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The simultaneous rise of China and India has been creating significant re-orientation in the contemporary international system. Both the countries are trying to climb up in the global power hierarchy but for the first instance, they are competing with each other for the Pan-Asian leadership. As a result, their neighboring countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar are becoming hot spots for geostrategic power play between the two Asian powers. The Sino-Indian geostrategic competition intensified after 25 August 2017 when the military crackdown happened at the Rakhine state on Rohingya people. This paper illustrates the nature and dimensions of the response from New Delhi and Beijing on the 2017 Rohingya Refugee crisis. This paper adopted a qualitative method and data was analyzed based on secondary data. The findings argue that there was a qualitative difference between the responses from India and China in this crisis. India claimed to remain neutral in the crisis and provided limited humanitarian and economic assistance to Bangladesh and Myanmar. This paper also reviews why China and India back Myanmar and the international response to this crisis. Finally, this paper concludes with Bangladesh’s challenges from the Sino-Indian geostrategic interests in the Rakhine state.

Background Photographic images can clash markedly with patients’ self-perception. Individuals are more familiar with their mirror image, where their facial asymmetries are reversed. A non-reversing mirror (NRM) allows patients to see their dynamic non-reversed image and familiarize themselves with how they appear in photographs and to others. Objectives The aim of this study was to explore the effect that a NRM has on facial self-perception and investigate whether a NRM changes an individual’s goals when considering cosmetic surgery. Methods Individuals (n = 30) filled out portions of the FACE-Q questionnaire after inspecting their reflections in a NRM and in a standard mirror for 30 seconds each. After these two inspections had been completed, investigators asked qualitative questions comparing the 2 mirrors. Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Pearson’s chi-squared test were used to analyze the differences. Results Participants scored significantly better on the FACE-Q Age Appraisal and Appearance-Related Psychosocial Distress scales when looking in a standard mirror vs a NRM (P = 0.007 and 0.001, respectively). Qualitatively, most reported that their faces seemed less symmetric and less balanced (73% and 53%, respectively) in the NRM. Overall, 83.3% reported seeing a qualitative difference in their appearance, with 30% endorsing that looking in the NRM had changed their facial aesthetic goals. Conclusions A NRM can bridge between the familiarity of the patient’s reversed reflection and their less-familiar, non-reversed true image. It may serve as a useful physician-patient communication tool when discussing goals and expectations for facial aesthetic procedures.

An approximate analytical description of the nonstationary evolution of cylindrical nonlinear solitary waves with a complex structure is given. A modified Gardner equation with a boundary condition in the form of a “wide” soliton close to the limiting one is analyzed. The analysis shows a qualitative difference in the behavior of converging and diverging waves, as well as a difference from the quasi-stationary dynamics of cylindrical solitons.

The purpose of the research is a comparative study of the use of social networks in the educational and sociocultural context. The comparison criteria include the following indicators: social status (student-teacher), demographic characteristics (gender and age), and sociocultural indicators (the country of residence – Russia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan). A questionnaire based on closed and open questions was used to collect data. The data were analyzed in SPSS. Various strategies (constructively individualistic and value-normative strategies) were identified for obtaining and using information through social networks that are mediated by ex-isting cultural and social practices. There is a qualitative difference in the use of social networks by teachers and students. Students are primarily attracted by the ability to communicate on social networks. The use of social networks by teach-ers is mediated by their professional activities. The results obtained allow us to build other forms of interaction between the teacher and students A teacher coor-dinates students' independent intellectual activities rather than transmits knowledge; students become not just consumers of educational information, but active participants in the creation of an intellectual product.

Whether hate crime against minority groups increases or decreases over time underpins important theoretical and policy questions. However, the ability to capture trends is limited due to a dearth of data and measurement problems, especially in countries where there is no official register of hate crime. Using Chile as a case study, we compare longitudinal data from victimization surveys, registers of community organizations and mainstream media reports. The results allow us to discuss opportunities and limitations of triangulating different data sources to capture trends of hate crime. Our study results show a general increase in trends of hate crimes in Chile between 2015 and 2019, but important differences between data sources and victim groups (we consider LGBTI, migrant and Indigenous victims). We propose that the qualitative difference in the size of variation across different sources is explained by different biases of the data, which we review. This article illustrates the importance of disaggregating hate crimes because trends, correlates and key predictors often differ depending on the type of hate crime and the source of data.

This article argues that the term “incommensurable” is a key indicator of Barth’s position that the difference between God and the world is a “pure difference” and therefore not a difference of any “kind” nor even a difference of “infinitely greater degree,” as possibly implied by the Fourth Lateran Council. Although this term is used prominently in his second Romans commentary, where it underscores the companion idea that God is “wholly other,” it also recurs at important points in Church Dogmatics, where it is more often presupposed than openly stated. The “Pure Difference Thesis” not only clarifies why Barth’s rejection of the analogia entis is logically necessary for him but also why he argues that any and all activity of God in the world is purely miraculous, as well as beyond ordinary human comprehension. A few examples of how the Pure Difference Thesis comes to bear in Barth’s theology are given: truth claims about God involve an extrinsic analogy of attribution as grounded entirely in the miracle of grace; sanctification in Christ cannot possibly be a matter of progressing by degrees; dialectical theology becomes a drastic matter of Aufhebung (negation and negation of the negation); and Christ’s atoning work on the cross is depicted in essentially “apocalyptic” terms.

