of CO2 from the vacancy location. The results indicate that doping CuO, Co2O3, NiO, Nb2O3, Ta2O5, and CeO2 on the In2O3(110) surface promotes the reduction process through the reaction of CO with the O atoms on the surface, resulting in reduced surface stability. Conversely, the doping of Ti and Hf can raise the reaction energy barriers for CO reacting with the O atoms on the surface and enhance CO2 molecule adsorption on vacant sites, thereby suggesting the potential of TiO2 and HfO2 as effective modifiers to improve the efficiency and durability of the In2O3 catalyst. Furthermore, it is crucial to enhance its stability by modifying the density of the electron cloud or Fermi level of the In2O3 catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methanol decomposition for simultaneous waste heat utilization and synthesis gas production is a "one stone two birds" scheme for chemical industry. A rational design of Ni/NaX zeolite catalysts for highly selective methanol decomposition is reported in this work, with the aim to solve the problems of low selectivity, coke deposition and metal sintering. In Ni/NaX, Ni atoms highly disperse in the structure of NaX zeolite. The presence of H 2 O in reactant not only enhances the activity to methanol decomposition by enhancing the adsorption of CH 3 OH and CH 3 O groups and the desorption of CO on the internal surface of Ni/NaX, but also results in the high selectivity and anti-coke ability by inhibiting side reactions. The optimal catalyst (0.05-Ni/NaX-500) achieves the Y H2 of 61.72% and 97.22% at 340 °C and 400 °C, relatively high stability, and high anti-coke ability with the presence of H 2 O in reactant. Besides, the catalysts exhibit high selectivity to H 2 and CO, and the H 2 /CO molar ratio in the products maintains the stoichiometric value of 2. The yield of CO 2 is lower than 0.31% at reaction temperature lower than 340 °C. The coexistence of Ni0, Ni2+ and Ni3+ in the catalyst can promote the redox processes by redox couples of Ni3+↔Ni0, Ni2+↔Ni0, and Ni3+↔Ni2+. [Display omitted] • Combination of heat utilization and syngas production via methanol decomposition. • 0.05-Ni/NaX-500 achieves the Y H2 of 97.22%, H 2 /CO ratio of 2 and high selectivity. • H 2 O enhances the adsorption of CH 3 OH and CH 3 O, and the desorption of CO. • H 2 O in reactant improves anti-coke ability by inhibiting the Boudouard reaction. • The co-existence of Ni3+, Ni2+ and Ni0 in Ni/NaX promotes the redox processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the initial boundary value problem for a nonlinear parabolic equation with a small parameter. The existence of a boundary layer as the parameter goes to zero is obtained together with the estimation on the thickness of the boundary layer. The main result extends an earlier work of Frid and Shelukhin (1999). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of global solutions is established for compressible Navier-Stokes equations by taking into account the radiative and reactive processes, when the heat conductivity κ ( κ1(1 + θ q) ≤ κ ≤ κ2(1 + θ q), q ≥ 0), where θ is the temperature. This improves the previous results by enlarging the scope of q including the constant heat conductivity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, four fluoro-substituted benzoates of epi-gallocatechin (EGC) were prepared through a semisynthetic strategy, and the yield of benzylation of epi-gallocatechin gallate (−)-EGCG was improved by using freshly purified (−)-EGCG as starting material and a mild base of K2CO3. All structures of new compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and optical rotation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]