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Espécies florestais nativas são muito importantes para o equilíbrio ambiental, e garantir a sua preservação é essencial para as próximas gerações. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a eficiência de óleos essenciais na redução da incidência de fungos e na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de craibeira, ipê-rosa e jurema-branca. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: sementes não tratadas, fungicida e os óleos essenciais de citronela, olíbano, eucalipto, girassol, sementes de uva, cravo, melaleuca e alecrim, na concentração de 1 mL.L-1. Avaliou-se o percentual de incidência de fungos; percentual de germinação e de emergência; índice de velocidade de germinação e de emergência; plântulas normais, anormais, comprimentos da parte aérea, da raiz e da plântula; matéria seca da parte aérea e da raiz. Os óleos essenciais de cravo e olíbano reduziram os percentuais de incidência de Aspergillus sp. e Rhizopus sp., respectivamente, em sementes de craibeira, ipê-rosa e jurema-branca. O óleo essencial de citronela diminuiu o percentual de Penicillium sp. e de Cladosporium sp. nas sementes de ipê-rosa e jurema-branca. Todos os óleos essenciais melhoraram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de jurema-branca. Os óleos essenciais de sementes de uva e de melaleuca reduziram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de craibeira.

A redução da densidade de semeadura tem sido estudada como uma estratégia para redução do custo de produção de soja, sem alterações na produtividade. Entretanto esta técnica pode impactar diretamente na produção e formação das sementes, pois altera a morfologia da planta e modifica a competição intraespecífica, a eficiência do uso da água e o microclima. O objetivo foi investigar se o cultivo de soja em densidades reduzidas, altera o potencial fisiológico das sementes, em diferentes posições da planta, em duas cultivares com potencial de ramificação discrepante. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas subdivididas considerando-se: cinco densidades de semeadura (100, 80, 60, 40 e 20% da densidade recomendada pelo obtentor), na parcela e três posições de sementes na planta (inferior, médio e superior), na subparcela. Utilizou-se as cultivares BRS 1010 IPRO e NS 5959 IPRO. Avaliou-se a germinação, primeira contagem da germinação, comprimento e massa seca de plântulas, condutividade elétrica, envelhecimento acelerado e emergência em areia. O potencial fisiológico das sementes é maior no estrato superior da planta em comparação com o inferior. A redução da densidade de semeadura para valores até 40% da densidade não provoca impactos significativos sobre o potencial fisiológico das sementes. A redução drástica da densidade de semeadura, para apenas 20% do recomendado, resulta em menor vigor de sementes. A germinação das sementes das cultivares NS 5959 IPRO e BRS 1010 IPRO é maior em densidades de semeadura variando entre 40 e 80% do recomendado pelos obtentores.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the physiological quality of bean seeds with different sizes, identifying the relationship of seed size with the mobilization and utilization of reserves in bean seeds. Seeds of the commercial cultivar IPR-88 Uirapuru and Iapar 81 were standardized and subsequently, three fractions were determined from individual weighing, being: small medium and large seeds. The physiological quality of the three fractions was determined by germination test, accelerated aging vigor test, and seedling performance (length) test. Reserve mobilization and utilization was measured at five days of seed hydration, where dry mass, reserve mobilization rate, reserve reduction rate, and reserve use efficiency were evaluated. The results showed that there was no difference between the fractions in the percentage of germination and accelerated aging. Considering the parameters that evaluated the mobilization and use of reserves, it was found that larger seeds form seedlings with greater dry mass, however, have lower rate of reserve mobilization and lower efficiency of use of their reserves. Thus, it is evident that the size of the seed influences the mobilization and use of reserves, so that seeds of the medium and small fraction present higher reserve use efficiency at five days of germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de feijão com diferentes tamanhos, identificando a relação do tamanho da semente com a mobilização e utilização de reservas. Foram utilizadas sementes da cultivar comercial IPR-88 Uirapuru e Iapar 81 padronizadas e posteriormente, determinadas três frações a partir de pesagem individual, sendo: sementes pequenas, médias e grandes. A qualidade fisiológica das três frações foi determinada pelo teste de germinação e pelos testes de vigor: envelhecimento acelerado e teste de desempenho de plântulas (comprimento). A mobilização e utilização de reservas foi mensurada aos cinco dias de hidratação das sementes, onde foram avaliadas massa seca, taxa de mobilização de reservas, taxa de redução de reservas e eficiência de uso das reservas. Os resultados demonstraram que não houve diferença entre as frações na porcentagem de germinação e envelhecimento acelerado. Considerando os parâmetros que avaliaram a mobilização e utilização de reservas, verificou-se que sementes de maior tamanho formam plântulas de maior massa seca, no entanto, tem menor taxa de mobilização de reservas e menor eficiência de uso de suas reservas. Desta forma, evidencia-se que o tamanho da semente influencia a mobilização e utilização de reservas, de maneira que sementes da fração média e pequena apresentam maior eficiência de uso de reservas até os cinco dias de germinação.

