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The physical isolation of the cause and effect of the car model from the other environment (i.e car body from the car tires) called the suspension system. The goal of any system suspension is to increase the ride comfort, road handling and stability of closed loop system. The suspension design must be compensate the effect of conflicting criteria of road holding, both passenger comfort and load carrying. In this research, active suspension system has been introduced. A quarter-car two degree-of-freedom (2DOF) system is designed and constructed to simulate the actions of an active quarter car suspension system. White noise input is introduced to a given system to expressed unpaved road and both step input and sine wave input are studied as well. The control strategy is based on two degree of freedom PID controller. (MATLAB/ Simulink) is used to verify the proposed algorithm. The comparison between the passive and active suspension and the results obtained from a range of road input simulations in the proposed algorithm shows the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and best results are obtained.© © 2019 JASET, International Scholars and Researchers Association

This paper exhibits a study of car passive and active- suspension system to improving drive exhilarate to passengers while also enhancing vehicle stability by decreasing the effect of oscillation on the suspension. Modeling and simulation by using the bond diagram. They much concede a prime arrangement of the machine to the exterior surrounding: street quality, atmospherically circumstances, while guarantying driver as well as passengers, major safeness and more potentially exhilarate. Automotive aid it course manners. The result cleared this action plan at different set during the vehicle mean, but particularly in evolution level. It is also clear the proportion of suspension system's mass to the vehicle's mass. Also graphical representation of suspension system' parameters like vertical passenger displacement, potential energy of mass of suspension system and acceleration. To foretell the comportment of a car, it is necessary to make design, modeling, and simulation. Honda Civic Lx 2019 sedan car has used for modeling, and simulation.

On November 19, 2020, the annual International Research and Practice Conference Ignatov Readings took place. It was dedicated to the 85th anniversary of the outstanding scientist - Vadim Nikolayevich Makhov - an Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Legal Sciencies, Full Professor, whose life and scientific work have been inextricably intertwined with the RUDN University for more than a quarter of a century. The article is dedicated to Vadim Nikolaevich Makhov - a practitioner with the richest experience, an outstanding scientist, and a talented teacher!

Disaster is defined as the holistic state of natural or human-induced events that develop suddenly, whose controllability requires a systematic approach, which interrupts or stops social life and causes loss of life, property and often cannot be overcome with local capacity. Biological disasters can be human-induced as well as naturally infectious diseases and epidemiological emergencies. Considering the potential of the 21st century, biological disasters have played a role in influenza infections such as Swine Flu (H1N1), Bird Influenza (H5N1), and the Coronavirus family. Considering the disasters in which medical CBRN agents are effective, we evaluated the data in this study to determine the risk management of biological disasters. Since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020, the first 15 countries are included in the list based on the total cumulative order of the cases and the 12-week case of SARS-CoV-2 in the first quarter of 2021. We tried to evaluate the analysis of data, mortality rates, and the point reached in vaccination within this timeline to provide an overview of 2021 in this research study.

E. Berkovich writes about the polemic around one of the most famous poems about the Great Patriotic War — ‘Felt boots’ [‘Valenki’], more recognisable by its first line (‘My comrade, in death throes…’ [‘Moy tovarishch, v smertelnoy agonii…’]). Krasikov published a posthumous collection of poems Black diamond. Poems [ Chyorniy almaz. Stikhotvoreniya] by the war veteran and poet A. Korenev in 1994, including the poem ‘Blizzard. Night…’ [‘Viuga. Noch…’], which had never been published in Korenev’s lifetime and which echoes almost completely ‘Felt boots,’ penned by I. Degen. Ever since then, a number of people, including Korenev’s daughters, have argued that the poem is authored by Korenev alone and was misattributed to Degen, whereas in reality it was Korenev who happened on a handwritten copy of ‘Felt boots,’ passed from hand to hand during the war, and decided to appropriate what hethought an unclaimed poem. Berkovich retraces the history of the argument around ‘Felt boots,’ incorporating into his article extracts from publications by L. Lazarev, who knew Degen well, and his own correspondence with the author of the mystification Krasikov and the journalist Rakhlin, and confirms the poem’s attribution to Degen.

The article is devoted to the analysis of intergenerational relations of historians of the late XIX early XX century and young historians, students of the Institute of Red Professors. On the example of the text of the review by A.A. Kizevetter for a collection of works by young historians edited by M.N. Pokrovsky highlighted the key problems through which the conflict of generations of historians is revealed within the scientific community of the first quarter of the twentieth century. The first problem is that A.A. Kiesewetter, like other historians of the older generation, assessed the young generation of historians through the prism of a personal attitude towards M.N. Pokrovsky, hence the negative attitude towards the works of historians. The second problem is the disagreement with young researchers in assessing the activities of historians of the senior school. The third is the inaccuracy in the interpretation of historical sources and, most importantly, the categorical nature of young historians. According to A.A. Kiesewetter, young researchers lacked the critical thinking necessary when working with historical material. Pre-revolutionary historiography was rejected as obsolete. The situation of the socio-cultural crisis and the revolution of 1917 created the basis for the formation of a generational conflict. The pre-revolutionary system of evolutionary development and conflict-free transfer of experience was destroyed, and as a result, dialogue between generations did not work out. Each of the generations tried to prove its own significance in scientific activity.

