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Abstract The expansion of neural progenitors and production of distinct neurons are crucial for architectural assembly and formation of connectivity in human brains. Subplate neurons (SPNs) are among the firstborn neurons in the human fetal cerebral cortex, and play a critical role in establishing intra‐ and extracortical connections. However, little is known about SPN origin and developmental lineages. In this study, spatial landscapes and molecular trajectories of SPNs in the human fetal cortices from gestational weeks (GW) 10 to 25 are created by performing spatial transcriptomics and single‐cell RNA sequencing. Genes known to be evolutionarily human‐specific and genes associated with extracellular matrices (ECMs) are found to maintain stable proportions of subplate neurons among other neuronal types. Enriched ECM gene expression in SPNs varies in distinct cortical regions, with the highest level in the frontal lobe of human fetal brains. This study reveals molecular origin and lineage specification of subplate neurons in the human fetal cerebral cortices, and highlights underpinnings of SPNs to cortical neurogenesis and early structural folding.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to enhance the understanding of cardio-cerebral infarction (CCI) clinical features and identify key prognostic factors, thereby providing an empirical foundation for advancing prevention and treatment strategies and ultimately improving clinical outcomes for CCI patients.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 17,645 AIS and 7,584 AMI patients admitted to two hospitals from 2014 to 2023. Univariate analysis, Spearman correlation, and multivariate logistic regression were performed to identify independent risk factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine optimal cutoff values.ResultsThis study enrolled 85 patients with CCI, representing an overall CCI incidence of approximately 0.34%. Males comprised 64.71% of the cohort. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and cardiogenic cerebral infarction were the most predominant subtypes. The in-hospital mortality rate was 30.59%, with 65.38% of deaths attributed to cardiac causes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified three independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality: elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), decreased serum albumin, and increased peak N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels (NT-proBNP). ROC curve analysis demonstrated that the area under the curve (AUC) for the NLR, albumin concentration and peak NT-proBNP concentration were 0.863, 0.723, and 0.824, respectively. The optimal cutoff values were 6.914 for NLR, 33.80 g/L for albumin, and 9474.50 pg/mL for peak NT-proBNP. The AUC of the combined diagnostic model reached 0.959, significantly outperforming the individual indicators.ConclusionElevated NLR, decreased serum albumin, and increased peak NT-proBNP levels independently predict in-hospital mortality in CCI patients. Combining these biomarkers enhances predictive capability for adverse outcomes.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare clinical features, laboratory findings, and immunotherapy responses between antibody-positive and antibody-negative Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) patients.MethodsA retrospective analysis of clinical data from 60 AE patients (33 antibody-positive, 27 antibody-negative) diagnosed at Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University between January 1, 2016, and March 1, 2024 was conducted. Disease severity and treatment response were assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and the Clinical Assessment Scale for Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE).ResultsAntibody-positive AE patients more frequently presented with multiple symptoms (≥4 symptoms: 39.4% vs. 14.8%, p = 0.036). They demonstrated significantly elevated serum IgG concentrations (p = 0.010) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leukocyte counts (p = 0.014). Conversely, antibody-negative AE patients presented with higher CSF total protein levels (p = 0.025) and albumin quotients (p = 0.018), indicative of more severe blood–brain barrier disruption. Antibody-positive AE patients more frequently received combination first-line immunotherapy (75.8% vs. 48.1%, p = 0.027) and exhibited superior treatment outcomes (90.9% vs. 70%, p = 0.022). Among critically ill patients (peak mRS score: 4–5), improvement in CASE scores was markedly greater in the antibody-positive cohort (median: 4.50 vs. 1.00, p = 0.024).ConclusionAntibody-positive AE patients manifested a more diverse symptom spectrum, elevated serum IgG concentrations and CSF leukocyte counts, and superior responses to immunotherapy. In contrast, antibody-negative AE patients demonstrated more severe blood–brain barrier dysfunction, as evidenced by higher CSF total protein concentrations and albumin quotients.

