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Long-term cyclic loading can have a significant effect on the modulus of sand, and the influence on saturated coral sand has yet to be established. In this paper, the significant influence of non-plastic fines content (FC) and relative density (Dr) on dynamic elastic modulus (E) of saturated coral sand has been evaluated by a series of cyclic triaxial drainage tests. The results show that the dynamic elastic modulus increases rapidly at the beginning of loading; then the growth slows down and finally stabilizes. In general, the development of E is influenced collectively by FC, Dr and cyclic stress ratio (CSR). The initial dynamic elastic modulus Ed-1 and steady-state dynamic elastic modulus Ed-s increase with the increase of Dr, and decrease as FC increases. The linear fitting equations are given by introducing the equivalent skeleton void ratio esk*. Furthermore, the relative dynamic elastic modulus Er is defined as the ratio of Ed-N to Ed-s, and the prediction equation for Er was developed to provide a basis for the engineering mechanical parameters of coral sands under long-term loads.

In order to address the issue of metering inaccuracies in charging stations that directly affect the development of electric vehicles, a prediction method for the relative error of charging stations based on the ConvFormer model is proposed. The model combines Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) with Transformer models in parallel, significantly improving the prediction accuracy. First, charging station data is preprocessed using forward interpolation and normalization methods, and the dataset is transformed into a dataset of input relative errors. Then, a neural network with an improved unidirectional convolutional and attention combination for time-series forecasting is constructed, and common regression performance evaluation metrics, MAE (Mean Absolute Error) and MSE (Mean Squared Error), are selected for evaluation. Finally, based on seven days of charging station data, the relative error of charging stations for the next 24 h is predicted, and compared to traditional Transformer and LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) time-series models. The results show that the improved model yields the lowest values for both MAE and MSE, with a 47.30 % reduction in MAE compared to the Transformer model and a 38.06 % reduction compared to LSTM, and a 66.94 % reduction in MSE compared to the Transformer model and approximately 62.32 % reduction compared to LSTM.

Non-Saccharomyces yeasts have great potential in improving wine quality, showing personality characteristics, and highlighting the terroir of wine. In this study, we evaluated the impact of simultaneous inoculation with the non-Saccharomyces yeasts Torulaspora delbrueckii or (and) Hanseniaspora uvarum in combination with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (EC1118 or VL3) on the aromatic compounds and sensory quality of Sauvignon blanc wines. The growth of yeast groups in the alcoholic fermentation process was tracked using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The presence of non-Saccharomyces yeast notably impacted the distribution of S. cerevisiae and was related to the species of yeast. The co-fermentation of H. uvarum and S. cerevisiae improved the content of total esters, especially acetate esters. Simultaneous inoculation of T. delbrueckii or (and) H. uvarum significantly increased the content of total terpenes, especially linalool. Similar results were found for some higher alcohols and organic acids. Sensory evaluation showed that the wines mixed fermentation with H. uvarum had significantly tropical fruit aroma characteristics. Citrus and mineral notes, typical aroma characteristics of Sauvignon blanc wine, were enhanced by mixed fermentation strategies with T. delbrueckii or (and) H. uvarum and different S. cerevisiae. Hence, co-fermentation by T. delbrueckii or H. uvarum combined with S. cerevisiae could significantly improve the sensory quality of Sauvignon blanc wine.

The J-TEXT capability is enhanced compared to two years ago with several upgrades of its diagnostics and the increase of electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) power to 1 MW. With the application of electron cyclotron wave (ECW), the ECW assisted plasma startup is achieved; the tearing mode is suppressed; the toroidal injection of 300 kW ECW drives around 24 kA current; fast electrons are generated with toroidal injected ECW and the runaway current conversion efficiency increases with ECRH power. The mode coupling between 2/1 and 3/1 modes are extensively studied. The coupled 2/1 and 3/1 modes usually lead to major disruption. Their coupling can be either suppressed or avoided by external resonant magnetic perturbation fields and hence avoids the major disruption. It is also found that the 2/1 threshold of external field is significantly reduced by a pre-excited 3/1 mode, which can be either a locked island or an external kink mode. The disruption control is studied by developing prediction methods capable of cross tokamak application and by new mitigation methods, such as the biased electrode or electromagnetic pellet injector. The high-density operation and related disruptions are studied from various aspects. Approaching the density limit, the collapse of the edge shear layer is observed and such collapse can be prevented by applying edge biasing, leading to an increased density limit. The density limit is also observed to increase, if the plasma is operated in the poloidal divertor configuration or the plasma purity is increased by increasing the pre-filled gas pressure or ECRH power during the start-up phase.

