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Land public transport is an important link within and between cities, and how to control the transmission of COVID-19 in land public transport is a critical issue in our daily lives. However, there are still many inconsistent opinions and views about the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in land public transport, which limits our ability to implement effective interventions. The purpose of this review is to overview the literature on transmission characteristics and routes of the epidemic in land public transport, as well as to investigate factors affecting its spread and provide feasible measures to mitigate the infection risk of passengers. We obtained 898 papers by searching the Web of Science, Pubmed, and WHO global COVID database by keywords, and finally selected 45 papers that can address the purpose of this review. Land public transport is a high outbreak area for COVID-19 due to characteristics like crowding, inadequate ventilation, long exposure time, and environmental closure. Different from surface touch transmission and drop spray transmission, aerosol inhalation transmission can occur not only in short distances but also in long distances. Insufficient ventilation is the most important factor influencing long-distance aerosol transmission. Other transmission factors (e.g., interpersonal distance, relative orientation, and ambient conditions) should be noticed as well, which have been summarized in this paper. To address various influencing factors, it is essential to suggest practical and efficient preventive measures. Among these, increased ventilation, particularly the fresh air (i.e., natural ventilation), has proven to effectively reduce indoor infection risk. Many preventive measures are also effective, such as enlarging social distance, avoiding face-to-face orientation, setting up physical partitions, disinfection, avoiding talking, and so on. As research on the epidemic has intensified, people have broken down many perceived barriers, but more comprehensive studies on monitoring systems and prevention measures in land public transport are still needed.

In this study, blueberry pulp was used as the material to promote the release of bound polyphenols into free polyphenols by enzymatic transformation. The antioxidant activities of different forms of polyphenols were investigated. With the conversion rate of free polyphenols as the index, the optimal combination of different enzymes was screened. The single-factor test and the Box-Behnken response surface test were used to determine the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis parameters. The antioxidant activity was measured by FRAP and ABTS assays. The results showed that the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were as follows: Complex enzyme was composed of pectinase and cellulase with a ratio of 4:6, the dosage of complex enzyme was 2.8%, the hydrolysis temperature was 50 ℃, and the hydrolysis time was 124 min. Compared with the control group, the conversion rate of free polyphenols in enzymatic blueberry pulp was 83.47%, which was increased by 9.96%. The content of free polyphenols in enzymatic blueberry pulp (343.58 mg GAE/100 g FW) was increased by 27.67%, and the content of bound polyphenols (68.03 mg GAE/100 g FW) was decreased by 29.84%. The results of antioxidant activity revealed that the FRAP and ABTS antioxidant capacity of free polyphenols extract in enzymatic blueberry pulp was elevated by 15.45% and 27.25%, respectively. The FRAP and ABTS antioxidant capacity of total polyphenols in enzymatic blueberry pulp was increased by 6.81% and 15.62%, respectively. These results indicates that enzymatic hydrolysis promotes the transformation of free polyphenols in blueberry pulp and enhanced the antioxidant capacity of blueberry pulp, which provides a theoretical basis for the development and processing of functional activity for blueberry products.

In this study, pepper and tomato sour soup，the raw materials of red sour soup were taken as the research objects. Illumina MiSeq, total acid titration, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and other equipment or methods are used to analyze the dynamic trend of microflora, total acid, pH value and volatile substances in the fermentation process of two kinds of sour soup. The results showed that Lactobacillus namurensis (27.67%) and Lactobacillus pentosus (41.75%) were the dominant lactic acid bacteria in pepper and tomato sour soup, respectively; Debaryomyces hansenii (76.05%，pepper sour soup) and Pichia membranifaciens (80.88%，tomato sour soup) were the dominant fungi in the later stage of fermentation. In terms of volatile substances, 156 and 92 compounds such as alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and esters were detected in pepper and tomato sour soup respectively. Among them, esters (24.99%), terpenes (20.21%) and ketones (17.60%) were several compounds with high content in chili acid soup in the early stage of fermentation; In tomato sour soup, aldehydes (41.30%) and ketones (20.28%) were the main compounds. With the change of fermentation, the main flavor compounds of chili acid soup were alcohols and esters, represented by linalool (10.43%) and ethyl hexadecanoate (12.12%); In tomato sour soup, alcohols, esters and phenols were the advantages. Among them, phenylethanol (31.93%) and 4-ethylphenol (8.71%) played an important role in the flavor of tomato sour soup. In general, the dominant functional microorganisms in the naturally fermented sour soup are Lactobacillus and yeast, and the total acid content higher than 25 g/kg can be obtained within 21~28 days after fermentation. The volatile substances vary greatly with the fermentation period. The relevant data can provide a reference for the development of directed vat set for sour soup and the optimization of processing technology.

To explore the component and content of aroma constituents in Manaohong cherry during development, volatile components were determined by headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) technology at green stage, color stage, commercial stage and ripe stage. Relative odor activity value (ROAV) was used for evaluating the contribution of aroma components, in order to determine the key aroma substances. A total of 114 substances were detected at four stages. Among them, 79, 77, 44 and 53 aroma components were detected at green stage, color stage, commercial stage and ripe stage, respectively. The highest relative content was alcohols at green stage. At color stage, commercial stage and ripe stage, the highest relative content was aldehydes. Aldehydes were synthesized continuously from green stage to the maximum value at commercial stage, and then decreased slightly at the ripe stage. On the contrary, esters and alcohols were synthesized during the green and color stages, and decreased to the lowest value at the ripe stage, and then increased slightly at ripe stage. Aromatic aldehydes, C6 aldehydes and C6 alcohols were the most important aroma components of Manaohong cheery, and their relative contents account for 66.22%~96.70% of the total aroma-active compounds. According to ROAV, a total of 20 key aroma components were identified, among which nonanal, linalor and hexanal were the most important ones in Manaohong cherry. (Z)-3-hexenal with green flavor was the only characteristic key aroma component that appeared at commercial stage.

