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Alpha gliadin peptide induces damage and apoptosis of intestinal cells and aggravates pathology of celiac disease (CD) by inducing oxidative stress. Therefore, inhibition or alleviation of oxidative stress in CD may be an effective approach to the adjunctive treatment of CD. Black soybean peptides (BSPs) have been shown to inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation. The effect of BSPs on CD remains unknown. In this paper, the effect and mechanism of BSPs on the α-gliadin peptide (p31-43)-induced Caco-2 cytotoxicity were studied. We identified BSPs that alleviated the cytotoxicity of p31-43 in the CD cell model: Caco-2 cells were pre-treated with bioactive peptides for 3 hours before the addition of p31-43 for treatment for 24 hours, and then cells were collected for subsequent experiments. Our results show that p31-43 can significantly increase the ROS and MDA levels of Caco-2 cells, disrupt the glutathione redox cycle, reduce the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, and inhibit the activation of antioxidant signaling pathways. BSPs pretreatment can inhibit the increase of Keap1 protein induced by p31-43, activate antioxidant genes through Nrf2 protein, improve the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, alleviates glutathione redox cycle imbalance, promote the expression of GCLC or GCLM, and reduce oxidative damage.Graphical AbstractPattern of BSPs against oxidative damage in CD cell mode.

To determine the synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol (RES) combined with vitamin E (VE) and its mechanism. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells were used to determine the effect of resveratrol, vitamin E and their combination on the production of cellular inflammatory mediators, including NO, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, TLR4 and p-NF-κBp65. The synergistic anti-inflammatory effect of the combination was evaluated by ELISA, and the effect of the combination on the TLR4, p-NF-κBp65 and p-IĸBα pathway by Western blot. The results showed that resveratrol combined with vitamin E synergistically inhibited the production of NO, LDH, MPO and inflammatory factors IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and TLR4 by LPS-stimulated macrophages, and effectively inhibited the expression of TLR4, p-NF-κBp65 (P

A leading vehicle’s sudden deceleration can lead to a rear-end collision. Due to a lack of driving experience, novice drivers have a greater tendency to be involved in these accidents. Most previous studies have examined driver response time and braking behaviors, but few researchers have focused on what experienced and novice drivers did after their feet touched the braking pedal and their hands turned the steering wheel. These braking and steering parameters are essential in understanding driver avoidance behavior during emergencies. We programmed rear-end crash risk scenarios to examine experienced and novice drivers’ behaviors thoroughly using a driving simulator. Twenty experienced and twenty five novice subjects participated in our experiments, and their braking and steering maneuvers were recorded when leading vehicles ran at 60 km/h, 80 km/h and 100 km/h. The results showed that the two groups of subjects tended to execute two kinds of maneuvers to avoid crashes: braking only (novice 33%, experienced 19%) and the combination of braking with steering (novice 22%, experienced 26%). When the novice drivers executed braking with steering, their response time and steering duration were significantly longer than those of the experienced drivers who executed braking with steering. As the speed increased, the novice drivers’ response time, maximum braking force and maximum steering angle were significantly affected. These results showed that novice drivers should brake only when the leading vehicle suddenly decelerates. The experienced drivers executed steadier maneuvers. Their risk perception time was shorter, and their maximum braking force and the maximum steering angles were smaller. The response time, braking intensity and steering wheel angle should be considered when developing rear-end collision warning systems.

