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The promotional effects of inert nitrides for metal catalysts in the electrolysis are rarely reported. Recently, we reported an efficient Ni-VN/NF (that NF represents Ni foam) composite by nitriding treatment of NiV-layered double hydroxides (NiV-LDH) precursor that was in-situ hydrothermal growth on nickel foam. The optimal Ni-VN/NF exhibited outstanding electrocatalytic performance for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with a small overpotential of 39 mV at 10 mA cm

Aging-associated microbial dysbiosis exacerbates various disorders and dysfunctions, and is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in the elderly, but the underlying cause of this aging-related syndrome is confusing. SIRT6 knockout (SIRT6 KO) mice undergo premature aging and succumb to death by 4 weeks, and are therefore useful as a premature aging research model. Here, fecal microbiota transplantation from SIRT6 KO mice into wild-type (WT) mice phenocopies the gut dysbiosis and premature aging observed in SIRT6 KO mice. Conversely, an expanded lifespan was observed in SIRT6 KO mice when transplanted with microbiota from WT mice. Antibiotic cocktail treatment attenuated inflammation and cell senescence in KO mice, directly suggesting that gut dysbiosis contributes to the premature aging of SIRT6 KO mice. Increased Enterobacteriaceae translocation, driven by the overgrowth of Escherichia coli, is the likely mechanism for the premature aging effects of microbiome dysregulation, which could be reversed by a high-fat diet. Our results provide a mechanism for the causal link between gut dysbiosis and aging, and support a beneficial effect of a high-fat diet for correcting gut dysbiosis and alleviating premature aging. This study provides a rationale for the integration of microbiome-based high-fat diets into therapeutic interventions against aging-associated diseases.

Overexpression is one of the classical approaches to study pleiotropic functions of genes of interest. To achieve overexpression, we often increase the transcription by introducing genes on exogenous vectors or by using the CRISPR/dCas9-based transcriptional activation system. To date, the most efficient CRISPR/dCas9-based transcriptional activator is the Synergistic Activation Mediator (SAM) system whereby three different transcriptional activation domains are directly fused to dCas9 and MS2 phage Coat Protein (MCP), respectively, and the system in Drosophila is named flySAM. Here we describe the effective and convenient transcriptional activation system, flySAM, starting from vector construction, microinjection, and transgenic fly selection to the phenotypic analysis.

The flySAM/CRISPRa system has recently emerged as a powerful tool for gain-of-function studies in Drosophila melanogaster. This system includes Gal4/UAS-driven dCas9 activators and U6 promoter-controlled sgRNA. Having established dCas9 activators superior to other combinations, to further enhance the efficiency of the targeting activators we systematically optimized the parameters of the sgRNA. Interestingly, the most efficient sgRNAs were found to accumulate in the region from -150bp to -450bp upstream of the transcription start site (TSS), and the activation efficiency showed a strong positive correlation with the GC content of the sgRNA targeting sequence. In addition, the target region is dominant to the GC content, as sgRNAs targeting areas beyond -600bp from the TSS lose efficiency even when containing 75% GC. Surprisingly, when comparing the activities of sgRNAs targeting to either DNA strand, sgRNAs targeting to the non-template strand outperform those complementary to the template strand, both in cells and in vivo. In summary, we define criteria for sgRNA design which will greatly facilitate the application of CRISPRa in gain-of-function studies.

The dynamic redox process of surface oxide layers on metal surfaces is of great significance for understanding the active phase in catalytic reactions. We studied the formation of surface oxide layers on Cu(111) and Cu(110) in O2, as well as the subsequent reduction by CO using in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). By monitoring and comparing the oxidation process of Cu(111) and Cu(110) surfaces, we found a crystal-plane-dependent reaction mechanism, which also applies to the reduction of surface oxide layers on Cu surfaces. We found XPS Cu spectra cannot be used to identify the various surface oxide layer on Cu surfaces, suggesting their presence in catalytic reactions might have been overlooked. The combination of STM and XPS studies are thus advantageous in identifying surface oxide structures and pinpointing the active phases in the redox process, which paves the way for engineering the catalyst and reaction environment for optimized catalytic performances.