In this study, we investigated the oxidative mechanisms of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) enhanced potassium ferrate (K2FeO4), focusing on tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPhT) as target pollutants. The addition of nZVI enhanced the degradation of both organic tin compounds by K2FeO4, exhibiting pseudo-first-order kinetics influenced by pH, carbonate, and fulvic acid. nZVI, as a reducing agent, facilitated the generation of stronger oxidizing species Fe (V) and Fe (IV) from K2FeO4 through electron transfer. The presence of hydroxyl radicals (OH) was confirmed by tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) verification. Intermediate products of TBT degradation by nZVI-enhanced K2FeO4 were identified using GC-MS, confirming de-alkylation leading to stepwise oxidation to inorganic tin ions. Due to excessively long Sn-C bonds in diphenyltin, rendering them unstable, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were employed. Results indicated that Fe (IV) and Fe (V) predominantly attacked the Sn-C bonds of TPhT, while OH primarily targeted the benzene ring. HOMO energy levels suggested that Fe (V) was more prone to oxidizing TPhT than Fe (IV). Gibbs free energy calculations demonstrated that, in the presence of Fe (IV) and Fe (V), the energy barrier for breaking bonds and oxidizing into inorganic tin ions decreased, favoring the process over the self-decomposition of TPhT. Additionally, the lower energy barrier for OH indicated an easier degradation of TPhT. This study reveals that nZVI-enhanced K2FeO4 effectively removes TBT and TPhT, contributing to the understanding of the ferrate-mediated degradation mechanism of organic tin compounds. The findings offer insights and theoretical guidance for remediating organic tin pollution in aquatic environments.

Over the past several years, high-βN experiments have been carried out on HL-2A. The high-βN is realized using double transport barriers (DTBs) with hybrid scenarios. A stationary high-βN (>2) scenario was obtained by pure neutral-beam injection (NBI) heating. Transient high performance was also achieved, corresponding to βN≥3, ne/neG∼0.6, H98∼1.5, fbs∼30%, q95∼4.0, and G∼0.4. The high-βN scenario was successfully modeled using integrated simulation codes, that is, the one modeling framework for integrated tasks (OMFIT). In high-βN plasmas, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities are abundant, including low-frequency global MHD oscillation with n = 1, high-frequency coherent mode (HCM) at the edge, and neoclassical tearing mode (NTM) and Alfvénic modes in the core. In some high-βN discharges, it is observed that the NTMs with m/n=3/2 limit the growth of the plasma energy and decrease βN. The low-n global MHD oscillation is consistent with the coupling of destabilized internal (m/n = 1/1) and external (m/n = 3/1 or 4/1) modes, and plays a crucial role in triggering the onset of ELMs. Achieving high-βN on HL-2A suggests that core-edge interplay is key to the plasma confinement enhancement mechanism. Experiments to enhance βN will contribute to future plasma operation, such as international thermonuclear experimental reactor .

ABSTRACT The world’s largest macroalgal green tide, caused by Ulva prolifera, has resulted in serious consequences for coastal waters of the Yellow Sea, China. Although viruses are considered to be one of the key factors in controlling microalgal bloom demise, understanding of the relationship between viral communities and the macroalgal green tide is still poor. Here, a Qingdao coastal virome (QDCV) time-series data set was constructed based on the metagenomic analysis of 17 DNA viromes along three coastal stations of the Yellow Sea, covering different stages of the green tide from Julian days 165 to 271. A total of 40,076 viral contigs were detected and clustered into 28,058 viral operational taxonomic units (vOTUs). About 84% of the vOTUs could not be classified, and 62% separated from vOTUs in other ecosystems. Green tides significantly influenced the spatiotemporal dynamics of the viral community structure, diversity, and potential functions. For the classified vOTUs, the relative abundance of Pelagibacter phages declined with the arrival of the bloom and rebounded after the bloom, while Synechococcus and Roseobacter phages increased, although with a time lag from the peak of their hosts. More than 80% of the vOTUs reached peaks in abundance at different specific stages, and the viral peaks were correlated with specific hosts at different stages of the green tide. Most of the viral auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) were associated with carbon and sulfur metabolism and showed spatiotemporal dynamics relating to the degradation of the large amount of organic matter released by the green tide. IMPORTANCE To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the responses of viruses to the world’s largest macroalgal green tide. It revealed the spatiotemporal dynamics of the unique viral assemblages and auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) following the variation and degradation of Ulva prolifera. These findings demonstrate a tight coupling between viral assemblages, and prokaryotic and eukaryotic abundances were influenced by the green tide.