In this study, we developed a novel and sensitive AgNPs self-assembled solid-phase (AgNPs-SASP) SERS substrate platform using seed-mediated and liquid interface self-assembly methods and applied the platform for the detection of three bacterial spores. Multivariate statistical analysis (HCA and LDA) were employed for identification and categorization of the obtained data. The results illustrated that AgNPs-SASP exhibited high reproducibility and Raman enhancement effect (1.43 × 10

In this study, the synergistic effects of jujube polysaccharide (JP) and flavonoid (JF) on aging mice were investigated. Sub-acutely aging mouse models were established using D-galactose. Eighty experimental mice were randomly assigned to normal, model, vitamin C (200 mg/kg), JP (200 mg/kg), JF (200 mg/kg) and JP + JF (low (100 mg/kg), medium (200 mg/kg), and high-dose (300 mg/kg)) groups (10 mice in per group). After 35 days, the physiological aging indices of mice were measured. JP and JF displayed significantly positive synergistic antiaging effects. Compared with an aging model control group, groups administered JP and JF showed increased indices for the thymus and spleen and significantly increased activities of SOD and GSH-PX in the heart, liver, spleen, and brain (R2 > 0.99, P < 0.01; R2 > 0.98, P < 0.01). The contents of MDA in heart, liver, spleen, brain and serum were significantly decreased (R2 > 0.95, P < 0.01), while those of HYP in skin and serum were significantly increased. The concentrations of neurotransmitters (NE, DA, 5-HT, 5-HIAA) in the brain and serum of mice were significantly increased (P < 0.01). These results indicated that JP and JF acted not only on relevant tissues or organs of mice, but on all body systems.

Peanut oil is a basic food raw material in life. However, aflatoxin contamination in peanut oil is considered to be one of the most serious food safety problems in the world. Based on AuNPs/Zn/Ni-ZIF-8-800@graphene composite, a simple, efficient and sensitive electrochemical immunosensor was developed to detect aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in peanut oil. The bare glassy carbon electrode was modified by graphene, bimetallic organic framework material (Zn/Ni-ZIF-8-800), chitosan and gold nanoparticles. The electrochemical immunosensor was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), and the electrochemical signal changes after antibody and AFB1 binding were investigated in detail. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range of the electrochemical immunosensor was 0.18-100 ng/mL, and the detection limit was 0.18 ng/mL. In addition, the prepared sensor has high selectivity and long-term stability, which lays a foundation for the simple, rapid and sensitive detection of AFB1 in peanut oil.

Proanthocyanidins have been shown to inhibit the signaling pathways related to oxidative stress and inflammation, also improved cell membrane integrity. The effect of peanut skin proanthocyanidins (PSPc) on CD remains unknown. In this paper, the effect and mechanism of PSPc on glial protein-induced Caco-2 cytotoxicity were studied. The results showed that PSPc may inhibit oxidative stress in DPG-induced CD model in vitro by regulating SIRT1/NRF2 pathway. By regulating SIRT1 and IκB signaling pathways, inhibit the phosphorylation of NF-κB and the deacetylation of NF-κB, inhibit inflammatory response, reduce release of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), the cell survival rate was and the expression of TGM2 were improved, avoiding the damage of cell monolayer model. This experiment proved the prominent effect of PSPc on CD intervention. Studying the mechanism of PSPc in the treatment of CD injury will contribute to explore new therapies for CD which will be of great significance to supplement or replace gluten-free diets.

The changes of physical stability and protein-lipid co-oxidation of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions which stabilized by whey protein isolates (WPI) and ethanol pre-treated WPI (EWPI) under different homogenization methods were investigated. Compared with WPI, EWPI could obviously enhance the O/W emulsion's stability due to smaller particle size and higher level of adsorbed proteins. Moreover, protein-lipid co-oxidation was observed in both WPI and EWPI stabilized O/W emulsions and controlled by the characteristics of the adsorbed proteins. EWPI protect themselves from attacked of lipid oxidation products more effectively than WPI, showing lower N'-formyl-l-kynurenine or carbonyl contents and degree of aggregation, as well as higher fluorescence intensity. Furthermore, high-pressure homogenization induced higher levels of adsorbed proteins in O/W emulsions than ultrasound homogenization, resulting in a higher degree of protein oxidation and lower degree of lipid oxidation. Therefore, EWPI can be applied as an efficient emulsifier in emulsion foods with higher physical and oxidative stabilities.