Despite tremendous importance in catalysis, the design of oxide-metal interface has been hampered by the limited understanding of the nature of interfacial sites and the oxide-metal interaction (OMI). Through construction of well-defined Cu2O/Pt, Cu2O/Ag and Cu2O/Au interfaces, we find that Cu2O nanostructures (NSs) on Pt exhibit much lower thermal stability than on Ag and Au, although they show the same structure. The activities of these interfaces are compared for CO oxidation and follow the order of Cu2O/Pt > Cu2O/Au > Cu2O/Ag. OMI is found to determine the activity and stability of supported Cu2O NSs, which could be described by the formation energy of interfacial oxygen vacancy. Further, electronic interaction between Cu+ and metal substrates is found center to OMI, where the d band center could be used as a key descriptor. Our study provides insight for OMI and for the development of Cu-based catalysts for low temperature oxidation reactions., The design of oxide-metal interface for heterogeneous catalysis has been hampered by the limited fundamental understanding. Here, the authors demonstrate that the activities of cuprous oxide nanostructures for CO oxidation can be tuned via the oxide-metal (Cu2O/M, M = Pt, Ag, Au) interaction.

LLC-1903, a novel anticancer compound, was synthesized by optimizing the structure, which was derived from altering the leaving group of lobaplatin. It has an excellent in vitro anti-cancer activit...

To assess the impact of the online car-hailing services on the environment in China, in this paper, we develop a model to evaluate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and emission reduction during the production and use of car-hailing, as a result of increased online bookings. Since energy use differs according to type of vehicle, this paper also contains different scenarios that depict degrees in the regulation stringency according to the Chinese Preliminary Rules on the Management of Online Car-Hailing, regional differences, and development of electric vehicles. The results show that, under the three different scenarios, the online car-hailing service would have the highest GHG emissions of 325, 413, or 160 MtCO2 and the highest reduction in emissions of 19.46, 25.1, or 9.48 MtCO2 by 2030. The government needs to encourage the development of online car-hailing to reduce the purchase of private cars, avoid compulsory actions to shut down online car-hailing platforms, and mandate that only electric vehicles (EVs) can be used for online car-hailing.

The synthesis, structures and properties of two-dimensional oxides have great fundamental significance and application potentials for the fields of catalysis, electronic devices and superconductors. In this article, the growth and synthesis of two-dimensional cuprous oxide were investigated on the surfaces of Ag(111) and Cu(111) single crystals. The structures of these two-dimensional cuprous oxides were characterized at the atomic scale using scanning tunneling microscopy in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). On Ag(111), two-dimensional cuprous oxide nanostructures exhibit an ordered honeycomb structure with the lattice distance between six-membered rings at ~6.0 A and the stoichiometry of Cu3O2. The hexagonal lattice of Cu3O2 also contains a small amount of “5-7” defect structure. In comparison, two-dimensional cuprous oxide nanostructures on Cu(111) also exhibit the stoichiometry of Cu3O2, but their surfaces are dominated by the large number of “5-7” defect structure. As a result, their surface lattice does not display the long-range order. Two-dimensional Cu3O2 nanostructures on Ag(111), as well as their zig-zag edges, could remain stable in 10−6 mbar O2 at 400 K or in UHV at 700 K. Under similar oxidation conditions, the Cu3O2 structure without long-range order would grow on Cu(111), due to the continuous oxidation of the exposed Cu surface. The oxidation of the Cu3O2 structure on Cu(111) eventually leads to the formation of the ordered “44”- or “29”-cuprous oxide structure. The comparison of the structure and stability of two-dimensional cuprous oxide on Ag(111) and Cu(111) thus demonstrated that the properties of two-dimensional cuprous oxide could be determined by the interfacial interaction. Our study provides not only a method for the preparation of model catalysts for the interfaces between metal and cuprous oxide, but also a pathway for further exploration of the physical and chemical properties of two-dimensional cuprous oxides.