Studies on seed maturation directly contribute to obtaining seeds with a higher standard of physical, physiological, and sanitary quality. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify the morphological and physiological changes during the maturation of Cenostigma tocantinum Ducke seeds. The maturation stages were analyzed: I (293 days after anthesis - DAA), II (322 DAA), III (350 DAA), and IV (356 DAA) through visual, biometric analyses, and quantification of moisture content, dry mass, viability, and seed vigor. During the development of C. tocantinum seeds, changes in fruit coloration and an increase in fruit and seed length, width, and thickness were observed. In the initial stages, the seeds had a high moisture content, which decreased in the later stages. On the other hand, the dry mass of the seeds showed an inversely proportional behavior to the moisture content. Physiological variables performed better in stages III and IV, except for electrical conductivity. It can be concluded that C. tocantinum seeds showed superior physiological quality in stages III or IV, recommending the collection of seeds during these maturation periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Para determinar a qualidade fisiológica de lotes de sementes o teste de condutividade elétrica tem se mostrado eficiente devido sua rapidez e facilidade na execução. Devido à escassez de informações na literatura referentes à metodologia do teste de condutividade elétrica para sementes de linhaça, neste trabalho o objetivo foi avaliar o teste de condutividade elétrica, considerando, lotes, número de sementes e volumes de água, buscando estabelecer a metodologia mais adequada para a estratificação de lotes. Inicialmente, determinou-se, o teor de água, germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, emergência de plântulas, índice de velocidade de emergência, comprimento, massa fresca e seca de plântulas. O teste de condutividade elétrica foi realizado com 25 e 50 sementes embebidas em 25, 50 e 75 mL de água deionizada nas temperaturas de 25 e 30 °C, com leituras 24 horas de embebição. O teste de condutividade elétrica conduzido com quatro repetições de 25 sementes puras embebidas em 75 mL de água deionizada, na temperatura de 30 ºC, permitiu a separação dos lotes, mostrando-se promissor na avaliação da qualidade das sementes de linhaça.

A qualidade da semente impacta diretamente nas características agronômicas e na produtividade final da cultura da soja. Diante disso o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar diferentes parâmetros fitotécnicos e a produtividade final para diferentes cultivares de soja obtidos de forma certificada e salvas pelo produtor rural. O trabalho foi realizado na Área Experimental da Universidade de Cruz Alta. Durante a safra 2017/2018, foram avaliados os parâmetros fitotécnicos: altura de plantas, diâmetro da haste, número de ramos, número de vagens, acamamento e produtividade final para as cultivares NA5909RG, NS5959IPRO, NS5445IPRO e NS6909IPRO sob diferentes formas de obtenção, sendo estas, “sementes salvas” e “sementes certificadas”. Os parâmetros fitotécnicos avaliados foram influenciados pela forma de obtenção da semente para as cultivares NS5445IPRO e NS6909IPRO. Dentre as cultivares avaliadas, verificou-se que as produtividades de NS5445IPRO e NS6909IPRO foram superiores em plantas oriundas de sementes certificadas.

