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Programa Bolsa Família [Program to Eradicate Child Labor] – PBF –, was created in 2003 to reduce inequality and extreme poverty. It was conceived as a conditioned income transfer system: in exchange for a monthly amount, families comply with a series of conditions, including keeping their children attending school regularly. The objective of this work is to observe possible consequences of this conditions for school achievement, specifically for the age-grade distortion of students whose families declared they were beneficiaries of the program, in the 2010 Census. The results show that there are important positive differences among the children benefited by PBF in comparison to those that were not, especially among those aged 8 to 11 years., Le Programa Bolsa Família – PBF – a été créé en 2003 dans le but de réduire les inégalités et l’extrême pauvreté. Pour cela, um transfert d´une somme mensuelle selon les revenus familiaux a été mis en place: en échange de cette allocation la famille doit se sousmettre à une série de conditionnalités, dont la scolarité des enfants. L’objectif de ce travail est d’observer les effets de cette conditionnalité dans les résultats scolaires, plus particulièrement la distorsion âge/classe des élèves dont les familles ont déclaré bénéficier du Programme selon le Recensement de 2010. Les résultats indiquent qu’il y a des différences positives importantes entre les enfants bénéficiant du PBF et les autres, surtout dans la tranche d’âge de 8 à 11 ans., O Programa Bolsa Família – PBF – foi criado em 2003 com o intuito de reduzir a desigualdade e a extrema pobreza. Para tal, foi concebido como um sistema de transferência condicionada de renda: em troca de um valor mensal, a família se compromete a cumprir uma série de condicionalidades, entre elas, manter a criança frequentando regularmente a escola. O objetivo deste trabalho é observar possíveis consequências dessa condicionalidade para o resultado escolar, especificamente para a distorção idade-série dos alunos cujas famílias se autodeclararam beneficiárias do programa no Censo de 2010. Os resultados apontam que há diferenças positivas importantes entre crianças beneficiadas pelo PBF quando comparadas às não beneficiadas, especialmente dentre aquelas de 8 a 11 anos. Educational differential between beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of Programa Bolsa FamíliaPrograma Bolsa Família [Program to Eradicate Child Labor] – PBF –, was created in 2003 to reduce inequality and extreme poverty. It was conceived as a conditioned income transfer system: in exchange for a monthly amount, families comply with a series of conditions, including keeping their children attending school regularly. The objective of this work is to observe possible consequences of this conditions for school achievement, specifically for the age-grade distortion of students whose families declared they were beneficiaries of the program, in the 2010 Census. The results show that there are important positive differences among the children benefited by PBF in comparison to those that were not, especially among those aged 8 to 11 years.Programa Bolsa Família; Social Inequality; Brazil; Education Differences dans la scolarité des bénéficiaires et des non bénéficiaires du Programa Bolsa FamiliaLe Programa Bolsa Família – PBF – a été créé en 2003 dans le but de réduire les inégalités et l’extrême pauvreté. Pour cela, um transfert d´une somme mensuelle selon les revenus familiaux a été mis en place: en échan, El Programa Bolsa Família – PBF – fue creado en 2003 con el propósito de reducir la desigualdad y la extrema pobreza. Para ello fue concebido como un sistema de transferencia condicionada de ingresos: a cambio de un valor mensual, la familia se compromete a cumplir una serie de condicionalidades, entre ellas la de mantener al niño regularmente en la escuela. El objetivo de este trabajo es observar posibles consecuencias de tal condicionalidad para el resultado escolar, específicamente para la distorsión edad-año escolar de los alumnos cuyas familias se autodeclararon beneficiarias del mencionado programa en el Censo de 2010. Los resultados señalan que hay diferencias positivas importantes entre niños beneficiados por el PBF cuando comparados con los no beneficiados, especialmente entre la edad de 8 a 11 años.