This study was conducted to provide additional information about the phytochemical and the bioactive patterns of the lipophilic fraction of citrus fruits using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and reversed-phase-liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detector (RP-HPLC). The recovered oils were rich in α-linolenic and palmitic acids. The concentration of total tocopherols and phytosterols varied significantly among Citrus species, where the highest amount was detected in C. reticulata and C. aurantium indicating that these species could be exploited as a natural and cheap source of bioactive molecules. C. limon exhibited the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Both quantitative and qualitative difference of these lipophilic compounds and their bioactive potentialities contributed to the differentiation of the studied species and thus, could be useful as chemotaxonomic markers. The trait-to-trait correlations contributed to identify a set of potential metabolites that could be implicated in the observed biological activity. The integration of the results of the phytochemical and bioactive patterns provides extra-information on Citrus species and can also be applied for future investigations and to obtain a detailed fingerprint useful for breeding, conservation and improvement purposes.

The accuracy of judgments of learning (JOLs) in forecasting later recall of cue–target pairs is sensitive to associative direction. JOLs are generally well calibrated for forward associative pairs (e.g., credit-card), but recall accuracy is often overestimated for backward pairs (e.g., card-credit). The present study further examines the effect of associative direction on JOL accuracy by comparing forward and backward pairs to unrelated pairs and symmetrical associates (e.g., salt–pepper)—a novel comparison. The correspondence between initial JOLs and recall accuracy was examined when study was either self-paced with concurrent JOLs (Experiment 1), when study/JOL duration was equated across pair types (Experiment 2), when JOLs were made immediately following study (Experiment 3), and when JOLs were made after a delay (Experiment 4). Across experiments, JOLs accurately estimated correct recall for forward pairs, but overestimated recall for symmetrical, backward, and unrelated pairs—an overestimation that was particularly robust for backward pairs. Calibration plots depicting JOL ratings against their corresponding recall accuracy indicated overestimations occurred for all pair types, though overestimations only occurred at high JOL ratings for symmetrical and forward pairs, a qualitative difference that was not captured in standard analyses of mean JOL and recall rates.

The possibilities of substantial long-term improvement of predictive timing might be sometimes seen as limited, with scanty information of neural substrates underlying the potential learning process. To address this issue, we have investigated the performance of 21 baseball professionals and 21 matched controls in a predictive motor timing task previously shown to engage the cerebellum. Baseball players, hypothesized as a model of overtraining of the prediction of future state of the surroundings, showed significantly higher quantitative performance than nonathletic controls, with a substantial part of the baseball players reaching levels far beyond the range observed in common population. Furthermore, the qualitative performance profile of baseball players under various conditions as target speed and acceleration modes did not differ from the profile of healthy controls. Our results suggest that regular exigent training has the potential to vastly improve predictive motor timing. Moreover, the quantitative but not qualitative difference in the performance profile allows us to hypothesize that the selective honing of the same cerebellar processes and networks as in non-trained individuals is the substrate for the quantitative performance improvement, without substantial engagement of further neural nodes.

Purpose: To understand the contribution of the concept of “biomarker” to quantitative imaging research. Method: The study consists of a bibliometric and a network analysis of quantitative imaging biomarkers research based on publication data retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) for the period 1976–2017. Co-authorship is used as a proxy for scientific collaboration among research groups. Research groups are disambiguated and assigned to an institutional sector and to a medical specialty or academic discipline. Co-occurrence maps of specialties are built to delineate the collaborative network structure of this emerging field. Results: Two very distinct growth patterns emerged from the 5432 publications retrieved from WoS. Scientific production on «quantitative imaging biomarkers» (QIB) began 20 years after the first publications on «quantitative imaging» (QI). The field of QIB has exhibited rapid growth becoming the most used term since 2011. Among the 12,882 institutions identified, 56% include the term QIB and 44% include the term QI; among the 14,734 different research groups identified, 60% include the term QIB and 40% the term QI. QIB is characterized by a well-established community of researchers whose largest contributors are in medical specialties (radiology 17%, neurology 16%, mental 10%, oncology 10%), while QI shows a more fragmented and diverse community (radiology 13%, engineering 13%, physics 10%, oncology 9%, neurology 6%, biology 4%, nuclear 3%, computing 3%). This suggests a qualitative difference between QIB and QI networks. Conclusions: Adding biomarkers to quantitative imaging suggests that medical imaging is rapidly evolving, driven by the efforts to translate quantitative imaging research into clinical practice., Adrián A. Díaz-Faes has received support from a Juan de la Cierva Incorporación postdoctoral grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (IJCI-2017-31454).

We investigated the phase boundaries of three ${\mathrm{Na}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{TiO}}_{3}$-(NBT) based piezoelectric systems NBT-${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ (NBT-BT), NBT-${\mathrm{K}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{TiO}}_{3}$ (NBT-KBT) and NBT-${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ (NBT-ST), all exhibiting similar piezoelectric responses (${d}_{33}\ensuremath{\sim}180\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}pC/N$). We found that, apart from a qualitative difference (NBT-KBT/NBT-BT exhibits R3c-P4mm interferroelectric instability and NBT-ST does not), the critical compositions of all the three systems exhibit onset of a disordered P4bm phase. Our study suggests that the preponderant effect of this distortion overrides the interferroelectric instability, limiting the piezoelectric response of NBT-BT/NBT-KBT like that in NBT-ST.