The nutritional management of the coffee clonal garden influences the production and physiological quality and seedlings production of vegetative propagules. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the seedlings' production from clonal cuttings taken from Coffea canephora mother plants grown with increasing nitrogen mineral doses. The cuttings were taken from C. canephora var. botany Robusta, from the Embrapa Genetic Improvement Program of Rondônia. The mother plants received nitrogen fertilizer at different doses: 0 (Control); 50; 100; 150; 200; 250 and 300 kg of N per hectare divided into 4 applications, during 150 days of orthotropic stems growth (shoots). The following parameters were evaluated: Dry mass of cuttings, nutritional content of cuttings, and seedlings production, with growth analysis at 0, 48, 61, 80, 101, 122, 143, and 164 days after staking (DAS) and analysis of vegetative characteristics at 122 DAS. The nitrogen fertilization in the mother plant resulted in the variation of macronutrient accumulation in cuttings, but the order K> N> Ca> P> Mg> S was maintained, regardless of N dose. In addition, a positive correlation between nitrogen doses and dry matter accumulation, as well as the physiological quality of seedlings was identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coriander seeds have high socio-economic value in several regions of Brazil, especially in the North and Northeast. Seed maturation determined by color influences the seed quality. With this, digital image processing has become an important tool for separating seeds by color since this classification is usually performed by humans and is highly susceptible to error. The study established parameters for separating coriander seeds by red green and blue (RGB) image analysis, seeking a better selection of coriander seeds according to their color, and evaluating the physiological quality by the germination test. Separation was carried out from two coriander seed lots to obtain samples of 20 g each in three shades: yellowish, gray, and mixed. Images were acquired by the HP C4480 Scanner and processed in the MATLAB software; then, a histogram was constructed for each color analyzed in each sample by the RGB system. ANOVA tested the averages of the scales to ratify the difference in the components' distributions. The germination test was performed to confirm the results of seed separation using image analysis. The best selection of coriander seeds was achieved by the blue scale, and the germination test indicated that yellow seeds have a higher physiological quality than brownish/greyish seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The interactions between the mobilization of seed reserves and vigor are fundamental to research the mechanisms that contribute to the formation and growth of vigorous seedlings and their establishment in the field. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of reserves during the process of seedling formation in wheat seeds with different vigor levels. Eleven wheat cultivars were used and germination, seedling emergence in the field, speed index and average time of emergence, shoot and root length, seedling and endosperm dry mass, reduction of seed reserves, reserve reduction rate, reserve mobilization rate and reserve use efficiency were evaluated. Wheat seed lots with greater vigor demonstrate higher seed reserve reduction rate, higher rate of mobilization of reserves and greater efficiency of use of seed reserves, producing seedlings with greater length and greater dry mass. It was possible to conclude that the seed lots with greater vigor have greater capacity of reserve depletion and mobilization, and the parameter determined as reserve mobilization rate can be used to evaluate the physiological quality of seed lots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Seed deterioration is a continuous irreversible process that affects cell structures and molecules and compromises the physiological quality of seeds. This study aimed to assess the effect of artificial wheat seed deterioration on germination and seedling performance. The TBIO Toruk wheat cultivar was used, with seeds submitted to different artificial aging times (2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days). The original and aged seed lots were submitted to laboratory germination and seedling performance tests (seedling length, seedling dry weight and endosperm dry weight). Alpha-amylase activity, electrical conductivity and the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde were quantified. The exudate resulting from the electrical conductivity test was separated to quantify total soluble sugars, soluble proteins and phosphorus. The deterioration process increased lipid peroxidation and decreased initial alpha-amylase activity. During germination, the most deteriorated lots exhibited greater solute loss and lower alpha-amylase synthesis capacity. The lots with the greatest deterioration showed reduced viability and produced worse-performing seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) has great importance due to its easy propagation, acceptability and nutraceutical properties. The aim of the present work was to make methodological adjustments to conduct the tetrazolium test in kale seeds. Pre-tests were initially carried out to assess the priming time at 20 °C for 10 and 14 hours (times defined by the imbibition curve) and methods of removing the coat of kale seeds (total removal of the seed coat; cut in the distal region to the embryonic axis; longitudinal cut along the longest axis and whole seeds). Subsequently, the most efficient methodologies were evaluated using different concentrations of the tetrazolium salt solution (0.075%; 0.2%; 0.5% and 1.0%) and times (2, 4 and 6 h) of seed immersion in the solution, using four lots. The seeds were analyzed individually and classified as viable or non-viable. The tetrazolium test is efficient for evaluating the viability of kale seeds, providing results correlated with germination. Kale seeds should be primed between paper for 10 hours at 20 °C, and the seed coat should be removed for immersion in a 0.5% tetrazolium salt solution for 4 hours at 30 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prolonged storage of seeds may lead to decreases in seed quality, negatively affecting germination and vigor and preventing the obtaining of a promising stand. Seed quality is a critical factor, and the performance of the lot can be altered by vigor, dormancy and, mainly, by the time and conditions in which the seeds were stored. In the experiment, the physiological quality of seeds 14 genotypes of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) genotypes stored for a period of thirteen years in cold conditions was evaluated. The seeds were subjected to germination induction treatment with potassium nitrate (KNO3) and evaluated to identify seeds with presence and absence of embryos. The seed storage period affected their germination capacity and the use of KNO3 did not increase seed germination. A low number of full seeds was found for genotype 613 (12%). The relative germination percentages did not underestimate the buffel grass seed germination potential, as it is usually calculated, providing an improved distinction between the evaluated genotypes. The use of KNO3 increased the seedling root and shoot weights of some genotypes, as well as the dry matter weight of seedlings, an important characteristic for forage production. The prolonged storage affects the physiological quality of buffel grass seeds. The production of seeds without embryo is a problem found for this species, which affects the final quality of the seed lots produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cordia trichotoma (Vell.) Arrab. ex Steud. is a forest species native to Brazil, naturally propagated by seeds, whose quality assessment may be underestimated by the use of inappropriate methods for conducting the germination test. Given the potential use of this plant and the importance of conserving native species, the present work aimed to study parameters for conducting the germination test in louro-pardo seeds, during three consecutive years of evaluations. For this purpose, temperatures (20, 25 and 30 °C) and substrates (blotter paper, filter paper, sand and vermiculite) were tested in seeds collected in different crop seasons. The tests were carried out under a completely randomized experimental design, with four replications, in a factorial scheme for the germination test (temperatures x substrates), with the data obtained being subjected to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey's test (p = 0.05). Germination percentage and speed index were determined, and seed health analysis was performed. It is concluded that the germination test for louro-pardo seeds should be carried out between vermiculite, at 30 °C, without light supply, with the first count carried out at 26 days and the last count at 48 days after setting up the test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of quality seeds is a key element for the success of carioca bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivation. To avoid or reduce various problems of importance to the crop, it facilitates the achievement of the cultivar's productive potential and the reduction of production costs. Thus, the objective of this work is to identify which conditions are suitable for evaluating germination in bean seeds using different substrates. The treatments were subjected to a temperature of 25 °C analyzing five substrates (germitest® paper; germitest® paper + sand; germitest® paper + soil; germitest® paper + charcoal and germitest® paper + vermiculite). The chemicals used were: Cruiser 350 FS, Fortenza 600 FS, Standak Top and Avicta complete. The most suitable substrate for installing the germination test in beans depends on the type of product and active ingredient of the seed treatment. Emphasizing the substrates germitest® + vermiculite and germitest®+soil, those that best performed positive characteristics when in contact with the chemical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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O uso de sementes de alto vigor pode ser uma estratégia para reduzir problemas no desenvolvimento de plântulas. Um método eficiente para avaliar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes é o teste de envelhecimento acelerado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o comportamento fisiológico de sementes de Enterolobium schomburgkii submetidas ao envelhecimento acelerado. No teste, 120 sementes foram divididas em quatro subamostras e colocadas em câmara tipo B.O.D., regulada para manter as temperaturas constantes de 41 ºC e umidade relativa do ar a 100%, nos períodos de 0 (testemunha), 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas. As variáveis analisadas foram: emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE) e tempo médio de emergência (TME). Ao final da emergência de plântulas, realizou a biometria de plântulas: diâmetro do coleto, comprimento da parte aérea e de raiz. O vigor de sementes de orelhinha-de-macaco pode ser avaliado pelo teste de envelhecimento acelerado, devendo ser conduzido na temperatura de 41 graus pelo período de 72 horas.

Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake is one of the main eucalyptus species cultivated. However, there are no recommendations for testing its germination pattern. Thus, the objective of this work was to determine the best methodology to conduct seed germination tests for E. urophylla. The study was divided into two steps. In the first, two substrates (on paper and sand) and six temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 35ºC, and alternating 20-30ºC, between night and day, respectively) were tested. In the second step, the best substrate was selected based on the first experiment and was tested in two seeds lots and at the six temperatures previously mentioned. Germination, first count, speed index and the average germination time were evaluated. The experiment was in a completely randomized design with four replications and the treatments were arranged in a 2x6 factorial scheme for both steps. When comparing germination between lots, it was observed that lot 1 had a lower performance than lot 2 under extreme temperature conditions. Seed germination tests of E. urophylla should be made at 30 or 35ºC on the paper or sand substrate, with the initial and final counts at four and 10 days after sowing, respectively. Based on this study, more tests should be made with seeds from other lots and populations of E. urophylla to confirm the results.

O propósito do trabalho foi verificar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes da fisális (Physalis peruviana L.) tendo em vista que a cultura vem se destacando e ganhando espaço no mercado brasileiro como uma alternativa de diversificação na produção agrícola para os agricultores familiares. Foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo o primeiro avaliando a temperatura e a luminosidade na germinação das sementes, e o segundo avaliando a influência do tempo de armazenamento das sementes na germinação e vigor. Foram aplicados os testes de germinação, teste a frio sem terra e envelhecimento acelerado para verificar o comportamento em diferentes períodos de armazenamento (zero, 30, 60, 120, 180 e 240 dias). Em ambas as avaliações se aplicaram o Delineamento Inteiramente Casualizado (DIC), sendo que os resultados entre a germinação e temperatura foram submetidos à ANOVA, e entre a germinação e o período de armazenamento analisados também pela ANOVA e aplicado a regressão polinomial, ambas ao nível de significância de 5%. A pesquisa constatou que o percentual de germinação é maior aos 28 dias após a semeadura, na temperatura de 20º C, entretanto, não diferem estatisticamente entre as avaliações realizadas aos 21 e 28 dias, nas temperaturas 20, 25 e 30º C. Já o período de armazenamento apresentou correlação linear negativa no potencial fisiológico das sementes.

Mabea fistulifera é uma espécie florestal nativa conhecida como mamoninha-do-cerrado, cuja distribuição ocorre no sudeste do país, principalmente em áreas de transição para o Cerrado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de diferentes substratos e temperaturas na germinação de sementes desta espécie em laboratório. Foram testados três substratos: areia, papel mata borrão e vermiculita, com as sementes instaladas entre e sobre estes. As temperaturas estudadas foram 25°C, 30°C, 20-30°C, 20-35°C. Os parâmetros analisados foram a germinação e o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG). O experimento utilizou o delineamento inteiramente casualisado, em um fatorial de 4x6 (temperaturas x substratos). Com base nos resultados tem-se que os valores médios de germinação obtidos para 20-30°C e 20-35°C foram superiores aos de 30°C. E para o IVG observou-se que: 1- as temperaturas alternadas foram superiores estatisticamente as temperaturas constantes e 2- na média de resultados o melhor substrato é a areia (entre e sobre semeadura). Recomenda-se utilizar temperaturas alternadas (20-30°C e 20-35°C) e os substratos entre areia, entre papel e sobre areia

The quality of the seed directly impacts the agronomic characteristics and the final yield of the soybean crop. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate different phytotechnical parameters and the final productivity for different soybean cultivars obtained in a certified way and saved by the rural producer. The study was carried out in the Experimental Area of the University of Cruz Alta. During the 2017/2018 harvest, the plant breeding parameters were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number of pods, lodging and final yield for cultivars NA5909RG, NS5959IPRO, NS5445IPRO and NS6909IPRO under different ways of obtaining, being these, "saved seeds" and "certified seeds". The phytotechnical parameters evaluated were influenced by the way of obtaining the seed for cultivars NS5445IPRO and NS6909IPRO. Among the evaluated cultivars, it was found that the yield of NS5445IPRO and NS6909IPRO were higher in plants from certified seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A conservação das sementes de Handroanthus impetiginosus pode ser afetada por alguns fatores como o conteúdo de umidade das sementes e as condições de armazenamento. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar a influência da secagem e da temperatura do local de armazenamento na qualidade fisiológica das sementes de H. impetiginosus. O trabalho foi dividido em dois experimentos: no primeiro, as sementes foram, previamente, submetidas a secagem (20ºC e UR 49%) e armazenadas em ambiente de laboratório por 30 e 90 dias. Em seguida, realizou-se os testes grau de umidade, germinação e envelhecimento acelerado. No segundo experimento, após o processo de secagem (20 ºC), as sementes foram armazenadas em refrigerador e em ambiente de laboratório, por 0, 30, 60, 120 e 180 dias e avaliadas pelo teste de germinação. A secagem proporcionou aumento na germinação inicial das sementes de 88% para 91%, além de manter-se estável nos períodos de envelhecimento acelerado. Após 90 dias de armazenamento no ambiente observou-se uma queda drástica para 0% de viabilidade das sementes. Entretanto, quando armazenadas em refrigerador a germinação das sementes manteve-se estável em todo período avaliado, em torno de 96% de germinação. Assim, concluiu-se que a secagem não contribuiu para a manutenção da qualidade fisiológica das sementes durante o armazenamento. Contudo, o armazenamento das sementes em refrigerador manteve alta qualidade fisiológica durante todo o período avaliado.