Khurasan and Central Asia, which formed the eastern part of the Islamic Empire, were the region from which most scholars came to the new capital Baghdad in the second half of the eighth century and realized the renaissance of the ancient sciences. Throughout the period under consideration, the most important mathematicians, astronomers, astrologers, physicians, and pharmacologists came from this region and were attracted by the gradually emerging centers of power. The best known are al-Khwarazmi (d. ca. 850), Abu Mashar (ca. 886), known as Albumasar, al-Farghani (d. 861), al-Farabi (d. 950), al-Razi (d. 925), known as Rhazes, Ali ibn al-Abbas al-Majusi (d. last quarter of the tenth century), known as Hali Abbas, Ibn Sina (d. 1037), known as Avicenna, al-Biruni (d. ca. 1048), Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (d. 1274), and Ulugh Beg (r. 1447–9). Less well known but very influential were Habash al-Hasib (d. ca. 864), Abu Jafar al-Khazin (d. 971), Abu Nasr Ibn Iraq (ca. 1036), and many others. The most important centers that attracted scholars were Merv, Bukhara, Ghazna, Hamadan, Maragha, and Samarqand.

The article is dedicated to Volodymyr Shovkoplyas, the famous scientist and researcher in the field of general geology, geochronology, paleogeography and stratigraphy of the quarter, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Professor, Leading Researcher of the Department of Anthropogene Geology of the Institute of Geological Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

Генуэзская крепость Чембало (1345–1475 гг.), размещалась на горе Кастрон и имела сложную городскую и фортификационную планиграфию. В западной части города к 80–90-м гг. XIV в. сформировался латинский квартал, над которым возвышался замок св. Николая. В систему застройки латинского квартала входила церковь («храм №1»), которую исследователи (1999–2003 гг.) априорно стали именовать «храмом св. Николая». Однако западный мыс горы Кастрон носит имя св. Георгия. Это может служить основанием для предположения, что данный храм был посвящён св. Георгию – патрону города Генуи. Экспедицией Эрмитажа изучено четыре церковных постройки XIV–XV вв. (храмы №№ 2–5). Всем храмам присущи общие черты и функции. Их конструкции сложены из бута на известковом растворе. В кладках углов, дверных и оконных проёмов использованы сполии, выполненные из нуммулитового известняка. В храме № 5 в качестве строительного материала применены не только архитектурные детали, но фрагменты надгробий и посвятительных надписей из армянского храма XIV–XVII в. Ни на одном из храмов XIV–XV вв. не выявлены следы перекрытия с применением византийской кровельной черепицы – керамид и калиптеров. Черепичное покрытие («татарка») использовано только в конце XVIII в. при восстановлении храмов № 1 и № 5. Православные храмы (№ 2–5) возводились с использованием византийского фута (0,318 м). Церковные комплексы использовались на протяжении полутора-двух столетий в качестве квартальных городских часовен. В среднем на некрополях при каждой из церквей выявлено не менее 75 погребённых. Только в одном храме (№ 1) удалось in situ выявить следы полихромной стенной росписи. ЛИТЕРАТУРААдаксина С.Б. Монастырский комплекс X–XVI вв. на г.Аю-Даг. СПб.: ГЭ, 2002. 116 с.Адаксина С.Б. Работы Южно-Крымской археологической экспедиции // Археологические экспедиции в Крыму. 1995 год /отв. ред. В.Л. Мыц. 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The article is devoted to the problem of the «plaiting» presence on the Lithuanian, Lithuanian-Rus and the Golden Horde coins of the 14th century. The coins with portrait and the beast lion (or the leopard) with a «plaiting» over its head and the coins with the beast lion (or the leopard) with a «plaiting» and Arabic (or Cyrillic legend (?)) are analyzed. The Kyivan Rus coins of Vladimir Olgerdovich (1362—1394) with princely sign and «plaiting» (around which is the inscription with the name of the prince) and the Golden Horde coins with «plaiting» are also examined. Many researches associate the «plaiting» with the Tatar «tamga», and the coins with such a symbol might have indicated the Golden Horde dependence. However, this ornament («ornamentum monetale» by Ch. M. Fraehn) may have a special meaning related to the Juchid monetary coinage. The Golden Horde coins with «plaiting» were the most important instrument of payment and taxation realization on the greater part of the Lithuanian and Lithuanian-Rus principalities. After the Syni Vody River battle of 1362 many the Golden Horde centers and trade routes in the basins of the Dnipro, Dnister and Southern Buh rivers were significant sources of the monetary silver arrival. Many qualitative (also with «ornamentum monetale» — «plaiting») silver coins of Abdallah Khan (1363—1370) and Muhammad Bulaq Khan (1370—1380), were minted in the western mints of the Mamai Horde (Azak, Ordu, Shehr al-Jedid). The silver coins of the Golden Horde were the source for the oldest Lithuanian and Lithuanian-Rus coins and bars of Olherd (1345—1377) and his sons. The oldest Lithuanian and Lithuanian-Rus coins made of approximately 900-standart silver corresponded to silver coins of the Golden Horde. The Golden Horde silver coins (also with «ornamentum monetale» — «plaiting») are one of the most constant parts of money circulation in Ukrainian territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 1360-ies till the first quarter of the 15th century.