Background: Few studies have been conducted on psychosomatic health status of pharmacy staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to investigate the incidence and influence factors of psychosomatic syndrome of pharmacy staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A total of 10721 pharmacy staff received online investigation through a period of 22 days from February 24th to March 16th 2019. The investigation included the self-designed general situation questionnaire and Psychosomatic Symptoms Scale (PSSS), and 9118 participants provided valid questionnaire feedback. ANOVA was used to evaluate significant differences of psychosomatic syndromes in different subgroups. Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis was used to determine the main risk factors of psychosomatic syndrome.Results: During the outbreak of COVID-19, the total incidence of psychosomatic syndrome was 21.7% in the pharmacy staff. The most common psychosomatic symptoms were sleep problems (dyscoimesis) and mood problems (irritability). Age was the most important risk factor of the observed psychosomatic syndromes and somatic symptoms, and education was identified affecting mostly psychological symptoms.Conclusion: During the period of COVID-19, the psychosomatic problems of pharmacy staff were prominent. Age and educational background should be taken into account of potential intervention strategy. The relief of mood and sleep will aid the treatment effort.

Notch signaling and epigenetic factors are known to play critical roles in regulating tissue homeostasis in most multicellular organisms, but how Notch signaling coordinates with epigenetic modulators to control differentiation remains poorly understood. Here, we identify heterochromatin protein 1c (HP1c) as an essential epigenetic regulator of gut homeostasis in Drosophila. Specifically, we observe that HP1c loss-of-function phenotypes resemble those observed after Notch signaling perturbation and that HP1c interacts genetically with components of the Notch pathway. HP1c represses the transcription of Notch target genes by directly interacting with Suppressor of Hairless (Su(H)), the key transcription factor of Notch signaling. Moreover, phenotypes caused by depletion of HP1c in Drosophila can be rescued by expressing human HP1γ, suggesting that HP1γ functions similar to HP1c in Drosophila. Taken together, our findings reveal an essential role of HP1c in normal development and gut homeostasis by suppressing Notch signaling.

Spermatogenesis‐associated protein 4 (SPATA4) is conserved across multiple species. However, the function of this gene remains largely unknown. In this study, we generated Spata4 transgenic mice to explore tissue‐specific function of SPATA4. Spata4 overexpression mice displayed increased subcutaneous fat tissue compared with wild‐type littermates at an old age, while this difference was not observed in younger mice. Aging‐induced ectopic fat distribution, inflammation, and insulin resistance were also significantly attenuated by SPATA4. In vitro, SPATA4 promoted preadipocyte differentiation through activation of the ERK1/2 and C/EBPβ pathway and increased the expression of adipokines. These data suggest SPATA4 can regulate lipid accumulation in a tissue‐specific manner and improve aging‐induced dysmetabolic syndromes. Clarifying the mechanism of SPATA4 functioning in lipid metabolism might provide novel therapeutic targets for disease interventions., SPATA4 promotes preadipocyte differentiation through activation of ERK1/2 and C/EBPβ pathway, attenuates aging‐induced ectopic distribution of fat, and improves metabolic homeostasis.

Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6), as a NAD + -dependent deacetylase, plays an indispensable role in the regulation of health and physiology. Loss of SIRT6 causes spontaneous colitis in mice and makes intestinal epithelial cells prone to stress. However, whether SIRT6 overexpression increases resistance to colitis remains unknown. Here, in vivo results demonstrated that SIRT6 overexpression attenuates DSS-induced colitis in terms of clinical manifestations, histopathological damage, loss of tight junction function and imbalanced intestinal microenvironment. Additionally, we also found that the activation of NF-&kappa, B and c-Jun induced by DSS is diminished by SIRT6 overexpression. Furthermore, SIRT6 may regulate TAK1 to inhibit NF-&kappa, B and c-Jun signaling. Thus, our findings highlight the protective effect of SIRT6 on colon, further supporting the perspective that SIRT6 may be a therapeutic target for intestine injury under stress.