Approaching space target tracking is a typical and challenging mission in the space situational awareness (SSA) field. As the space-based radar is able to monitor the space targets of interest full-weather all-time, the space-based radar system is utilized in this paper. However, most multi-target tracking (MTT) filters in target tracking studies merely utilize the location or narrow measurements, and many potentially valuable electromagnetic scattering characteristics are missed, which leads to space target false tracking problems. The space-based radar transmits a wide-band signal, and the measured high-resolution range profile (HRRP) information is an effective characteristic for different target discrimination. Therefore, the HRRP characteristics of space targets are implemented into the update recursion of the MTT filter, which can be utilized to improve the tracking performance. Then, to predict the target HRRP sequence, the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) model is utilized. Additionally, a modified spatial spectrum method with a novel covariance matrix is designed to improve the scattering parameter estimation accuracy. Finally, an adapting threshold is devised for merging the Gaussian mixture (GM) components weights. The proposed threshold is on the basis of the proposed HRRP characteristic-aided probability hypothesis density (PHD) filter, and it can tackle the problem of space target discrimination. Simulation results validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed probability hypothesis density (HGI-PHD) filter aided by HRRP information and improved with GM weights.

Abstract Objective JNK pathway‐associated phosphatase (JKAP) is previously reported to regulate immune/inflammatory process via T‐cell signaling, and closely involves in neurological diseases, while its implication in Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the correlation of JKAP with Th1/Th2/Th17 cells and their clinical roles in PD patients, and then further explore the effect of JKAP on regulating CD4+ T‐cell differentiation in PD. Methods Totally 50 PD patients and 50 age‐/gender‐matched controls were enrolled. Their blood samples were collected and proposed to ELISA and flow cytometry assays for JKAP, Th1, Th2, and Th17 measurements. In vitro, CD4+ T cells were isolated from PD patients then transfected with JKAP overexpression and knockdown Lentivirus, followed by detection of markers (CD25+ cell proportion, CD69+ cell proportion, IFN‐γ, IL10, and IL17). Results JKAP was downregulated in PD patients compared to controls, which also showed good potency to discriminate them. Besides, JKAP negatively correlated with Th1 and Th17 cell proportions, but did not associate with Th2 cell proportion in PD patients; Interestingly, JKAP did not correlated with Th1, Th2, or Th17 cell proportions in controls. Furthermore, JKAP correlated with some parts of unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. In vitro, JKAP overexpression repressed CD4+ T‐cell activation and its differentiation into Th1 and Th17 cells in PD, while JKAP knockdown appeared opposite effect. Interpretation JKAP associates with disease risk and severity, correlates with Th1 and Th17 cells, and regulates CD4+ T‐cell activation/differentiation in PD.

Reasonable allocation of space-based radar resources is a crucial aspect of improving the accuracy of space multi-target tracking and enhancing spatial awareness. The conventional resource allocation algorithm fails to exploit the high dynamic radar cross-section (RCS) characteristics, resulting in poor tracking robustness, tracking divergence, or even loss of tracking. However, the RCS of space targets fluctuates considerably in actual tracking scenarios, which cannot be disregarded for space target tracking tasks. To address this issue, we propose an adaptive allocation method that considers the dynamic RCS fluctuation characteristic for space-based radar tracking assignments. The proposed method exploits the predictable orbital information of space target to calculate the real-time observation angle of radar, and then obtains the multi-target dynamic RCS through the target RCS dataset. By combining the obtained RCS sequence, radar power, and bandwidth, an optimal model for radar tracking accuracy is established based on the multi-target posterior Cramér–Rao lower bound (PCRLB) to evaluate the tracking performance. By resolving the aforementioned multivariance optimization problem, we eventually acquire the results of power and bandwidth pre-allocation for tracking multiple space targets. Simulation results validate that, compared with the traditional methods, the proposed joint dynamic RCS power and bandwidth allocation (JRPBA) method can achieve superior tracking accuracy and minimize instances of missed tracking.