Despite the wide use of peer assessment, questions about the helpfulness of peer feedback are frequently raised. In particular, it is unknown whether, how and to what extent peer feedback can help ...

Efficient parking tends to be challenging in most large cities in China. Drivers often spend substantial amounts of time looking for parking lots while driving at low speeds, thereby resulting in interference with road traffic. This paper focuses on efficiently allocating parking spaces to the demanders. A double-objective model is proposed that considers both the utilizing rate and the walking distance. First, managers want to utilize parking resources fully. Therefore, they tend to prioritize the efficient distribution of parking spaces in response to parking demands. However, demanders typically choose parking spaces according to convenience. The second objective is the acceptable walking distance from the parking space to the destination. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to solve this model. We collected parking demand and supply data in a central business district (CBD) of Harbin in China and evaluated the feasibility of the model. The results demonstrate that the proposed model increases the occupying rates of parking lots in residential zones while decreasing the walking distance. The shared use of parking spaces maximizes the utility and alleviates the shortage of parking spaces in downtown.

Background Despite the great contributions of utilizing heterosis to crop productivity worldwide, the molecular mechanism of heterosis remains largely unexplored. Thus, the present research is focused on the grain number heterosis of a widely used late-cropping indica super hybrid rice combination in China using a high-throughput next-generation RNA-seq strategy. Results Here, we obtained 872 million clean reads, and at least one read could maps 27,917 transcripts out of 35,679 annotations. Transcript differential expression analysis revealed a total of 5910 differentially expressed genes (DGHP) between super-hybrid rice Wufengyou T025 (WFYT025) and its parents were identified in the young panicles. Out of the 5910 DGHP, 63.1% had a genetic action mode of over-dominance, 17.3% had a complete-dominance action, 15.6% had a partial-dominance action and 4.0% had an additive action. DGHP were significantly enriched in carotenoid biosynthesis, diterpenoid biosynthesis and plant hormone signal transduction pathways, with the key genes involved in the three pathways being up-regulated in the hybrid. By comparing the DGHP enriched in the KEGG pathway with QTLs associated with grain number, several DGHP were located on the same chromosomal segment with some of these grain number QTLs. Conclusion Through young panicle development transcriptome analysis, we conclude that the over-dominant effect is probably the major contributor to the grain number heterosis of WFYT025. The DGHP sharing the same location with grain number QTLs could be considered a candidate gene and provide valuable targets for the cloning and functional analysis of these grain number QTLs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12284-018-0229-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to play a vital role in several gene regulatory networks involved in the various biological processes in plants related to stress response. However, systematic analyses of lncRNAs expressed in rice Cadmium (Cd) stress are seldom studied. Thus, we presented the characterization and expression of lncRNAs in rice root development at an early stage in response to Cd stress. Results The lncRNA deep sequencing revealed differentially expressed lncRNAs among Cd stress and normal condition. In the Cd stress group, 69 lncRNAs were up-regulated and 75 lncRNAs were down-regulated. Furthermore, 386 matched lncRNA-mRNA pairs were detected for 120 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 362 differentially expressed genes in cis, and target gene-related pathway analyses exhibited significant variations in cysteine and methionine metabolism pathway-related genes. For the genes in trans, overall, 28,276 interaction relationships for 144 lncRNAs and differentially expressed protein-coding genes were detected. The pathway analyses found that secondary metabolites, such as phenylpropanoids and phenylalanine, and photosynthesis pathway-related genes were significantly altered by Cd stress. All of these results indicate that lncRNAs may regulate genes of cysteine-rich peptide metabolism in cis, as well as secondary metabolites and photosynthesis in trans, to activate various physiological and biochemical reactions to respond to excessive Cd. Conclusion The present study could provide a valuable resource for lncRNA studies in response to Cd treatment in rice. It also expands our knowledge about lncRNA biological function and contributes to the annotation of the rice genome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4807-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Figure S1. Scatterplots comparing gene expression scores from biological replicates of WFYT025 and its parents. CS 1-3, YS 1-3, and BS 1-3 denote biological replicates from CHT025, WFYT025 and WFB, respectively. (DOC 142 kb)