The credibility of information is known as a major cause of a wide range of issues, such as: altered product information in food supply chains; fake transactions on E-commerce platforms; lengthy claim settlement time in agricultural insurance; and costly borrowings in agricultural financing. For a more specific example in food supply chains, end customers want to check the product information, but either doubt the authenticity of information, or simply do not have access to the information. The reason is that upstream suppliers and downstream retailers are often reluctant to share data, fearing privacy loss or business secret leakage. The consequence is that regulatory departments may face enormous challenges to identify accurate contamination sources, if there is scarce information or falsely recorded information at any stage of the food supply chain. In this paper, we focus on four common scenarios demanding information credibility in the agricultural supply chain: product traceability, E-commerce platforms, agricultural insurance, and agricultural financing. We review some high-profile smart credibility applications with emphasis on how blockchain related technologies can provide the information credibility by examining extant issues and relevant frameworks.

As a chronic progressive inflammatory disease, atherosclerosis constitutes a leading cause of cardiovascular disease, with high mortality and morbidity worldwide. The effect of lncRNA AC078850.1 in atherosclerosis is unknown; this study aims to explore the regulatory mechanism of the lncRNA AC078850.1/HIF-1α complex in atherosclerosis. Initially, we identified the lncRNA AC078850.1 associated with atherosclerosis using multiple bioinformatic methods, finding that the level of lncRNA AC078850.1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was positively related to the severity of carotid atherosclerosis. LncRNA AC078850.1 was upregulated, and found to be predominately localized in the nucleus of THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells. Both the knockdown of lncRNA AC078850.1 and the transcription factor HIF-1α can each markedly suppress ITGB2 gene transcription, ROS production, NLRP3 inflammasome, IL-1β/18 release, lipid accumulation, and pyroptotic cell death in ox-LDL-stimulated THP-1-derived macrophages. Additionally, the downregulation of HIF-1α attenuated the positive effects of lncRNA AC078850.1 on pyroptosis and foam cell formation. In addition, the knockdown of lncRNA AC078850.1 suppressed HIF-1α-aggravated macrophages pyroptosis and foam cell formation. Meanwhile, inhibition of ITGB2 gene expression ameliorated HIF-1α-aggravated ROS generation in THP-1-derived macrophages. Taken together, our study demonstrated that lncRNA AC078850.1 was involved in the regulation of ITGB2 gene transcription by binding to the HIF-1α and lncRNA AC078850.1/HIF-1α complex, promoting both NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis and foam cell formation through the ROS-dependent pathway in cases of atherosclerosis.

ObjectiveAs a chronic neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of progressive dementia. The purpose of this study was to identify diagnostic signatures of AD and the effect of immune cell infiltration in this pathology.MethodsThe expression profiles of GSE109887, GSE122063, GSE28146, and GSE1297 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between AD and control brain samples. Functional enrichment analysis was performed to reveal AD-associated biological functions and key pathways. Besides, we applied the Least Absolute Shrinkage Selection Operator (LASSO) and support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) analysis to screen potential diagnostic feature genes in AD, which were further tested in AD brains of the validation cohort (GSE5281). The discriminatory ability was then assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). Finally, the CIBERSORT algorithm and immune cell infiltration analysis were employed to assess the inflammatory state of AD.ResultsA total of 49 DEGs were identified. The functional enrichment analysis revealed that leukocyte transendothelial migration, cytokine receptor interaction, and JAK-STAT signaling pathway were enriched in the AD group. MAF basic leucine zipper transcription factor F (MAFF), ADCYAP1, and ZFP36L1 were identified as the diagnostic biomarkers of AD with high discriminatory ability (AUC = 0.850) and validated in AD brains (AUC = 0.935). As indicated from the immune cell infiltration analysis, naive B cells, plasma cells, activated/resting NK cells, M0 macrophages, M1 macrophages, resting CD4+ T memory cells, resting mast cells, memory B cells, and resting/activated dendritic cells may participate in the development of AD. Additionally, all diagnostic signatures presented different degrees of correlation with different infiltrating immune cells.ConclusionMAFF, ADCYAP1, and ZFP36L1 may become new candidate biomarkers of AD, which were closely related to the pathogenesis of AD. Moreover, the immune cells mentioned above may play crucial roles in disease occurrence and progression.

In this paper, we consider the Krasnosel'skiĭ-Mann iteration for finding a fixed point of nonexpansive operators in real Hilbert spaces. By introducing new, concise, and self-contained techniques, we propose new inertial factors with desirable upper bounds better than or comparable to existing ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a large section drilling and blasting excavation project, the dynamic response characteristics of civil air defense tunnels are analyzed by combining field monitoring and numerical simulation. The dynamic response features include particle vibration velocity, main frequency, displacement, and stress, and the stability criterion of the tunnel is analyzed. A safety criterion model based on the ultimate tensile strength of materials is established. The results show that the frequency of the X, Y, and Z directions is mainly distributed in 90-140 Hz. The effective stress increases first and then decreases along the axis of the roadway. The stress near the explosion source is large and the relative reduction is also large. By fitting the relationship between blasting vibration velocity and maximum principal stress, the safe vibration velocity criterion based on tensile strength is obtained, and the safe threshold of vibration velocity is 19.62 cm/s. It can be assumed that blasting does not affect the structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]