Summary: Hadal ocean biosphere, that is, the deepest part of the world’s oceans, harbors a unique microbial community, suggesting a potential uncovered co-occurring virioplankton assemblage. Herein, we reveal the unique virioplankton assemblages of the Challenger Deep, comprising 95,813 non-redundant viral contigs from the surface to the hadal zone. Almost all of the dominant viral contigs in the hadal zone were unclassified, potentially related to Alteromonadales and Oceanospirillales. 2,586 viral auxiliary metabolic genes from 132 different KEGG orthologous groups were mainly related to the carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and arsenic metabolism. Lysogenic viral production and integrase genes were augmented in the hadal zone, suggesting the prevalence of viral lysogenic life strategy. Abundant rve genes in the hadal zone, which function as transposase in the caudoviruses, further suggest the prevalence of viral-mediated horizontal gene transfer. This study provides fundamental insights into the virioplankton assemblages of the hadal zone, reinforcing the necessity of incorporating virioplankton into the hadal biogeochemical cycles.

Trisomy 18, commonly known as Edwards syndrome, is the second most common autosomal trisomy among live born neonates. Multiple tissues including cardiac, abdominal, and nervous systems are affected by an extra chromosome 18. To delineate the complexity of anomalies of trisomy 18, we analyzed cultured amniotic fluid cells from two euploid and three trisomy 18 samples using single-cell transcriptomics. We identified 6 cell groups, which function in development of major tissues such as kidney, vasculature and smooth muscle, and display significant alterations in gene expression as detected by single-cell RNA-sequencing. Moreover, we demonstrated significant gene expression changes in previously proposed trisomy 18 critical regions, and identified three new regions such as 18p11.32, 18q11 and 18q21.32, which are likely associated with trisomy 18 phenotypes. Our results indicate complexity of trisomy 18 at the gene expression level and reveal genetic reasoning of diverse phenotypes in trisomy 18 patients.

We present a new scheme of picosecond optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) in which a Fourier-transform-limit 5.0 ps pulse is optically sheared from a single-longitudinal-mode 1064 nm CW laser. The pulse is amplified and frequency-doubled as the pump in order to maintain the pump narrow bandwidth and picosecond duration simultaneously, which is very important to ensure the high temporal contrast for an OPCPA amplifier. Combined with the cross-polarized wave generation (XPW), a compound frontend for the high-power femtosecond laser system that delivers a 1 Hz chirped pulse train is established. The experiments provide an output pulse energy of 17.1 mJ, a spectrum bandwidth 71 nm (FWHM), and a pulse duration 16.4 fs. The pulse contrast reaches 1:10−12 several picoseconds before the peak of the main pulse, which is the best value of the available measuring instruments.

Purpose: In order to classify different types of health data collected in clinical practice of hernia surgery more effectively and improve the classification performance of support vector machine (SVM). Methods: A prospective randomized study was conducted. Sixty patients undergoing hernia repair under general anesthesia were randomly divided into two groups, PLMA group (n = 30) and ETT group (n = 30), for airway management. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, respiratory parameters and the incidence of complications related to ProSeal laryngeal mask airway (PLMA) and endotracheal tube (ETT) were collected in clinical experiments in order to evaluate the operation condition. On the basis of this experiment, at first, expert credibility is introduced to process the index value; secondly, the classification weight of the index is objectively determined by the information entropy output of the index itself; finally, a comprehensive classification model of support vector machine based on key sample set is proposed and its advantages are evaluated. Result: After classifying the experimental data, we found that SVM can accurately judge the effect of surgery by data. In this experiment, PLMA method is better than ETT method in xenon repair operation. Discussion: SVM has great accuracy and practicability in judging the outcome of xenon repair operation. Conclusion: The proposed index classification weight model can deal with the uncertainties caused by uncertain information and give the confidence of the uncertain information. Compared with the traditional SVM method, the proposed method based on SVM and key sample set greatly reduces the number of samples that misjudge the effect of samples, and improves the practicability of SVM method. It is concluded that PLMA is superior to the ETT technique to hernia surgical. The idea of constructing classification model based on key sample set proposed in this paper can also be used for reference in other data mining methods.