The importance of peptides in regulatory interactions has caused peptide-protein docking to attract the attention of many researchers. A variety of methods for molecular modeling of peptide-protein docking, such as local search and global search, are currently used.The interactions of 11 peptides and CSFV E2 protein were evaluated by the GalaxyPepDock and FlexX/ SYBYL programs, respectively. The assessment scores of all the peptides were correlated with their KOur results demonstrate that considering the flexibility of the peptide is better than searching for more potential binding sites on the target protein surface while performing peptide-protein molecular docking. These data provide reasonable evidence for the molecular design of peptides and guidance for the functional assignment of target proteins. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

To study the genetic basis of rice flag leaf morphology, quantitative genetic analysis was conducted in a population of 37 chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) of indica elite variety ‘Habataki’ in the background of japonica cultivar ‘Sasanishiki’ across three different environments. The CSSLs showed normal distribution with transgressive segregation, indicating that these four traits are controlled by polygenes. Moreover, analyses of variance showed that these traits were highly influenced by the growing environment, which are typical for polygenic quantitative traits. Seven quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on four chromosomes were detected in total: four for flag leaf width, one for flag leaf area and two for flag leaf angle. Two key QTLs, qFLW4 and qFLAG5 controlling flag leaf width and angle, respectively, were identified in all three environments. These QTLs could provide useful information for marker-assisted selection in improving the performance of plant architecture with regard to leaf angle and area. Moreover, developed CSSLs with these QTLs information are also useful research materials to reveal the importance of leaf morphology in relation to grain yield.

The study of 1000-grain weight (TGW) and percentage of grains with chalkiness (PGWC) is very important in rice. In this study, a set of introgression lines (ILs), derived from Sasanishiki/Habataki with Sasanishiki as the recurrent parent, were used to detect correlations and quantitative trait loci (QTL) on TGW and PGWC in two different environments. Phenotypic correlation analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between TGW and PGWC in both environments, which indicated that the linkage of TGW and PGWC traits could be broken via suitable population. A total of 20 QTL were detected in both environments, nine QTL for 1000-paddy-grain weight (PTGW), five QTL for 1000-brown-grain weight (BTGW) and six QTL for percentage of grains with chalkiness (PGWC). Moreover, five QTL, qPTGW3, qPTGW8.2, qPTGW11.1 for PTGW and qPGWC1.1, qPGWC1.2 for PGWC, were stably expressed in both environments. Phenotypic values were significantly different (P < 0.01) between the introgression lines carrying these five QTL alleles and the genetic background parent, Sasanishiki. The introgression lines carrying these QTL also represent a useful genetic resource in the context of rice yield and quality improvement via a design-breeding approach.

Human resources are the core resources of the innovative organization. The effective human resource management is important content in innovative organization. According to the characteristics of the innovative organizationpsilas human resources, this article analyzes the common problems such as the structure of the innovative organization's talents is unreasonable; the introduction of the innovative organization's talents is difficult; the core competence of the innovative talents is not very strong; the degree of satisfaction of talents in the innovative organization reduces; knowledge talented people drain unceasingly, and the reasons systematically and comprehensively, and put forward corresponding measures: establish the learning organization; improve the motivation mechanism; strengthen the construction of the organizationpsilas innovation culture; prevent and reduce the loss of brain drain.

The entrepreneurship is the important motive power for enterprise innovation and the important supporting force for launching enterprise innovation activities. This paper analyses the meaning and characteristics of the entrepreneurship, and combining with this, we analyses the existing problems in the process of entrepreneurship's cultivation, and puts forward some ways for innovative enterprise to raise the entrepreneurship.