Mammalian sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) is involved in the regulation of many essential processes, especially metabolic homeostasis. SIRT6 knockout mice undergo premature aging and die at age ~4 weeks. Severe glycometabolic disorders have been found in SIRT6 knockout mice, and whether a dietary intervention can rescue SIRT6 knockout mice remains unknown. In our study, we found that at the same calorie intake, a high‐fat diet dramatically increased the lifespan of SIRT6 knockout mice to 26 weeks (males) and 37 weeks (females), reversed multi‐organ atrophy, and reduced body weight, hypoglycemia, and premature aging. Furthermore, the high‐fat diet partially but significantly normalized the global gene expression profile in SIRT6 knockout mice. Regarding the mechanism, excessive glucose uptake and glycolysis induced by the SIRT6 deficiency were attenuated in skeletal muscle through inhibition of insulin and IGF1 signaling by the high‐fat diet. Similarly, fatty acids but not ketone bodies inhibited glucose uptake, glycolysis, and senescence in SIRT6 knockout fibroblasts, whereas PI3K inhibition antagonized the effects of a high‐fatty‐acid medium in vitro. Overall, the high‐fat diet dramatically reverses numerous consequences of SIRT6 deficiency through modulation of insulin and IGF1 signaling, providing a new basis for elucidation of SIRT6 and fatty‐acid functions and supporting novel therapeutic approaches against metabolic disorders and aging‐related diseases., SIRT6 deficiency induces hyper activation of insulin and IGF1 signaling, accompanied with excessive anaerobic glycolysis and premature aging phenotypes. High‐fat diet effectively extends the lifespan and rescues mutant phenotypes in SIRT6 knockout mice. Fatty acid but not ketone bodies inhibit glucose uptake and anaerobic glycolysis induced by SIRT6 deficiency.

A coordinating, copper-catalyzed direct α-C(sp3)–H fluorination method has been developed to prepare vital quaternary α-fluorinated α-amino acid derivatives. A Cu(II) catalytic SET oxidative addition mechanism is proposed, involving a key fluoride-coupled Cu(II) charge transfer complex. The protocol can tolerate a rich variety of α-amino acids, for which the auxiliary group is removed in high yield and substituted for the direct preparation of dipeptide derivatives with detachable, single absolute configurations of the target compounds.

Being relatively simple and practical, Drosophila transgenic RNAi is the technique of top priority choice to quickly study genes with pleiotropic functions. However, drawbacks have emerged over time, such as high level of false positive and negative results. To overcome these shortcomings and increase efficiency, specificity and versatility, we develop a next generation transgenic RNAi system. With this system, the leaky expression of the basal promoter is significantly reduced, as well as the heterozygous ratio of transgenic RNAi flies. In addition, it has been first achieved to precisely and efficiently modulate highly expressed genes. Furthermore, we increase versatility which can simultaneously knock down multiple genes in one step. A case illustration is provided of how this system can be used to study the synthetic developmental effect of histone acetyltransferases. Finally, we have generated a collection of transgenic RNAi lines for those genes that are highly homologous to human disease genes., Drosophila transgenic RNAi can have drawbacks such as false positives and negative results. Here the authors develop a next generation RNAi system with reduced leakiness of expression and simultaneous knockdown.

Summary Direct conversion of methane to high-value-added chemicals is a major challenge in catalysis, which usually requires high-energy input to overcome the reaction barrier. We report that graphene-confined single Fe atoms can be used as an efficient non-precious catalyst to directly convert methane to C1 oxygenated products at room temperature. A series of graphene-confined 3d transition metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) were screened, yet only single Fe atoms could catalyze the methane conversion. Combining in operando time-of-flight mass spectrometry, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, and density functional theory calculations, we found that methane conversion proceeds on the O–FeN4–O active site along a radical pathway to produce CH3OH and CH3OOH first, and then the generated CH3OH can be further catalyzed to form HOCH2OOH and HCOOH at room temperature.

Two-dimensional (2D) cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanostructures (NSs) of monolayer thickness were synthesized on Au(111) and characterized using atomic-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The surface and edge structures of 2D Cu2O were resolved at the atomic level and found to exhibit a graphene-like lattice structure. Cu2O NSs grew preferentially at the face centered cubic (fcc) domains of Au(111). Depending on the annealing temperature, the shapes and structures of Cu2O NSs were found to vary from elongated islands with a defective hexagonal lattice (mostly topological 5–7 defects) to triangular NSs with an almost-perfect hexagonal lattice. The edge structures of Cu2O NSs also varied with the annealing temperature, from predominantly the arm-chair 56 structure at 400 K to almost exclusively the zig-zag structure at 600 K. DFT calculations suggested that the herringbone ridges of Au(111) confined the growth and structure of Cu2O NSs on Au(111). As such, the arm-chair edges of Cu2O NSs, which are less stable than the zig-zag edges, could be exposed preferentially at 400 K. Cu2O NSs developed into the thermodynamically-favored triangular form and exposed zig-zag edges at 600 K, when the Au(111) substrate became mobile. The confined growth of 2D cuprous oxide on Au(111) demonstrated the importance of metal-oxide interactions in tuning the structures of supported 2D oxide NSs.