Cross-range scaling of sequential inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images is a vital problem for the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of spatial targets. Specifically, since the angular velocity of spatial targets cannot be accurately estimated due to their non-cooperative nature, the obtained cross-range coordinates of the scattering points often have non-negligible errors. The errors may result in a serious distortion of the reconstructed geometry of the targets, which makes consequent target recognition and classification unreliable. To tackle this problem, via geometrical analysis, the relationship between the cross-range projection vector and the range projection vector is revealed for the first time, based on which a novel algorithm is proposed to iteratively scale the cross-range coordinates with no need for estimating the angular velocity of the spatial targets. Experimental simulations show that the proposed algorithm not only provides a higher accuracy of 3D reconstruction, but also has a lower computational complexity compared with conventional algorithm.

This study aimed to explore the molecular regulatory network among microRNA-125b (miR-125b), forkhead box Q1 (FOXQ1), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), as well as their effects on cell apoptosis, neurite outgrowth, and inflammation in Alzheimer disease (AD). Rat embryo cerebral cortex neurons and nerve growth factor–stimulated PC12 cells were insulted by Aβ1−42 to construct two AD cellular models. Negative control (NC) inhibitor, miR-125b inhibitor, NC siRNA, FOXQ1 siRNA, PTGS2 siRNA, and CDK5 siRNA were transferred into the two AD cellular models alone or combined. Then, cell apoptosis, neurite outgrowth, proinflammatory cytokines, miR-125b, FOXQ1, PTGS2, and CDK5 expressions were detected. MiR-125b inhibition facilitated neurite outgrowth but suppressed cell apoptosis and proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 6); meanwhile, it upregulated FOXQ1 but downregulated PTGS2 and CDK5. Furthermore, FOXQ1 inhibition promoted cell apoptosis and proinflammatory cytokines but repressed neurite outgrowth; PTGS2 inhibition achieved the opposite effects; CDK5 inhibition attenuated cell apoptosis, whereas it less affected neurite outgrowth and inflammation. Notably, FOXQ1 inhibition attenuated, whereas PTGS2 inhibition elevated the effect of miR-125b inhibition on regulating neurite outgrowth, cell apoptosis, and proinflammatory cytokines. As for CDK5 inhibition, it enhanced the effect of miR-125b inhibition on regulating cell apoptosis, but less impacted the neurite outgrowth and proinflammatory cytokines. Additionally, PTGS2 inhibition and CDK5 inhibition both reversed the effect of FOXQ1 inhibition on regulating cell apoptosis, neurite outgrowth, and proinflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, targeting miR-125b alleviates AD progression via blocking PTGS2 and CDK5 in a FOXQ1-dependent way.

We report on comprehensive research regarding the potential of phase-conjugate wave (PCW) generation via backward degenerate four-wave mixing process as a pulse cleaner in femtosecond high-power laser systems. We analyzed the performance of this technique by investigating the contrast enhancement capability, gain bandwidth, and energy conversion efficiency. All of these parameters are important in pulse cleaning. The numerical calculations verified that a considerably large efficiency bandwidth product and an excellent contrast enhancement capability can be realized by finding a balance between each physical effect. The simulation results based on this study provide guidance for the application of this technique in laser systems with different bandwidths. The method, which is based on PCW generation, provides new insights for femtosecond petawatt laser systems as pulse cleaners.