Since the last IAEA-FEC in 2021, significant progress on the development of long pulse steady state scenario and its related key physics and technologies have been achieved, including the reproducible 403 s long-pulse steady-state H-mode plasma with pure radio frequency (RF) power heating. A thousand-second time scale (∼1056 s) fully non-inductive plasma with high injected energy up to 1.73 GJ has also been achieved. The EAST operational regime of high β _P has been significantly extended ( H _98y2 > 1.3, β _P ∼ 4.0, β _N ∼ 2.4 and n _e / n _GW ∼ 1.0) using RF and neutral beam injection (NBI). The full edge localized mode suppression using the n = 4 resonant magnetic perturbations has been achieved in ITER-like standard type-I ELMy H-mode plasmas with q _95 ≈ 3.1 on EAST, extrapolating favorably to the ITER baseline scenario. The sustained large ELM control and stable partial detachment have been achieved with Ne seeding. The underlying physics of plasma-beta effect for error field penetration, where toroidal effect dominates, is disclosed by comparing the results in cylindrical theory and MARS-Q simulation in EAST. Breakdown and plasma initiation at low toroidal electric fields (

During the storage of wines in bottles, especially white wines, tartrate crystallization often occurs, which reduces the commercial value of the wines and therefore needs to be avoided by performing cold stabilization treatments before bottling. However, whether different cold treatment durations impact the quality of a wine’s aroma has not yet been of special concern. This research was conducted at an industrial scale to explore how cold treatments at −5.3 °C for 10 to 15 days impact the organic acids, aroma compounds, and sensory quality of Riesling dry white wines, and the variation was documented at the end of treatment, and at 6 and 12 months of bottle storage. The results showed that cold treatments significantly reduced tartaric acid concentrations and significantly affected the concentrations of most aroma components in the wines only after 12 months of bottle storage, including the main components of esters, norisoprenoids, terpenoids, and furfural. Moreover, the concentrations of some components showed an increasing trend with the bottle storage, especially 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN), the characteristic volatile of Riesling wine, suggesting that an acidic condition resulting from cold treatment might facilitate the conversion of some aroma precursors into volatiles. In conclusion, cold stabilization treatments, within limits, can improve tartaric acid stability and could promote the conservation of aroma compounds during bottle storage without adversely affecting the aroma profile of the wines.

To measure the amplitude and phase of the non-axisymmetric radial magnetic field generated by the locked mode, 12 saddle loop sensors are newly developed on the J-TEXT Tokamak. The saddle loop is made of flexible printed circuit (FPC) to adapt the complex installment environment and ensure the installment accuracy. In the experiment, the saddle loop measures the radial magnetic field of locked mode and the axisymmetric equilibrium magnetic fields as well as that of the corresponding eddy current. Precise compensation for the fluxes induced by the horizontal and vertical field coils is realized by utilizing the lumped eddy current circuits based on an analytical model. By using this set of saddle loop sensors, the amplitude and phase of the m/n = 2/1 locked mode are clearly measured for the case of error field locking with slow rotation and the penetration of resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) respectively. Here, m and n are the poloidal and toroidal mode number.

The mechanical properties of titanium alloys are greatly affected by their microstructural composition, with a complex relationship between strength and plasticity. This study examines the impact of aging treatment on twinning behavior and its consequences on the mechanical characteristics of a hot-rolled Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni-0.5Al-0.5Zr alloy. By analyzing the changes in microstructure, mechanical properties, and crystallographic features during aging, the study reveals that aging results in the formation of lamellar α phases within the matrix grains. This process increases the lamellar α phase and reduces the average grain size with longer aging periods, promoting microstructural changes that enhance twinning and modify grain boundary features. Specifically, there is a decrease in medium angle grain boundaries (MAGBs) and an increase in low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs). Tensile tests show that although the tensile strength decreases compared to the hot-rolled alloy, plasticity significantly improves. The twinning behavior induced by aging helps enhance the tensile strength while maintaining ductility as aging progresses. Additionally, the study investigates how grain lattice orientation and aging twinning affect mechanical properties. Grains with high Schmid Factor (SF) values (>0.4) are more likely to activate multiple slip systems, leading to a uniform strain distribution and enhanced ductility. Overall, aging treatment of the Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni-0.5Al-0.5Zr alloy brings about beneficial microstructural changes that improve its mechanical properties, particularly enhancing strength and ductility. This research provides valuable insights into the interplay among microstructure, crystallography, and mechanical performance, essential for advancing and optimizing titanium alloys for various applications.