CRISPR/Cas9-based transcriptional activation (CRISPRa) has recently emerged as a powerful and scalable technique for systematic overexpression genetic analysis in Drosophila melanogaster. We present flySAM, a potent tool for in vivo CRISPRa, which offers major improvements over existing strategies in terms of effectiveness, scalability, and ease of use. flySAM outperforms existing in vivo CRISPRa strategies and approximates phenotypes obtained using traditional Gal4-UAS overexpression. Moreover, because flySAM typically requires only a single sgRNA, it dramatically improves scalability. We use flySAM to demonstrate multiplexed CRISPRa, which has not been previously shown in vivo. In addition, we have simplified the experimental use of flySAM by creating a single vector encoding both the UAS:Cas9-activator and the sgRNA, allowing for inducible CRISPRa in a single genetic cross. flySAM will replace previous CRISPRa strategies as the basis of our growing genome-wide transgenic overexpression resource, TRiP-OE.

Ultrathin Cu films deposited on a metal substrate have been used as a model system to understand the structure–function relationship in electrocatalysis, heterogeneous catalysis, and microelectronics. The stability of ultrathin Cu films against oxidation has been of particular interest, but there is a lack of microscopic understanding. We report here an atomic-level study on the thickness-dependent oxidation kinetics of Cu layers on Au(111), from ultrahigh vacuum to near ambient conditions. Ultrathin Cu films on Au(111) were found to exhibit a superior oxidation resistance over Cu(111), and their oxidation resistances increase in the order of Cu(111) < 2.4 ML Cu < 0.4 ML Cu. For 0.4 ML Cu, the spontaneous subsurface diffusion of Cu at 300 K and the formation of a Au-rich surface alloy inhibit the formation of copper oxides at the O2 pressure below 10–4 mbar. However, at near ambient conditions, 0.4 ML Cu would be partially oxidized to the CuO phase directly. In contrast, multilayer Cu or bulk Cu(111), tho...

The adsorption of CO on Pt group metals, as a most fundamental elementary reaction step, has been widely studied in catalysis and electrocatalysis. Particularly, the structures of CO on Pt(111) have been extensively investigated, owing to its importance to both fundamental and applied catalysis. Yet, much less is known regarding CO adsorption on a Pt(111) surface modulated by supported oxide nanostructures, which is of more relevance to technical catalysis. We thus investigated the coverage-dependent adsorption of CO on a Pt(111) surface partially covered by FeOx nanostructures, which has been demonstrated as a remarkable catalyst for low-temperature CO oxidation. We found that, due to its strong chemisorption, the coverage-dependent structure of CO on bare Pt is not influenced by the presence of FeOx. But, oxygen-terminated FeOx nanostructures could modulate the diffusivity of CO at their vicinity, and thus affect the formation of ordered CO superstructures at low temperatures. Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we inspected the diffusivity of CO, followed the phase transitions of CO domains, and resolved the molecular details of the coverage-dependent CO structures. Our results provide a full picture for CO adsorption on a Pt(111) surface modulated by oxide nanostructures and shed lights on the inter-adsorbate interaction on metal surfaces.

Atomic scale characterization of the surface structure of powder catalysts is essential to the identification of active sites, but remains a major challenge in catalysis research. We described here a procedure that combines atomic force microscopy (AFM), operated in air, and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), operated in UHV, to obtain the atomic structure and local electronic properties of powder catalysts. The atomically dispersed Fe-N-C catalyst was used as an example, which was synthesized by low temperature ball milling methods. We discussed the effect of solvents in the dispersion of powder catalysts on a planar support, which is key to the subsequent atomic characterization. From the morphology, atomic structure and local electronic properties of the Fe-N-C catalyst, our combined measurements also provide an insight for the effect of ball milling in the preparation of atomically dispersed metal catalysts.