We focused on a single-shot method for directly measuring the temporal contrast enhancement of a single plasma mirror by analyzing the spectrum of a chirped pulse spatiotemporally overlapped with the igniting laser used for generating a plasma mirror. Experimentally, temporal contrast enhancement of 102 by one plasma mirror was successfully measured in a hundred picosecond timescale and was consistent with the theory. This single-shot measurement method caused no degradation on the performance of the plasma mirror, which was proved by monitoring the efficiency and far-field pattern of the igniting laser after the plasma mirror. Combined with calorimeters and CCD cameras, this method is expected to realize the single-shot online diagnosis of plasma mirrors. This method is expected to be an efficient approach for measuring the temporal contrast enhancement of the plasma mirrors.

Reduction in the power load deposited onto the divertor target plates is achieved with supersonic molecular beam injection (SMBI) fuelling. The largest reduction in the heat flux profiles occurs at the outboard divertor separatrix strike point, while the heat flux far from the strike point almost keeps constant. Most of this reduction in the divertor heat flux is accompanied by an enhanced plasma radiation. Especially, a partially detached divertor regime is observed with multi-pulse SMBI. Moreover, the divertor heat flux is also mitigated strongly with SMBI in ELMy H-mode plasmas. During this mitigation period, the large-scale fluctuations are suppressed while the small-scale fluctuations increase. These results demonstrate that SMBI technique can be considered as one of the technique tools for mitigating the power load deposited onto the divertor target.

The acoustic environment of urban residential areas is closely related to road traffic noise. More specifically, the effect of the light rail on the old residential area in Chongqing is potentially profound. Using geographic information system (GIS) to construct a map of the urban light rail’s influence on the acoustic environment of residential areas, the influence of noise can be determined. Very few studies exist on the impact of light rails on the acoustic environment of residential areas, and there is no literature on the impact of light rails on the acoustic environment of residential areas using GIS. In this study, the degree of influence of a light rail on nearby residential areas and the diffusion degree of light rail noise in these areas during various times of the day were analysed by measuring the objective indicators of acoustic landscape elements and evaluating subjective indicators. The layout mode of the residential areas and the light rail were superimposed, and other traffic noise influences were eliminated. This method provides a scientific basis for the planning, design, and reconstruction of residential areas.

A metagenomic analysis of the viral community from five surface and five deep sea water (>2000 m below the surface, mbs) samples collected from the central basin of the South China Sea and adjacent Northwest Pacific Ocean during July–August 2017 was conducted herein. We builded up a South China Sea DNA virome (SCSV) dataset of 29,967 viral Operational Taxonomic Units (vOTUs), which is comparable to the viral populations from the original Tara Ocean and Malaspina expeditions. The most abundant and widespread viral populations were from the uncultivated viruses annotated from the viral metagenomics. Only 74 and 37 vOTUs have similarity with the reported genomes from the cultivated viruses and the single-virus genomics, respectively. The community structures of deep sea viromes in the SCSV were generally different from the surface viromes. The carbon flux and nutrients (PO4 and NOx) were related to the surface and deep sea viromes in the SCSV, respectively. In the SCSV, the annotated vOTUs could be affiliated to the cultivated viruses mainly including Pelagibacter (SAR11) phage HTVC010P, Prochlorococcus phages (P-GSP1, P-SSM4, and P-TIM68), Cyanophages (MED4-184 and MED4-117) and Mycobacterium phages (Sparky and Squirty). It indicated that phage infection to the SAR11 cluster may occur ubiquitously and has significant impacts on bathypelagic SAR11 communities in the deep sea. Meanwhile, as Prochlorococcus is prominently distributed in the euphotic ocean, the existence of their potential phages in the deep sea suggested the sedimentation mechanism might contribute to the formation of the deep sea viromes. Intriguingly, the presence of Mycobacterium phages only in the deep sea viromes, suggests inhabitance of endemic viral populations in the deep sea viromes in the SCSV. This study provided an insight of the viral community in the South China Sea and for the first time uncovered the deep sea viral diversity in the central basin of the South China Sea.