Based on the first author's experience with several years of small-group discussions and other clinical experiences, gifted adolescents are often unable to respond to the question "How are you like anyone else your age?" Their inability to acknowledge similarities is not surprising, given the differentness inherent in having abilities in the highest percentiles on a bell curve of intellectual ability. In fact, they may struggle with personal challenges related to that reality. However, their sometimes puzzled hesitation might also reflect little sense of shared humanity. Actually, their developmental tasks are fairly universal: developing identity, direction, autonomy, and increasingly mature relationships (e.g., Erikson, 1968; Scheidel & Marcia, 1985). How they experience developmental challenges, though, likely differs because of "a qualitative difference in awareness and intensity of experience" (Silverman, 2013, p. 21).

Significance Active suspensions of microswimmers demonstrate novel emergent behaviors (self-organizations, active turbulence, etc.) on macroscopic length scales. For such systems with, minimally, thousands of microswimmers, direct numerical simulations of the hydrodynamic interactions are computationally infeasible, and reduced models are needed. We demonstrated that existing models are not satisfactory in describing the hydrodynamic interactions for microswimmers in close proximity with even qualitatively erroneous predictions, indicating a pressing need for an adequate model. We propose a model that is both physically effective and computationally efficient in describing such hydrodynamics. The main novelty of our model is the description of hydrodynamic interactions through a resistance tensor, as opposed to an effective steric interaction in existing models., Near-field hydrodynamic interactions in active fluids are essential to determine many important emergent behaviors observed, but have not been successfully modeled so far. In this work, we propose an effective model capturing the essence of the near-field hydrodynamic interactions through a tensorial coefficient of resistance, validated numerically by a pedagogic model system consisting of an Escherichia coli bacterium and a passive sphere. In a critical test case that studies the scattering angle of the bacterium–sphere pair dynamics, we prove that the near-field hydrodynamics can make a qualitative difference even for this simple two-body system: Calculations based on the proposed model reveal a region in parameter space where the bacterium is trapped by the passive sphere, a phenomenon that is regularly observed in experiments but cannot be explained by any existing model. In the end, we demonstrate that our model also leads to efficient simulation of active fluids with tens of thousands of bacteria, sufficiently large for investigations of many emergent behaviors.

Mechanism of ictogenesis of D- and L-stereroisomers of homocysteic acid was studied in 12-day-old rats by means of antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. There was no qualitative difference between the two stereoisomers in generation of emprosthotonic (flexion) as well as generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Moderate differences were observed in the first, nonconvulsive effects of the two isomers. As generation of the two types of seizures is concerned, NMDA and AMPA participate in generalized tonic-clonic seizures whereas NMDA receptors play a dominant role in generation of flexion seizures.

ObjectivesThis study was aimed at identifying the dependency of the frost resistance of the contact zone of fine-grained concretes (FGCs) obtained from dry building mixtures (DBMs) based on various Portland cements (PCs) with the content of various redispersable polymer powders (RPPs) from 0 to 3%.MethodThe research was based on 75 freeze-defrost cycles.ResultsAlthough the average dependency of adhesion with the base on additional porosity after 75 freeze-defrost cycles does not depend on the nature of NMV, adhesion is influenced by the cement type, the type and dosage of RPPs, as well as the nature of additional porosity. Since the content of organised volume of NMV in the form of VV has no effect on changes in adhesion with the concrete base following 75 freeze-defrost cycles, it is impractical to add more than 7% of NMV in the form of MS to the concrete mixture. The feasibility of using sulphate-resistant cement requires more research. The practical RPP dosage should be 1-2%. Some contradictions in conclusions on the volume of the introduced MS (by the strength criterion – at least 6%, by the criterion of frost resistance of the contact zone – no more than 7%) allows us to recommend the dosage of MS in RPP within 6-7% by volume for obtaining additional data on the MS effect on frost resistance.ConclusionThe dependency of compressive strength on additional porosity for FGCs without NMV and with NMV in the VV form after hardening during 28 days under normal conditions almost coincides with the known dependency of strength on porosity for cement stone; the maximum divergence of the values ???????? ????0 in the investigated range does not exceed 5%. The dependency of compressive strength on additional porosity for FGCs without NMV and with NMV in the MS form is similar to the known dependency of strength from porosity for cement stone; however, with increasing porosity, there is a slight decrease in the effect of porosity on strength. The dependency of compressive strength after 75 freeze-defrost cycles on additional porosity for FGC without NMV practically coincides with the previously obtained dependency of strength on porosity for cement stone; the maximum divergence of the values ???????? ????0 in the investigated range does not exceed 9%. For FGCs with NMV in the MC form, increasing porosity causes a slight decrease in the porosity effect on strength, and for FGCs with NMV in the VV form, the dependency has a quantitative and qualitative difference. The value of NMV in the VV form recommended for improving the frost resistance of FGCs by the strength criterion is at least 3%, MS – at least 6%. According to the criterion of the frost resistance of the contact zone and the strength of MS, the recommended dosage is 6-7%. It was not possible to disclose the direct impact of the VV volume on the frost resistance of the contact zone.

