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Recent studies have showed that thrombosis is closely related to leucocytes involved in immunity. Interfering with the binding of leukocyte integrin Mac-1 and platelet GPIbα can inhibit thrombosis without affecting physiological coagulation. Mac-1-GPIbα is proposed as a potential safety target for antithrombotic agents. Guanxinning tablet (GXNT) is an oral Chinese patent medicine used for the treatment of angina pectoris, which contains phenolic acid active ingredients, such as salvianolic acids, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, tanshinol, and protocatechualdehyde. Our previous studies demonstrated that GXN exhibited significant antithrombotic effects, and clinical studies suggested that it did not increase bleeding risk. In addition, GXN exerted a significantly regulatory effect on immune inflammation. In the current study, we intended to evaluate the effects of GXN on bleeding events and explore the safety antithrombotic mechanism of GXN based on leukocyte-platelet interaction. First, we established a gastric ulcer model induced by acetic acid in rats and found that GXN not only did not increase the degree of gastrointestinal bleeding when gastric ulcer occurred, but also had a certain promoting effect on the healing of gastric ulcer. Second, in vitroexperiments showed that after pretreatment with GXN and activation by phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), the adhesion and aggregation of leukocytes with human platelets were reduced. It was also found that GXN reduced the expression and activation of Mac-1 in leucocytes, and inhibited platelet activation due to leukocyte engagement via Mac-1. Overall, the results suggest that GXN may be a safe antithrombotic agent, and its low bleeding risk mechanism is probably related to inhibited leukocyte-platelet aggregation and its interaction target Mac-1-GPIbα.

Heavy metal ions and organic pollutants in the aqueous environment are threatening the ecosystems. Fabricating functional nanocomposites is one of the most promising issues for the control of pollutants. Natural cellulose has attracted widespread attention due to its abundant sources, low prices, good biocompatibility and ample functional groups on the surface. In the last decade, natural cellulose was used as the hard template for the synthesis of nanocomposites with significant mechanical, optical and electrochemical performances. More importantly, the natural cellulose-based nanocomposites usually have large surface areas and abundant activated sites on their surfaces, which are beneficial for sensing and removing pollutants in the aqueous environment. In this chapter, we firstly introduce the fabrication of natural cellulose and its derivatives, then review the natural cellulose-based nanocomposites and their applications in constructing environmental sensing interfaces and the removal of typical pollutants in the aqueous environment, including heavy metal ions and organic substances. The challenges and perspectives are also summarized.

AIM In the study we evaluated differential expression of miRNAs in the white hair and black eyes(WHBE) rabbit model of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS). METHODS WHBE IBS rabbits were exposed to moist heat, stress, and stimulation with a low-dose laxative. Intestional propulsion rate(IPR) was measured. Blood samples were taken to detect changes in serum 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) and dopamine(DA) levels, and colon tissues were to detect c-fos by immunohistochemistry. Deep sequencing technology was used to obtain miRNA sequences in intestinal tissues of WHBE control group. Changes in expression of 14 miRNAs were measured in colon tissues of IBS rabbits by RT-PCR and compared with corresponding levels in the Japanese white(JW) rabbit IBS model. RESULTS 5-HT and DA levels, IPR and c-fos expression in WHBE rabbits were significantly increased compared with control group. Differential expression was detected for 12 of the 14 miRNAs. MiR-29a-3p, miR-24-3p, miR-221-3p, let-7f-5p, let-7 g-5p, let-7i-5p, miR-192-5p, miR-126-3p, and miR-130b-3p expression in WHBE IBS rabbits at 14 days was significantly higher than that in the control group, and miR-324-3p and miR-132 were significantly downregulated. MiR-29a-3p, let-7i-5p, miR-192-5p and miR-126-3p were significantly upregulated only in JW IBS rabbits at 14 days, and miR-324-3p, miR-223-3p and miR-132 were significantly downregulated. MiR-24-3p, miR-221-3p, let-7f-5p, miR-126-3p and miR-130b-3p expression in WHBE rabbits was higher than that in JW rabbits. CONCLUSIONS Twelve miRNAs related to IBS occurrence were differentially expressed in IBS rabbits. Five of these are specific to WHBE IBS rabbits, suggesting that they play a role in increased sensitivity to IBS in this strain.