A viral metagenomic analysis of five surface and two bottom water (878 meters below surface, mbs, and 3,357 mbs) samples from Prydz Bay, was conducted during February–March 2015. The results demonstrated that most of the DNA viruses were dsDNA viruses (79.73–94.06%, except at PBI1, 37.51%). Of these, Caudovirales (Siphoviridae, Myoviridae, and Podoviridae) phages were most abundant in surface seawater (67.67–71.99%), while nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) (Phycodnaviridae, Mimiviridae, and Pandoraviridae accounted for >30% of dsDNA viruses) were most abundant in the bottom water (3,357 mbs). Of the ssDNA viruses, Microviridae was the dominant family in PBI2, PBI3, PBOs, and PBI4b (57.09–87.55%), while Inoviridae (58.16%) was the dominant family in PBI1. Cellulophaga phages (phi38:1 and phi10:1) and Flavobacterium phage 11b, infecting the possible host strains affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes, were abundant in surface water dsDNA viromes. The long contig (PBI2_1_C) from the viral metagenomes were most similar to the genome architectures of Cellulophaga phage phi10:1 and Flavobacterium phage 11b from the Arctic Ocean. Comparative analysis showed that the surface viral community of Prydz Bay could be clearly separated from other marine and freshwater environments. The deep sea viral community was similar to the deep sea viral metagenome at A Long-term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment Station (ALOHA, at 22°45′N, 158°00′W). The multivariable analysis indicated that nutrients probably played an important role in shaping the local viral community structure. This study revealed the preliminary characteristics of the viral community in Prydz Bay, from both the surface and the deep sea. It provided evidence of the relationships between the virome and the environment in Prydz Bay and provided the first data from the deep sea viral community of the Southern Ocean.

The development of the urban Binjiang belt has influenced the water environment quality. Taking the Chongqing section of the Yangtze River basin and the Binjiang section of the urban center as examples, representative water intake points were selected to extract the urban layout pattern of the Binjiang belt, and the distribution characteristics of its influence on water environment quality were studied using a geographic information system. A structural equation model was used to establish a model of the influence of urban layout on water environment quality, and the water quality test results were added to the model to calculate the contribution rates of different land types to water environment quality. The research results and methods can be used for reference for urban water environment quality and for evaluating the influence of urban design on water environment quality.

Viruses are the most abundant biological entities in aquatic ecosystems and harbor an enormous amount of genetic diversity. Whereas their influence on marine ecosystems is widely acknowledged, current information about their diversity remains limited. We conducted a viral metagenomic analysis of water samples collected during the austral summer of 2016 from the South Scotia Ridge (SSR), near the Antarctic Peninsula. The taxonomic composition and diversity of the viral communities were investigated, and a functional assessment of the sequences was performed. Phylotypic analysis showed that most viruses belonged to the order Caudovirales, especially the family Podoviridae (41.92⁻48.7%), which is similar to the situation in the Pacific Ocean. Functional analysis revealed a relatively high frequency of phage-associated and metabolism genes. Phylogenetic analyses of phage TerL and Capsid_NCLDV (nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses) marker genes indicated that many sequences associated with Caudovirales and NCLDV were novel and distinct from known phage genomes. High Phaeocystis globosa virus virophage (Pgvv) signatures were found and complete and partial Pgvv-like were obtained, which influence host⁻virus interactions. Our study expands existing knowledge of viral communities and their diversities from the Antarctic region and provides basic data for further exploring polar microbiomes.

In addition to the quality and quantity of farmland, the health of farmland has also become an important research direction in the field of farmland protection. In order to comprehensively evaluate the relationship and distribution of health and farmland production capacity, the depression area behind the Yellow River in Henan Province is taken as the research object. Using production capacity evaluation data and system health evaluation results, the health status and production capacity of farmland in the region are coupled. The results show that high productivity farmland is most distributed in areas with moderate health risks, while low productivity farmland is more distributed in areas with low health risks. Based on their coupling characteristics, the depression area behind the Yellow River can be divided into five types, and management and protection strategies can be formulated separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]