We analyse dynamics of genuinely multi-partite entanglement of N-qubit states initially prepared in the form of so called X-matrices with one qubit coupled to a Davies-type environment. We develop an analytic formula for genuinely multi-partite concurrence of the investigated states as a function of time and analyze its time evolution with an emphasis on the qualitative difference between systems affected by a pure decoherence only and those which do dissipate energy at finite temperature.

In contrast to the case of ordinary quantum Hall effect, the resistance of ballistic helical edge channels in typical quantum spin-Hall experiments is non-vanishing, additive and poorly quantized. Here we present a simple argument connecting this qualitative difference with a spin relaxation in the current/voltage leads in an experimentally relevant multi-terminal bar geometry. Both the finite lead resistance and the spin relaxation contribute to a non-vanishing four-terminal edge resistance, explaining poor quantization quality. We show that corrections to the four-terminal and two-terminal resistances in the limit of strong spin relaxation are opposite in sign, making a measurement of the spin relaxation resistance feasible, and estimate the magnitude of the effect in HgTe-based quantum wells.

The initial energy density produced in heavy ion collisions can be estimated with the Bjorken energy density formula after choosing a proper formation time $\tau{_{\rm F}}$. However, the Bjorken formula breaks down at low energies because it neglects the finite nuclear thickness. Here we include both the finite time duration and finite longitudinal extension of the initial energy production. When $\tau{_{\rm F}}$ is not too much smaller than the crossing time of the two nuclei, our results are similar to those from a previous study that only considers the finite time duration. In particular, we find that at low energies the initial energy density has a much lower maximum value but evolves much longer than the Bjorken formula, while at large-enough $\tau{_{\rm F}}$ and/or high-enough energies our result approaches the Bjorken formula. We also find a qualitative difference in that our maximum energy density $\epsilon^{\rm max}$ at $\tau{_{\rm F}}=0$ is finite, while the Bjorken formula diverges as $1/\tau{_{\rm F}}$ and the previous result diverges as $\ln (1/\tau{_{\rm F}})$ at low energies but as $1/\tau{_{\rm F}}$ at high energies. Furthermore, our solution of the energy density approximately satisfies a scaling relation. As a result, the $\tau{_{\rm F}}$-dependence of $\epsilon^{\rm max}$ determines the $A$-dependence, and the weaker $\tau{_{\rm F}}$-dependence of $\epsilon^{\rm max}$ in our results at low energies means a slower increase of $\epsilon^{\rm max}$ with $A$., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, 1 table; typos in Eq.(19) and Fig.8 corrected; final published version

This paper explores the notion that business calls for an adversarial ethic, akin to that of sport. On this view, because of their competitive structure, both sport and business call for behaviours that are contrary to ‘ordinary morality’, and yet are ultimately justified because of the goods they facilitate. I develop three objections to this analogy. Firstly, there is an important qualitative difference between harms risked voluntarily and harms risked involuntarily. Secondly, the goods achieved by adversarial relationships in sport go beyond the function of sport, i.e. to entertain audiences. Thirdly, the most plausible account of the athlete’s motivational development starts with their love of the sport, which can explain a commitment to the sporting ethics in a way that is not paralleled in business. I close by drawing attention to the ways in which an Aristotelian conception of business ethics may be able to accommodate these objections.

Sex differences in social adjustment are frequently observed, however, there has been very little research on adaptability in the individual and social domains. The aim of this study was to investigate the sex difference in social abilities, such as high self-appeal, sociability, school adaptation, and home adaptation between school-age males and females. The sample for this study included both same-sex and opposite-sex twin pairs: a total of 467 twin pairs. We classified them into three groups: a group of those in lower classes of elementary school, a group of those in higher classes of elementary school, and a group of those in junior high school. The heritability of school adaptation was estimated to be 95% in males and 54% in females in the junior high school group. The full sex-limitation model showed a better fit in this group, and this means that a qualitative genetic difference exists. For school adaptation, there was no sex difference in lower elementary school classes, however, a quantitative difference appeared in higher classes of elementary school. Moreover, a qualitative difference appeared in junior high school. From this research, it became clear that sex differences in heritability exist for school adaptation, and there was a marked increase from the elementary school children to the junior high school children.

Has biblical scholarship become irrelevant to modern secular societies? Are the threats to the viability of biblical scholarship of the same nature as the threats to other areas of the humanities (history, philosophy, literature), or is there a qualitative difference? What about the role of technology in biblical research and biblical education? What is the future of the institutions of biblical scholarship such as universities, seminaries, journals, and academic presses? What is the role of biblical scholars in secular and post-secular societies, as contrasted with scholars in/from emerging communities? This essay argues that the problem of “validation” lies at the heart of biblical scholarship’s irrelevancy within the broader secularity of modern world and that this problem is even more evident in the scholarly discourse coming from regions like Eastern Europe and South Africa. However, the loss of authority of biblical scholarship more generally represents an opportunity for these communities. Rather than becoming enamoured of validation from the North Atlantic world, Bible-reading communities must cultivate their own forms of validation based in their unique histories with the Bible, and the affinities between their own histories/cultures and the cultures that produced the Old and New Testament texts.