The magnetic diagnostic of Mirnov probe arrays has been upgraded on the J-TEXT tokamak to measure the magnetohydrodynamic instabilities with higher spatial resolution and better amplitude-frequency characteristics. The upgraded Mirnov probe array contains one poloidal array with 48 probe modules and two toroidal arrays with 25 probe modules. Each probe module contains two probes which measure both the poloidal and the radial magnetic fields (Bp and Br). To ensure that the Mirnov probe possess better amplitude-frequency characteristics, a novel kind of Mirnov probe made of low temperature co-fired ceramics is utilized. The parameters and frequency response of the probe are measured and can meet the experiment requirement. The new Mirnov arrays have been normally applied for a round of experiments, including the observation of tearing modes and their coupling as well as high frequency magnetic perturbation due to the Alfv'en eigenmode. In order to extract useful information from raw signals, visualization processing methods based on singular value decomposition and cross-power spectrum are applied to decompose the coupled modes and to determine the mode number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electron temperature difference between the o-point and the x-point of a magnetic island is studied numerically by solving the two-dimensional energy transport equation. It is found that, even without a localized radio-frequency heating at the island's o-point, there is usually a temperature difference between these two points. This difference depends on the radial profile of the heating power deposition, the ratio between the parallel and the perpendicular heat conductivity and the island width, and it takes a minimum when the island width is about twice the local heat diffusion layer width. The effect of the temperature difference on the island growth is further studied, and the peaked heating power density profile at magnetic axis is found be destabilizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of a narrow sub-Alfvénic shear flow layer near the minimum qmin of the tokamak safety factor profile in a configuration with reversed central shear is analyzed. Sufficiently strong velocity shear gives rise to a broad spectrum of fast growing Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH)-like ideal magnetohydrodynamic modes with dominant mode numbers m,n∼10. Nonlinear simulations with finite resistivity show magnetic reconnection near ripples caused by KH-like vortices, the formation of turbulent structures, and a flattening of the flow profile. The KH modes are compared to double tearing modes that dominate at lower shearing rates. The possible application of these results in tokamaks with internal transport barrier is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the modeling of the nonlinear growth of neoclassical tearing modes. Inclusion of the perturbed bootstrap current and the nonlinear coupling between different harmonics in the model; Use of the large aspect-ratio tokamak approximation; Impact of the island formation on plasma pressure in the region between the magnetic axis and the island.

Numerical studies on the stabilization of neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) by electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) have been carried out based on reduced MHD equations, focusing on the amount of the required driven current for mode stabilization and the comparison with analytical results. The dependence of the minimum driven current required for NTM stabilization on some parameters, including the bootstrap current density, radial width of the driven current, radial deviation of the driven current from the resonant surface, and the island width when applying ECCD, are studied. By fitting the numerical results, simple expressions for these dependences are obtained. Analysis based on the modified Rutherford equation (MRE) has also been carried out, and the corresponding results have the same trend as numerical ones, while a quantitative difference between them exists. This difference becomes smaller when the applied radio frequency (rf) current is smaller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excitation of internal m = 1 mode during application of resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) is observed on J-TEXT tokamak. It is found that the sawtooth oscillation disappears after RMPs penetration, and subsequently an internal m = 1 mode with a frequency around 2 kHz appears, were m and n are the poloidal and toroidal mode numbers, respectively. In addition, the internal m = 1 mode often coexists with a rotating m/n = 2/1 tearing mode, and its frequency increases by about 0.5 kHz when the 2/1 tearing mode is locked by RMPs. The bispectrum analysis proves that the m = 1 mode interacts with the rotating 2/1 tearing mode, which implies the mode coupling between these two modes. The frequency of m = 1 mode increases for higher electron density. These results reveal that, the internal m = 1 mode can be excited by RMPs and coexist with both locked and rotating 2/1 mode due to toroidal mode coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method to stabilize the rotating neoclassical tearing mode (NTM) by using both the rf current drive and the static resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) is investigated. When a non-uniform mode rotation is induced by the RMP, the stabilization of NTM by the rf current is found to be enhanced if the RMP phase has a half period difference from that of the rf wave deposition along the helical angle. The required rf current for mode stabilization is reduced by about one third if an appropriate RMP amplitude is applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]