The interface between metal and reducible oxide has attracted increasing interest in catalysis. The FeOx–Pt interface has been a typical example, which showed remarkable activity for the preferential oxidation of CO (PROX) at low temperatures. However, model catalytic studies under vacuum conditions or in high-pressure O-rich environment at 450 K have reported two different active phases with iron in two different valence states, invoking a possible pressure gap. To identify the active phase for low-temperature CO oxidation and PROX, it is necessary to investigate the stability and activity of FeO/Pt(111) under the realistic reaction conditions. We thus conducted an in situ study on FeO/Pt(111) from ultrahigh vacuum to the atmospheric pressure of reactant gases. Our study shows FeO islands were easily oxidized in 1 Torr O2 to form the trilayer FeO2 islands. However, the presence of 2 Torr CO could prevent the oxidation of FeO islands and lead to CO oxidation at the FeO/Pt(111) interface. The FeO/Pt(111) s...

A major challenge limiting the practical applications of nanomaterials is that the activities of nanostructures (NSs) increase with reduced size, often sacrificing their stability in the chemical environment. Under oxidative conditions, NSs with smaller sizes and higher defect densities are commonly expected to oxidize more easily, since high-concentration defects can facilitate oxidation by enhancing the reactivity with O2 and providing a fast channel for oxygen incorporation. Here, using FeO NSs as an example, we show to the contrary, that reducing the size of active NSs can drastically increase their oxidation resistance. A maximum oxidation resistance is found for FeO NSs with dimensions below 3.2 nm. Rather than being determined by the structure or electronic properties of active sites, the enhanced oxidation resistance originates from the size-dependent structural dynamics of FeO NSs in O2. We find this dynamic size effect to govern the chemical properties of active NSs., Smaller nanostructures often have higher activities, but at the expense of losing chemical stability. Here, the authors find that reducing the size of FeO nanostructures to below 3 nm enhances their resistance to oxidation, and attribute this unexpected observation to a size-dependent, structural dynamics effect.

Despite tremendous importance in catalysis, the design and improvement of the oxide- metal interface has been hampered by the limited understanding on the nature of interfacial sites, as well as the oxide-metal interaction (OMI). Through the construction of well-defined Cu2O-Pt, Cu2O-Ag, Cu2O-Au interfaces, we found that Cu2O Nanostructures (NSs) on Pt exhibit much lower thermal stability than on Ag and Au, although they show the same surface and edge structures, as identified by element-specific scanning tunneling microscopy (ES-STM) images. The activities of the Cu2O-Pt and Cu2O-Au interfaces for CO oxidation were further compared at the atomic scale and showed in general that the interface with Cu2O NSs could annihilate the CO-poisoning problem suffered by Pt group metals and enhance the interaction with O2, which is a limiting step for CO oxidation catalysis on group IB metals. While both interfaces could react with CO at room temperature, the OMI was found to determine the reactivity of supported Cu2O NSs by 1) tuning the activity of interfacial oxygen atoms and 2) stabilizing oxygen vacancies or vice versa, the dissociated oxygen atoms at the interface. Our study provides new insight for OMI and for the development of Cu-based catalysts for low temperature oxidation reactions.

Modern research has found that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) and Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharides (PUP) mainly exhibit immunoregulation. However, the immune function of a polysaccharide composition consisting of GLP and PUP has not been studied. In this study, we developed a polysaccharide composition consisting of GLP and PUP in a ratio of 3:1 (named GPP). The immunoregulation of GPP was detected in RAW264.7 macrophages. Then, the acute oral toxicity of GPP and the effect of GPP on immunoregulation in mice was detected. The results showed that GPP enhanced the function of macrophage RAW264.7 cells through improving phagocytic ability, nitric oxide (NO) production and the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-&alpha, GPP belonged to the non-toxic grade in mice. Moreover, GPP significantly improved macrophage phagocytic function and the activity of natural killer (NK) cells after being administered to mice at a dose of 0, 3.6, 120, 360 mg/kg body weight (mg/kg BW) orally for 30 days. Taken together, these findings suggested that GPP moderately regulated immune function in mice, which contributes to the further development and utilization of GLP and PUP in immune function.