Rapid methods to determine the physiological quality of seeds are demands of the productive chain of this sector, in order to identify lots of low germinative potential already in its reception and/or processing. Thus, the objective was to investigate the pH test of exudate to estimate the viability of wheat seeds and to verify if it has a correlation with the standard germination test by the correlation with the germination test. It was used 10 lots of wheat seeds, from three cultivars, evaluated for the initial quality by determining the water content and viability by the germination test. The pH test of exudate was conducted with four repetitions of 50 seeds, soaked in individual cells containing 1.5 mL of deionized water, in the periods of two, three and four hours, at 20, 25 and 30 °C. After each period, a drop of indicator solution phenolphthalein was added and read the results according to the staining of the exudate present in each cell. For greater reliability, after reading the results of each tested combination, the seeds were placed to germinate. Low correlation of the exudate pH test with germination was verified for wheat, in all tested combinations, even exhibiting negative coefficients depending on the temperature/soaking period used. It can be inferred that the pH test of exudate is not efficient for a quick evaluation of the viability of wheat seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the influence of the growth habit on the physiological quality and the production yield of soybean seeds, experiments were conducted during two harvests, using three batches of seeds with determined habit and three with undetermined habit. The physiological quality of the seeds was analyzed by germination, accelerated aging, tetrazolium, and seedling emergence tests in the field, using seeds collected from the entire plant and its three canopy strata of soybean crop (lower, middle and upper). For the entire plant, 12 components of yield and productivity were determined (number of seeds per pod; number of seeds per plant; number of pods on the main stem; number of reproductive nodes on the main stem; number of pods per node on the main stem; total number of pods; number of branches; length of internode; number of nodes on the main stem; mass of 1000 seeds; plant height and insertion height of the first pod). It was concluded that seeds from cultivars with determined and undetermined growth habits present similar physiological qualities (germination and vigor). Seeds in the lower stratum of the plant have lower quality, regardless of the growth habit. Soy plants of undetermined growth provide higher seed yields (kilograms per hectare). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The ryegrass is one of the main grasses used in the southern Brazilian states for the purpose of forage production during the winter months. Its great importance is presented due to the species of natural occurrence in the field of southern Brazil have low dry matter production during the winter. In this context, the quality of ryegrass seeds presents great importance for the correct establishment of cultivated pastures. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the benefit of using a densimetric table in the processing of ryegrass seed lots. For this purpose, two lots of ryegrass seeds with different levels of initial quality were used; the treatments were composed of four densimetric table collection regions and the control. To evaluate the effect of the equipment, tests of germination, emergence, electrical conductivity, seedling length, root length, hectoliter weight and operational capacity were conducted. It was observed that the densimetric table gives benefit to the quality of the seed lots, however the initial quality of the lots is a decisive factor in the efficiency of the equipment.

A calibração de metodologias capazes de identificar de forma rápida e eficiente a qualidade de um lote de sementes, mediante testes de viabilidade como o de tetrazólio, para o arroz, ainda carece de ajustes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar alternativas de preparo e corte das sementes para avaliação da viabilidade de sementes de arroz. O trabalho foi conduzido em duas etapas: a) necessidade de remoção da casca (pálea e lema) e b) corte das sementes, para avaliar a viabilidade de sementes de arroz. Foram utilizadas sementes de quatro cultivares de arroz irrigado (Puitá Inta CL, BR IRGA 424, SCS 116 Satoru e SCS 117 CL) e duas de sequeiro (BRS Serra Dourada e BRS Esmeralda), cada uma representada por dois lotes, totalizando doze lotes avaliados. A qualidade inicial dos lotes de sementes de arroz foi avaliada quanto ao teor de água, percentual de germinação e de emergência de plântulas. Na primeira etapa, foi avaliada a necessidade da remoção ou não da pálea e da lema das sementes para a execução do teste de tetrazólio. Os resultados indicaram que para a avaliação da viabilidade de sementes de arroz pelo teste de tetrazólio é recomendável a remoção da pálea e lema, sendo mais eficiente o corte longitudinal na metade distal do eixo embrionário. A remoção da pálea e a lema associada ao corte longitudinal na metade distal do embrião facilita a avaliação da viabilidade de sementes de arroz pelo teste de tetrazólio.

O objetivo proposto neste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de molibdênio via tratamento de sementes sobre a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) e o teor desse elemento químico no tecido vegetal em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento da plântula. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela aplicação de molibdênio via sementes, equivalentes a 0; 22; 44; 66 e 88 g.100kg-¹. Foram utilizadas sementes de feijão, cultivares Expedito e Valente. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi avaliada pelos testes de germinação, primeira contagem da germinação, teste de frio, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência em campo, índice de velocidade de emergência, comprimento de plântulas e matéria seca de parte aérea e de raiz. Para a determinação do teor de molibdênio, realizou-se a semeadura em bandejas utilizando-se como substrato areia lavada. Aos 8, 10, 12 e 14 dias após a semeadura realizou-se a coleta das plântulas. Determinaram-se a massa e o teor de molibdênio da parte aérea, em espectrofotômetro UV-Vísivel a 405 nm. Os dados obtidos permitem afirmar que há possibilidade de aplicar molibdênio em feijão, via tratamento de sementes, em doses de até 88 g.100kg-1, sem causar prejuízos à qualidade fisiológica e o teor de molibdênio nas plântulas aumentou linearmente com as respectivas doses aplicadas.