The present study investigated cross-linguistic influence (CLI) in the word order of Dutch-English bilingual children, using elicited production and acceptability judgment tasks. The goal was to examine whether monolingual and bilingual children produced and/or accepted V2 word orders in English, as in * Yesterday painted she an apple. We investigated whether the likelihood of CLI was related to language dominance, age at testing, and the degree of surface overlap (i.e., V2 word orders with auxiliaries versus main verbs). Even though none of the participants produced V2 word orders in English, in the acceptability judgment task bilingual children were more likely to accept V2 word orders than monolingual peers. Whilst monolinguals sometimes accepted V2 word orders with auxiliaries, bilinguals did so significantly more often (constituting a quantitative difference) and with main verbs, too (implying a qualitative difference). Therefore, we conclude that CLI can occur independently of surface overlap and that it can lead to both quantitative and qualitative differences between bilinguals and monolinguals. The likelihood of CLI was predicted by language dominance, but not by age. Some bilinguals still accepted V2 word orders at age ten, suggesting that in some cases CLI may be more persistent than previously thought.

A quantum Hall (QH) interface is different from an ordinary QH edge, as the latter has its location determined by the confining potential, while the former can be unpinned and behave like a free string. In this paper, we demonstrate this difference by studying three different interfaces formed by (i) the Laughlin state and the vacuum, (ii) the Pfaffian state and the vacuum, and (iii) the Pfaffian and the anti-Pfaffian states. We find that string-like interfaces propagating freely in the QH system lead to very different dynamical properties from edges. This qualitative difference gives rise to fascinating new physics and suggests a new direction in future research on QH physics. We also discuss briefly possible analogies between QH interfaces and concepts in string theory., Comment: Published version

China and India are both important for the European Union because of their demography, large domestic markets of a billion plus each, large consumers of energy, and because they are vital for dealing with regional problems and global issues. There is a qualitative difference in the EU’s engagement of China and India. This chapter examines Indian perceptions of EU-China relations and the image of China and India in Europe. It analyses Indian perceptions of the Europeans’ mirage of socializing China and the implications of Chinese inroads in Central Europe. In concludes with Indian assessments of European perspectives of a China-centric world order.

Objetivo: conceptualizar que la economía, basada en el conocimiento, puntualiza una diferencia cualitativa en la organización y conducta de la vida económica moderna de las economías desarrolladas. Metodología: fue revisada una amplia literatura sobre gestión del conocimiento para obtener conclusiones sobre su relación con el desarrollo en el siglo XXI. Resultados: se enfatiza en que el Capital Intelectual es la expresión del conjunto de activos de conocimiento o de activos intelectuales, de naturaleza intangible, que se han ido creando y son controlados por la organización gracias a la puesta en acción del conocimiento de las personas que la integran. Limitaciones: apunta la necesidad de preparar y aprovechar el capital intelectual en función del desarrollo. Conclusiones: se concluye que la preparación del capital humano cubano constituye una oportunidad en un país con limitados recursos materiales y financieros, que necesita penetrar en el mercado internacional en condiciones de competitividad para poder desarrollarse.

This papers intends to show that Aristotle's theory on the political nature of man implies a specific difference in relation to other animals and that this does not arise from his understanding of human beings as naturally vulnerable animals that would seek in political life an artifice to redress their insufficiency or individual vulnerability to live. The qualitative difference of human beings in relation to other animals - including political species, such as bees or ants - drives them to an equally specific type of life, whose foundation obeys values that ca be universalized. The political application of these values does not correspond to what is done in the domestic sphere, nor does it correspond to the mere transposition to a quantitatively superior community, because the universality of political values is extracted from what is understood by human beings as necessary for the realization of man as man, not man as an element of nature.

Consistently lateralized reading errors are commonly understood as side-effects of visuospatial neglect impairment. There is however a qualitative difference between systematically omitting full words presented on one side of passages (egocentric neglect dyslexia) and lateralized errors when reading single words (allocentric neglect dyslexia). This study aims to investigate the relationship between egocentric and allocentric neglect dyslexia and visuospatial neglect. 1209 stroke survivors completed standardized reading and cancellation tests. Stringent criteria identified unambiguous cases of allocentric neglect dyslexia (N = 17) and egocentric neglect dyslexia (N = 35). These conditions were found to be doubly dissociated with all cases of egocentric and allocentric neglect dyslexia occurring independently. Allocentric neglect dyslexia was dissociated from both egocentric and allocentric visuospatial neglect. Additionally, two cases of allocentric neglect dyslexia which co-occurred with oppositely lateralized domain-general visuospatial neglect were identified. Conversely, all cases of egocentric neglect dyslexia were found in the presence of domain-general visuospatial neglect. These findings suggest that allocentric neglect dyslexia cannot be fully understood as a consequence of visuospatial neglect. In contrast, we found no evidence for a dissociation between egocentric neglect dyslexia and visuospatial neglect. These findings highlight the need for new, neglect dyslexia specific rehabilitation strategies to be designed and tested. ispartof: Journal Of Clinical And Experimental Neuropsychology vol:42 issue:4 pages:1-11 ispartof: location:England status: Published online