Ethnopharmacological relevance The Gnaphalium affine D. Don is used in China as a folk medicine to treat gout, anti-inflammatory, antitussive and expectorant activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of the extract of G. affine to treat hyperuricemia and acute gouty arthritis in animal model. Materials and methods G. affine extract was evaluated in an experimental model with potassium oxonate (PO) induced hyperuricemia in mice which was used to evaluate anti-hyperuricemia activity and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibition. Therapies for acute gouty arthritis was also investigated on monosodium urate (MSU) crystal induced paw edema model. Results G. affine extract showed expressive results on active in reducing serum uric acid (Sur) through effect renal mGLUT9 and mURAT1 mainly and inhibit XO activity in vivo . The extract of G. affine also showed significant anti-inflammatory activity and reduced the paw swelling on MSU crystal-induced paw edema model. Meanwhile, eight major compounds were identified by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Conclusions The extract of G. affine showed significant effect on evaluated models and therefore may be active agents for the treatment of hyperuricemia and acute gouty arthritis.

This study aimed to evaluate the differential expressions of microRNAs (miRNAs) in white hair black eye (WHBE) rabbits of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).WHBE and Japanese white (JW) rabbits were divided into the control and IBS groups. The IBS groups were exposed to moist heat, stress and low-dose laxatives. Their intestinal movement rate was measured. Blood samples were taken to detect serum 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine levels and colonic tissues were obtained to detect c-Fos expression by immunohistochemistry. Deep sequencing technology was used to obtain miRNA sequences in the intestinal tissues of WHBE and JW control groups. Expressions of 14 miRNAs were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction in both the control and the IBS model groups.Serum 5-HT and dopamine levels, intestinal movement rate and c-Fos expressions in the WHBE rabbits were significantly increased compared with the control group. MiR-29a-3p, miR-24-3p, miR-221-3p, let-7f-5p, let-7g-5p, let-7i-5p, miR-192-5p, miR-126-3p and miR-130b-3p expressions in WHBE IBS rabbits at day 14 were significantly higher than those in the control group while miR-324-3p and miR-132 were downregulated. MiR-29a-3p, let-7i-5p, miR-192-5p and miR-126-3p were significantly upregulated only in JW IBS rabbits at day 14 and miR-324-3p, miR-223-3p and miR-132 were significantly downregulated in JW IBS group. MiR-24-3p, miR-221-3p, let-7f-5p, miR-126-3p and miR-130b-3p expressions in WHBE IBS rabbits were higher than that in JW IBS rabbits.Twelve miRNAs were differentially expressed in IBS rabbits. Five are specific in WHBE IBS rabbits, suggesting that they play a role in increased sensitivity to IBS.

The roles of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and spinal N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor 2B (NR2B) in visceral hypersensitivity were investigated. A rat model with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was established by intracolonic injections of acetic acid onpost-natal days 8-21. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal intact (control) group, IBS model group, Ro25-6981-treated IBS rats (Ro25-6981, a NR2B antagonist) group, amitriptyline-treated IBS rats (amitriptyline, a 5-HT antagonist) and Ro25-6981 plus amitriptyline-treated IBS rats (Ro25-6981+amitriptyline) group. The expressions of 5-HT, NR2B, 5-HT2AR, 5-HT7R, SERT, TNF-α and IL-1β in colon, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and hypothalamus, respectively, were measured by Immunohistochemical staining, Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR and Western blotting. Our results showed increased DRG and hypothalamus expression of 5-HT, NR2B, 5-HT2AR, 5-HT7R in IBS model group and decreased expression of those in Ro25-6981 and amitriptyline alone or both treatment groups. Moreover, SERT expression was decreased in colorectal, DRG and hypothalamus of ISB model rats, but increased by Ro25-6981 and amitriptyline alone or both treatments. Ro25-6981 and amitriptyline treatment also decreased colorectal expression of TNF-α and IL-1β induced by IBS model. In conclusion, activation of 5-HT and NR2B may play a crucial role in visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome in rats.