A aveia branca é um cereal cultivado em diversas regiões do mundo, pois possui boa adaptabilidade e destino final, de modo que seu cultivo tem apresentado acréscimos significativos visando atender a demanda, com destaque para produção de forragem, grãos e alimentação animal e humana. O uso de sementes de alta qualidade é necessário para a formação da lavoura. O cultivo acontece no inverno e ocorrem oscilações térmicas durante a implantação da cultura, sendo assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar as alterações fisiológicas em sementes de aveia expostas a diferentes temperaturas durante a fase de germinação. O experimento foi disposto em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em fatorial 6 × 4. Foram avaliadas seis cultivares, Afrodite, Altiva, Artemis, Brava, Corona e Guará nas temperaturas 15, 20, 25 e 30 °C por meio de testes de primeira contagem de germinação, germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), comprimento e massa seca de plântulas. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância (teste F) e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey. As cultivares foram afetadas fisiologicamente nas temperaturas mínima e máxima. A 15 °C não houve formação de plântulas normais. A 20 e 25 ºC foram obtidos os maiores valores de germinação, mostrando-se, portanto, como temperaturas mais propícias ao processo germinativo. A 30 °C, o vigor foi reduzido, apresentando ainda uma tendência de maior número de plântulas anormais e sementes mortas.

Even though the growing demand for seeds of native forest species, for both commercial and reforestation purposes, this sector still has some challenges for the large-scale production. Harvesting of these seeds frequently takes place in natural populations, areas not registered for such use, not considering sampling criteria that guarantee their genetic conservation. Due to the economic and socio-environmental importance of Pityrocarpa moniliformis (Benth.) Luckow & R. W. Jobson, a species native to the semiarid region of Brazil, this study aimed to select mother plants of P. moniliformis for seed production that meets the quality requirements demanded by the forest conservation and production programs. To that end, seeds from 44 trees were subjected to evaluation of physical and physiological aspects as well as of genetic diversity from mother plants and progenies by using ISSR molecular markers. There was considerable variation on the physiological quality of seeds, where 77% of P. moniliformis trees produced seeds with germination above 50%. The progeny test showed that 64.4% of the source from total variation in the loci comes from the progenies, indicating an increased difference between generations. By considering the phytosanitary aspect, yield (800 seeds/individual) and seed viability (> 50%), as well as genetic diversity (Nei genetic distance < 0.78 and progeny test), it was possible to select 27 P. moniliformis mother plants with superior characteristics for seed production. Even though physical and physiological quality are important parameters in selecting mother plants for producing seeds intended for commercialization, the access to the genetic diversity of P. moniliformis assists in selecting mother plants aiming at the recovery of degraded areas, reforestation and genetic breeding. Seed-producing mother plants of P. moniliformis can be selected based on the genetic distance between individuals and on the physiological quality of their seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A análise computadorizada de plântulas tem se apresentado como uma ferramenta promissora para avaliação do vigor de sementes, proporcionando a obtenção de resultados determinados e menos subjetivos. O objetivo do trabalho foi definir uma metodologia para a avaliação do vigor de sementes de grão-de-bico por meio da análise computadorizada de imagens, utilizando como base o Sistema de Análise de Plântula (SAPL®). Duas cultivares de grão-de-bico foram avaliadas, sendo cinco lotes da cv. BRS Aleppo e quatro lotes da cv. Cícero. As sementes de cada cultivar foram submetidas a testes para caracterização inicial do potencial fisiológico dos lotes, sendo esses comparados com as determinações feitas pelo SAPL®. Os resultados demonstraram altas correlações entre as variáveis padrões com a análise computadorizada e os testes tradicionais de vigor, com ênfase para a estreita relação entre o teste de frio e germinação a baixa temperatura com o índice de vigor corrigido (r> 0,9), avaliado no quarto dia após o início do teste. O comprimento total das plântulas, da raiz primária e os índices de crescimento e vigor corrigido por meio da análise computadorizada de plântulas no quarto dia após a semeadura permitir a separação dos lotes quanto ao vigor. A análise computadorizada de plântulas com o uso do software SAPL® apresenta eficácia na determinação do vigor de sementes de grão-de-bico. da raiz primária e os índices de crescimento e vigor corrigido obtido por meio da análise computadorizada de plântulas no quarto dia após a semeadura permitir a separação dos lotes ao vigor. A análise computadorizada de plântulas com o uso do software SAPL® apresenta eficácia na determinação do vigor de sementes de grão-de-bico. da raiz primária e os índices de crescimento e vigor corrigido obtenção por meio da análise computadorizada de plântulas no quarto dia após a semeadura permitir a separação dos lotes ao vigor. A análise computadorizada de plântulas com o uso do software SAPL® apresenta eficácia na determinação do vigor de sementes de grão-de-bico.