The photon count rate (PCR) of superconducting single-photon detectors made of ${\mathrm{Mo}}_{x}{\mathrm{Si}}_{1\text{\ensuremath{-}}x}$ films shaped as a 2-$\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$-wide strip and a 115-nm-wide meander strip line is studied experimentally as a function of the dc biasing current at different values of the perpendicular magnetic field. For the wide strip, a crossover current ${I}_{\mathrm{cross}}$ is observed, below which the PCR increases with an increasing magnetic field and above which it decreases. This behavior contrasts with the narrow ${\mathrm{Mo}}_{x}{\mathrm{Si}}_{1\text{\ensuremath{-}}x}$ meander, for which no crossover current is observed, thus suggesting different photon-detection mechanisms in the wide and narrow strips. Namely, we argue that in the wide strip the absorbed photon destroys superconductivity locally via the vortex-antivortex mechanism for the emergence of resistance, while in the narrow meander superconductivity is destroyed across the whole strip line, forming a hot belt. Accordingly, the different photon-detection mechanisms associated with vortices and the hot belt determine the qualitative difference in the dependence of the PCR on the magnetic field.

Examining predictors of alcohol use among adolescent girls is increasingly important to enhance prevention efforts, given that the gender gap in alcohol use is steadily closing. While both religiosity and self-control have been independently associated with decreased alcohol use, little research has explored 1) whether religiosity and self-control are reciprocally related and 2) whether the reciprocal association between these constructs may indicate different patterns in the development of alcohol use. As such, this study examined whether there are multiple patterns of reciprocal relationships across religiosity, self-control, and alcohol use among adolescent girls. Latent variable mixture modeling was combined with an autoregressive cross-lagged panel model to identify discrete, prototypical patterns of longitudinal associations (i.e., subgroups) across religiosity, self-control, and alcohol use among 2,122 girls ages 13-17. Psychosocial covariates (e.g., conduct problems) were examined as predictors of each subgroup. Two subgroups were identified. Self-control was associated with reduced alcohol use in both the majority (87.56% of the sample) and minority (12.44% of the sample) subgroups, but only the majority subgroup also demonstrated associations between religiosity, self-control, and alcohol use. Religiosity may predict lower alcohol use in a majority of adolescent girls but this association may not be present among all girls, suggesting that there is a qualitative difference in how religiosity is associated with self-control and alcohol use between subgroups. Results also suggest that higher levels of conduct problems may predict which girls are more likely to demonstrate associations between only self-control and alcohol use, and demonstrate no significant associations with religiosity.

We investigate a quantum well that consists of a thin topological insulator sandwiched between two trivial insulators. More specifically, we consider smooth interfaces between these different types of materials such that the interfaces host not only the chiral interface states, whose existence is dictated by the bulk-edge correspondence, but also massive Volkov-Pankratov states. We investigate possible hybridization between these interface states as a function of the width of the topological material and of the characteristic interface size. Most saliently, we find a strong qualitative difference between an extremely weak effect on the chiral interface states and a more common hybridization of the massive Volkov-Pankratov states that can be easily understood in terms of quantum tunneling in the framework of the model of a (Dirac) quantum well we introduce here., accepted for publication in PRB (13 pages with appendix + 7 figures)

This chapter provides an overview on the phonetic realizations of the Mandarin phoneme inventory. There are two major sections. The first is a general description of the phoneme inventory, which includes five vowels and 19 consonants, along with four lexical tones. In addition to acoustic properties of individual phonemes, major allophonic rules are also discussed. The second section covers some variations on consonants, vowels, and tones in three major Mandarin varieties of Taiwan, Singapore, and China. Some variations are fairly region-specific, while others are more commonly found across various dialects. The former includes the retroflexed vowel suffix in the Mainland variety, the qualitative difference in realizing the neutral tone between the Taiwan and the Mainland variety, and the so-called fifth tone in Singapore Mandarin. The latter includes the deretroflexion and hypercorrection of sibilants, both of which can be found in Taiwan and Singapore Mandarin, and the syllable-final nasal mergers, which can be found in all three major dialects. Interestingly, these cross-dialectal variations also show large within-region variabilities. Both the canonical and the variant realizations of the phonological system are discussed in light of child language acquisition.

Thirty years ago Burrhus Frederic Skinner and Robert Epstein began what is known as the Columban Simulation Project. With pigeons as their subjects, they simulated a series of studies that purportedly demonstrated insight, self-recognition, and symbolic communication in chimpanzees. In each case, with the appropriate training, they demonstrated that pigeons performed in a comparable manner to chimpanzees. When discussing these studies in the context of his Null Hypothesis, Macphail paid little attention to how the pigeons and chimpanzees solved the tasks and simply assumed that successful performance on the tasks reflected a similar underlying mechanism. Here, following a similar process to the original Columban Simulation Project, we go beyond this success testing and employ the signature testing approach to assess whether pigeons and primates employ a similar mechanism on tasks that tap numerical competence and orthographic processing. Consistent with the Null Hypothesis, pigeons and primates successfully passed novel transfer tests and, critically, displayed comparable cognitive signatures. While these findings demonstrate the absence of a qualitative difference, the time taken to train pigeons on these tasks revealed a clear quantitative difference.