Biofertilizer appears as an alternative to replace the use of synthetic stimulant by family farmers in pig bean seeds. These are used in agricultural cultivars providing greater seedling vigor. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the concentrations of biofertilizers as a biostimulant in the germination of pork beans. The experimental design adopted was the completely randomized, in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, referring to two types of biofertilizers (the base of bovine manure and the base fruit residue) and five concentrations of biofertilizers (0; 25%; 50%; 75% and 100%) in immersion for 10 minutes. The germination speed index, total germination, length of primary and hypocotyl root, width and length of cotyledons and fresh and dry matter of the root, hypocotyl and cotyledons were evaluated. The use of biofertilizer based on fruit residue stimulated the rate of germination speed, germination, primary root, fresh root material and dry matter of the root and hypocotyl of C. ensiformis seeds, however the concentrations do not affect the variables. The application of biofertilizer based on bovine manure provided a significant increase in the size of the hypocotyl, width and length of cotyledon and fresh and dry matter of cotyledons, as well as the concentrations of 50 and 75% of bovine biofertilizer applied to the seeds of C. ensiformis promoted the accumulation of cotyledon fresh matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean is a crop of great economic relevance in the world, with seed production being one of the most important sectors of its agro-industrial complex. Processing is one of the final stages of the seeds production process, it aims to remove impurities, select seeds by shape, size and density and pack properly. Monitoring and quality control at different stages of the process ensures that seeds meet storage and market standards. The aim of this study was to evaluate the different stages of processing in the physical and physiological performance of three cultivars of soybean seeds using statistical process control tools. The work was carried out at the seed processing unit with the cultivars M8644 IPRO, M8349 IPRO and M8808 IPRO, with sampling at eight points throughout the process. Water content, physical purity, germination, first count, accelerated aging, tetrazolium (vigor and viability), mechanical damage and electrical conductivity were evaluated. During the process, mean and amplitude control charts were used for each test. The use of control charts made it possible to monitor the process of soybean seed processing, pointing out the methodology as a tool to determine existing problems, to promote continuous improvement in the performance of seed processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed deterioration induces the formation of free radicals and proliferation of microorganisms, but the application of external antioxidants may lessen these effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of cathode and anode water on the physiological quality and health of Coffea arabica L. seeds. Part of the seeds were soaked in cathode water and the other part in anode water for periods of 1, 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours. The physiological quality of the seeds was evaluated by the germination test and tetrazolium test, and seed health by the Blotter test. Analysis of variance and Pearson correlation analysis were performed on the data for all the response variables. Soaking in cathode water or anode water up to 24 hours improves the physiological quality of coffee seeds. Anode water has a beneficial effect on the health of coffee seeds, reducing the incidence of Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., and Alternaria spp. after one hour of soaking and of Aspergillus spp. after six hours. Soaking in cathode water for a period of one hour leads to a reduction in the fungi Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Cladosporium spp., and Alternaria spp., and reduction in Penicillium spp. after six hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seeds may undergo interference from chemical products that are applied to the mother-plant, either impairing or improving their features, and to determine if there was interference in the seeds, germination and vigor tests are carried out. This study aimed to assess the quality of soybean seeds subjected to pre- and post-emergence herbicides and post-emergence growth regulators. At experiment 1, pre-emergence soybean herbicides were applied, and seeds were sown at the same day of application, at experiment 2, herbicides and growth regulators were applied at post-emergence soybean (V4). Seeds were harvested and subjected to the necessary tests, namely 1,000-seed weight, moisture content, germination, seedling length, tetrazolium and electrical conductivity. In general, herbicides and growth regulators did not cause an adverse impact on soybean seeds quality. Application of flumioxazin or mepiquat chloride caused minimal effects on the soybean seeds quality, with minor reductions in vigor, and no effect on germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of bean seed coating with different doses of silicon (Si) on their physical, physiological and sanitary attributes, as well as to determine the amount of nutrients absorbed in the seedlings. BRS Expedito beans, 2014/15 harvest, were used, with an initial germination of 82%. Being used as a source of Si, calcium and magnesium silicate powder (Agrosilício®) (Si: 10.53%; Ca: 25.00%; Mg: 7.00%; Fe: 10.20%; Cr: 4, 48%; Mn: 1.72%; Ti: 0.69%; S: 0.52%; K: 0.35%), previously sieved, with a density of 1.30g / cm³. The treatment consisted of covering bean seeds, in the equivalent doses of 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180g Si 100kg-1 of seeds, which corresponded to 0; 427.3; 854.7; 1,282; 1.709g of the product for 100kg-1 of seeds. The increase in doses of up to 116g of Si 100kg-1 of seeds positively influences the expression of vigor, providing a superior development of seedlings, as well as an increase in the concentration of Si in the leaves and root Ca. Doses other than Si do not control pathogens associated with seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O teste de envelhecimento acelerado é de grande importância para expressar o potencial fisiológico das sementes. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o vigor de sementes de trevo vermelho das cultivares Quiniquelli e Estanzuela 116 pelo teste do envelhecimento acelerado sob estresse hídrico e salino. Para tal, as sementes foram expostas a solução hídrica e salina com NaCl (40%) nos tempos de 12, 24, 36, 48 e 72 h a 42 °C e, em seguida, avaliadas pelo teste de envelhecimento acelerado. Foram medidos os comprimentos de 15 plântulas normais de cada uma das quatro repetições de ambas as cultivares e determinada a massa seca das plântulas (48 h /60 °C). Após 12, 24 e 36 h de envelhecimento em solução salina o vigor foi superior à média de 84,5% para ambas cultivares. No teste conduzido com água, o tempo de 36 h foi suficiente para estressar as sementes. O tempo de envelhecimento acelerado que melhor caracterizou o vigor de sementes das cultivares Quiniquelli e Estanzuela 116 foi o de 48 h sob temperatura de 42 °C com o uso de solução saturada de NaCl, sendo o mais indicado para as sementes de trevo vermelho.