Various studies have suggested that a neurotoxic cerebrospinal fluid profile could be implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here, we systematically review the evidence for cerebrospinal fluid cytotoxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and explore its clinical correlates. We searched the following databases with no restrictions on publication date: PubMed, Embase and Web of Science. All studies that investigated cytotoxicity in vitro following exposure to cerebrospinal fluid from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients were considered for inclusion. Meta-analysis could not be performed, and findings were instead narratively summarized. Twenty-eight studies were included in our analysis. Both participant characteristics and study conditions including cerebrospinal fluid concentration, exposure time and culture model varied considerably across studies. Of 22 studies assessing cell viability relative to controls, 19 studies reported a significant decrease following exposure to cerebrospinal fluid from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, while three early studies failed to observe any difference. Seven of eight studies evaluating apoptosis observed significant increases in the levels of apoptotic markers following exposure to cerebrospinal fluid from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, with the remaining study reporting a qualitative difference. Although five studies investigated the possible relationship between cerebrospinal fluid cytotoxicity and patient characteristics, such as age, gender and disease duration, none demonstrated an association with any of the factors. In conclusion, our analysis suggests that cerebrospinal fluid cytotoxicity is a feature of sporadic and possibly also of familial forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Further research is, however, required to better characterize its underlying mechanisms and to establish its possible contribution to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathophysiology., Systematic review of in vitro evidence suggests that cerebrospinal fluid cytotoxicity is a feature of sporadic and possibly also of familial forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Further research is, however, required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying its toxicity, and to establish its possible contribution in overall pathophysiology., Graphical Abstract Graphical Abstract

The performative nature of this article simultaneously functions at multiple levels. It is at once an article about, among other things, the significance of the sonic and its qualitative differences from more ocular forms of expression, the inability to discern between that which occurs of its own accord and that which is manufactured, and questions of attention, intention, and expression. It is also an inversion of how sound is most often utilized in scholarship. In this case, rather than sounds explicating text, the text of this article functions as a kind of libretto for the sonic version of this piece.

The response of an infinite beam on an elastic foundation depends on the property/modeling of the foundation. There is a qualitative difference between the responses of a beam when it is on the Winkler foundation and on the tensionless foundation. A bilinear elastic foundation model, which describes the different behaviors of the elastic foundation in the tensile and compressive zones with two different foundation moduli, is proposed and a straightforward computational method is also formulated. The Winkler and tensionless foundations are shown to be the two special cases of the bilinear elastic foundation model. With this bilinear elastic foundation model, a more general method of modeling an elastic foundation is provided, which can be of some help to the modeling of the support of the ballastless high-speed railway.

Daytime napping offers various benefits for healthy adults, including enhancement of motor skill learning. It remains controversial whether napping can provide the same enhancement as overnight sleep, and if so, whether the same neural underpinning is recruited. To investigate this issue, we conducted functional MRI during motor skill learning, before and after a short day-nap, in 13 participants, and compared them with a larger group (n=47) who were tested following regular overnight sleep. Training in a sequential finger-tapping task required participants to press a keyboard in the MRI scanner with their non-dominant left hand as quickly and accurately as possible. The nap group slept for 60min in the scanner after the training run, and the previously trained skill was subsequently re-tested. The whole-night sleep group went home after the training, and was tested the next day. Offline improvement of speed was observed in both groups, whereas accuracy was significantly improved only in the whole-night sleep group. Correspondingly, the offline increment in task-related activation was significant in the putamen of the whole-night group. This finding reveals a qualitative difference in the offline improvement effect between daytime napping and overnight sleep.

Free choice tasks are tasks in which two or more equally valid response options per stimulus exist from which participants can choose. In investigations of the putative difference between self-generated and externally triggered actions, they are often contrasted with forced choice tasks, in which only one response option is considered correct. Usually, responses in free choice tasks are slower when compared with forced choice task responses, which may point to a qualitative difference in response selection. It was, however, also suggested that free choice tasks are in fact random generation tasks. Here, we tested the prediction that in this case, randomness of the free choice responses depends on working memory (WM) load. In Experiment 1, participants were provided with varying levels of external WM support in the form of displayed previous choices. In Experiment 2, WM load was induced via a concurrent n-back task. The data generally confirm the prediction: in Experiment 1, WM support improved both randomness and speed of responses. In Experiment 2, randomness decreased and responses slowed down with increasing WM load. These results suggest that free choice tasks have much in common with random generation tasks.

In this present study, the crystal structure of 2,2,2-tri­fluoro­aceto­phenone (TFAP) is determined using in situ cryocrystallization techniques. The main objective of this work is to study its crystal packing associated with the various inter­molecular inter­actions, along with a detailed comparison with the features of substituted analogs. It is inter­esting to note how the chemical substitution of different functional groups influences the crystal packing, the electronic environment of the mol­ecule and the nature of the various inter­molecular inter­actions., Crystals of the liquid compound 2,2,2-tri­fluoro­aceto­phenone (TFAP, C8H5F3O) were obtained using the state-of-art in situ cryocrystallization technique. TFAP crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c, and its crystal structure is mainly stabilized by a set of C—H⋯F, C—H⋯O, F⋯F and F⋯O supra­molecular contacts. The overall mol­ecular arrangement shows the formation of mol­ecular sheets parallel to the bc plane, which are in turn stacked along the a-axis direction. The weak inter­actions have been studied thoroughly, performing both a Hirshfeld surface analysis and theoretical calculations, to obtain the inter­molecular inter­action energies. A structural comparison of this compound with the previously reported substituted analogs was also carried out, showing a qualitative difference in terms of packing behaviour.