A produção de sementes é um processo que incluem diversas etapas desde o melhoramento, produção, certificação, até a manutenção depois da colheita, cuja finalidade especifica é obter sementes de qualidade, com alta pureza genética, pureza física, qualidade fisiológica e sanitária, que afetam a sua capacidade de originar plantas de alta produtividade. Objetivou-se com esta revisão abordar os principais aspectos práticos verificados durante a produção de sementes de crambe, visando obter sementes de elevada qualidade física, fisiológica, genética e sanitária. A metodologia estudada foi a revisão de literatura com levantando e análise de dados sobre a cultura. Verificou-se que para sementes de crambe ainda não há na literatura informações suficientes quanto às diversas etapas de um sistema de produção de sementes, especialmente no que se refere ao estabelecimento e condução de campos de produção. Diante destas considerações, o conhecimento das condições ideais durante a produção de sementes é de fundamental importância, uma vez que somente aquelas de elevado nível de qualidade proporcionam a maximização da ação dos demais insumos e fatores de produção empregados na lavoura, com respostas na produtividade das culturas.

A salinidade é um dos fatores que promove a inibição no crescimento e produtividade vegetal, sendo necessária a busca por alternativas que auxiliem na mitigação da ação degenerativa do estresse salino às culturas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar doses de ácido salicílico na germinação e vigor de sementes de Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze submetidas à salinidade. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial incompleto 5 x 5, com cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa de 0,0; 1,45; 5,00; 8,55 e 10,00 dS m-1) e cinco doses de AS de (0,0; 0,29; 1,00; 1,71 e 2,00 mM L-1), com quatro repetições de 50 sementes, totalizando nove combinações geradas via matriz Composto Central de Box. As variáveis avaliadas foram: porcentagem de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, tempo médio de germinação, porcentagem de plântulas anormais, comprimento da parte aérea, radícula e plântula e massa seca total de plântulas. O ácido salicílico atenua o efeito do estresse salino sobre o crescimento inicial, mitigando os danos sobre o comprimento de radícula e da parte aérea. O tratamento das sementes com ácido salicílico melhora a germinação e o vigor das sementes.

O vigor é um dos principais atributos da qualidade fisiológica das sementes a ser considerado na implantação de uma lavoura pela influência que pode ter no crescimento e no rendimento das plantas. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o desempenho de plantas de soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] e a qualidade das sementes produzidas em diferentes densidades populacionais (7, 12 e 17 plantas m-1), em função do nível de vigor (alto, médio e baixo) das sementes utilizadas. Foram avaliados a população inicial, a data do florescimento, o ciclo, os componentes de produção e a qualidade das sementes de soja produzidas. Foi evidente o efeito do vigor das sementes na emergência de plântulas em campo, sendo superior quando oriundas das sementes de alto vigor. Além disso, o uso de sementes com maior vigor resulta em plantas mais altas, com maior altura de inserção da primeira vagem e maior número de vagens por planta. Contudo, uma vez ajustada à população de plantas, não há efeito do vigor sob a produtividade da soja. O vigor das sementes e a densidade de plantas na linha não influenciam a qualidade fisiológica das sementes produzidas.

The accelerated aging test is a considerably important method for measuring the physiological potential of seeds. This study sought to apply the accelerated aging test to determine the vigor of red clover seeds of the Quiniquelli and Estanzuela 116 cultivars under water and salinity stress conditions. Accordingly, the seeds were aged for 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours at 42 °C in water and a saturated salt solution (40% NaCl) and then assessed by the accelerated aging test. The lengths of 15 normal seedlings from each of the four replicates for both cultivars were measured, and the seedlings' dry mass (48 h/60 °C) was determined. After aging 12, 24, and 36 hours in a saturated salt solution, vigor was above the average of 84.5% for both cultivars. In the test conducted with water, 36 hours were enough to stress the seeds. The accelerated aging time that best represented the vigor of the seeds of the Quiniquelli and Estanzuela 116 cultivars was 48 hours at 42 °C in the saturated NaCl solution, thus being the most suitable for red clover seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Caatinga is the property of Revista Caatinga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers in seeds coated has become important due to their desirable and renewable biological properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of hydrophilic polymers on the water absorption process and physiological attributes of soybean seeds, NK 7059 RR cultivar. The seeds were coated with cassava starch, sodium alginate and polyvinyl alcohol biopolymers at four different concentrations 0, 2, 4 and 6%. The water absorption process was evaluated at three hour intervals for 24 hours, totaling eight evaluations. For physiological quality the seeds were submitted to the tests of first germination count, germination, germination speed index, accelerated aging, greenhouse emergence, emergence speed index and electrical conductivity. The polymers used in the present study increase the percentage of seed soaking, especially sodium alginate at a concentration of 4%. The increase in the concentration of polymers negatively affects seedling emergence, and in the case of sodium alginate it reduces germination and seeds vigor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior to commercialization, seeds of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) have to undergo the germination test, whose well-established methodology takes 120 days. Due to their recalcitrant behavior, the seeds have short longevity when stored (around 30-45 days), which makes it challenging to select the most viable ones for marketing. This study aimed to determine a methodology for the tetrazolium test to be carried out in peach palm seeds, in order to fast deliver results that can be correlated to the germination test. Different forms of pre-conditioning, preparation, and staining were investigated via moisture content, germination, and tetrazolium tests, so as to define the vital parts of the seed and sort out the viability classes. For the seed lot under study, the tetrazolium test delivered results supported by the germination test when the following procedures were adopted: pre-conditioning by water submersion (20 °C for 24 h), longitudinal cut adjacent to the embryo, and half-seed immersion (embryo + endosperm) in a 1.0% tetrazolium solution for 4 h at 30 °C. Having fulfilled these criteria, it became possible to separate the peach palm seeds into two classes (viable or non-viable). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]