A strong difference in the character of admixture effect on ignition by shock wave and spark initiation has been revealed using the haloalkane effect on the ignition of methane–oxygen mixtures as an example. It has been shown that the difference is determined by the presence of considerable concentrations of reactive intermediate species in an initial mixture, the qualitative difference in gas heating modes, and the strong difference between the temperature ranges of the process for two these methods.

In Sudan (Khartoum state), the material was collected during the winter and summer seasons. The aim of the study to show the steroid histochemical of the testis of adult Sudanese chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) and duck ( Anas platyrhynchos ). The adult chicken and duck testes were two bean-shaped, large and soft, the left testes wasususally higher in position and larger in size than the right one. The histochemical localization of steroid enzymes was studied in the testis of adult chicken and duck. Δ 5 -3&beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17&beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were demonstrated solely in the interstitial tissue and the seminiferous tubules and no qualitative difference was noticed between winter and summar material.

The nature of structural language difficulties in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was explored in a comparative study with specific language impairment (SLI) through investigation of the frequently reported ASD weakness in receptive skills relative to expressive skills. Twenty French-speaking children with ASD aged 6 to 12 were compared to age-matched children with SLI on production and comprehension ofwh-questions. The two groups displayed similar effects of the complexity of the differentwh-strategies. In the ASD group (as in the SLI group), these effects were not greater in comprehension compared to production; moreover, nonverbal ability (which varied from normal to impaired) was not related to language performance. Observed ASD-SLI differences are argued to largely be due to ASD pragmatic deficits, rather than to a qualitative difference in structural language skills.

Most theoretical models of drops on super-hydrophobic surfaces assume uniform (either partial or complete) penetration of the liquid into the roughness grooves. While this assumption may be satisfactory for well-defined, single-scale roughness, it may be too coarse for random or multiscale roughness. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of assuming non-uniform penetration into a simple multi-scale roughness structure. The quantitative difference between the two approaches was measured by the difference between the predicted most-stable contact angles. The qualitative difference was presented by identifying the type of penetration regime associated with the most-stable contact angle. The results show that the difference between the contact angles predicted by the two approaches is represented by a complex functional dependence on the Young contact angle and all geometric parameters of the multi-scale roughness. The deviation between the results of the two approaches may reach values of 15%. Moreover, the two approaches may predict different states of the drop (Wenzel, Cassie-Baxter) to be most stable.

This study was conducted to evaluate the diurnal effect on essential oil yield and composition of Ledum palustre L. grown in northern Inner Mongolia, China. Essential oil content and composition were determined and compared as a function of different harvesting times viz. 7:00 AM, 11:00 AM, 3:00 PM, 7:00 PM, and 11:00 PM within a day. The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The yield of essential oil was varied from 1.21% to 1.62%; the maximum oil yield was obtained at 3:00 PM and the minimum at 7:00 PM. Similar to oil yield, qualitative difference in essential oil composition of L. palustre was observed. For the best essential oil yields, L. palustre should be harvested during 11:00 AM to 3:00 PM.

Comparamos dos tipos de recorridos guiados en el Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (La Paz, Bolivia) en relacion a seis variables de respuesta medidas en grupos de estudiantes de 4o a 6o de primaria. Uno de los recorridos (GT) incluye una metodologia tradicional de transmision del conocimiento del guia al visitante. El otro recorrido (SI) utiliza la metodologia de Senderos de Indagacion, basado en la construccion del conocimiento por parte del visitante, facilitada por el guia. En los recorridos SI registramos mayor porcentaje de estudiantes atentos, que participaron de manera reflexiva sobre lo observado y que participaron reflexionando sobre su entorno en relacion a lo observado. No encontramos diferencias entre los recorridos en el porcentaje de estudiantes que participaron en relacion a lo observado. No encontramos diferencias cuantitativas, pero si cualitativas, en el numero de respuestas sobre aprendizajes nuevos y sobre cambios que podrian hacer en su entorno. Concluimos que la metodologia de los SI es mas apropiada para generar cambios de actitud en los visitantes en relacion a la conservacion de la naturaleza.Palabras clave: Educacion para la conservacion de la naturaleza; Museos; Metodos de guiaje; Senderos de indagacion.Comparison of traditionally and indagatory guided visits to the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, La Paz - BoliviaWe compared two types of guided visits to short trails at the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (La Paz, Bolivia), in relation to six response variables measured in groups of 4th to 6th grade children. One of the trails followed the traditional way of guidance with knowledge transmission from the guide to the visitor (GT). The other one used the Trails of Inquiry methodology, based on the knowledge building by the visitor, eased by the guide (SI). A larger percentage of attentive children, children that reflexively participated of the observations, and those that made reflexive comments about what they observed in relation to their own close environment. There was no difference between groups in the percentage of children participating in relation to the observations. Furthermore, there was no quantitative difference in the number of answers about either newly acquired knowledge, or changes that children could do for their own environment, but there was a qualitative difference. We conclude that the SI trails is more appropriate if we want to generate changes in attitudes in the visitors, in relation to nature conservation.Keywords: Conservation education; Museums; guidance methods; inquiry trails.