Библиотека журнала "Филологические науки" Все подробности в разделе "Книжная полка" You are here Home » Archive » 2021 In search of the lost: Lituanistica of the first quarter of the 20th century Правка P.A. Ambrosovich, V.N. Bazylev UDC 811.172 https://doi.org/10.20339/PhS.5-21.137 Ambrosovich Peter A., Member of the Belarusian Public and Cultural Partnership (St. Petersburg) e-mail: ambrasovitsh@mail.ru Bazylev Vladimir N., Doctor of Philology, Professor, National Research University “Higher School of Economics” e-mail: v-bazylev@inbox.ru The article is devoted to the historiography of the post-revolutionary linguistics in Russia: research on lithuanistics, restoration of forgotten names of those Russian scientists who contributed to the development of Lithuanian linguistics in the first quarter of the XX century. In this context, we are interested in the activities of the little-mentioned and almost forgotten researcher Nikolai Sokolov (1875–1923), a full member of the Lithuanian Scientific Society since June 27, 1912. N. Sokolov’s scientific legacy is very fragmentary. So, today we can talk only about the reconstruction of his activities in Lithuania, for which the authors used in their study receiving Sokolov’s self-description of his own work , based on three variants of the list of “Lithuanian” (i.e. in the Lithuanian language and about Lithuania) publications: N. Sokolov’s letter to Nikolai Durnovo, dated 6 November 1918, N. Sokolov’s сurriculum vitae from 1909 and 1921, and obituary written upon N. Sokolov’s death, by N. Durnovo from June 2, 1923.

Attitude metrology (roll, pitch, and yaw) plays an important role in many different fields. Roll angle is considered the most difficult measurement quantity in angular displacements compared to pitch and yaw angles because the rotation axis of the roll angle is parallel to the probe beam. In this work, a sensitivity enhanced roll-angle sensor is presented. The principle is based on the polarization change of a sensing unit (quarter-waveplate). The polarization model is analyzed by Mueller matrix formalism. The Stokes parameters are detected by a Stokes polarimeter. The novel coaxial design improves the sensitivity and reduce the complexity of optical system alignment by means of a fixed quarter-waveplate. The proposed sensor provides a simple setup to measure roll angles with a high sensitivity of 0.006∘ and a long unambiguous measurement range of 180∘.

This review of the decisions of the “departmental appeal”, which has already become a tradition, contains comments on three cases considered by the Board of Appeals of the FAS of Russia in the third quarter of 2020. The first of the considered cases is devoted to the issues of enforceability of warnings, including qualifications of actions under paragraph 5 of part 1 of article 10 of the Law “On protection of competition”. Other two cases are related to the issues of proving anticompetitive agreements. However, in one case, the Board of Appeals of the FAS of Russia evaluated indirect evidence of cartel agreements, established territorial control, and in another case — the relevance of qualification of actions of legal entities under paragraph 4 of article 16 of the Law “On protection of competition”.

Статья посвящена оболам, тетрахалам и дихалкам чекана Пантикапея и Фанагории с бюстами Аполлона в лавровом венке, бородатого Геракла, а также Ники с шестиконечной звездой с длинными лучами на аверсе и с изображениями стрелы, лиры и пальмовой ветви, пасущегося пегаса, лука с горитом или со стрелой, лавровой ветви, перевитой лентой, палицы и львиной шкуры, а также проры корабля на реверсе. Их общепринятая классификация до сих пор не разработана, а потенциал как источника исторической информации не раскрыт. Решаем эту задачу, основываясь на результатах иконографического анализа. Выделяем в первую серию оболы со стрелой, лирой и пальмовой ветвью и тетрахалки с пасущимся пегасом на реверсе, выбитые на монетах Асандра. Судя по митридатидской символике, их отчеканили при Скрибонии. После его свержения в Пантикапее были выпущены тетрахалки с горитом и луком и дихалки с палицей и львиной шкурой на реверсе. Относим эти монеты ко второй серии Пантикапея. В Фанагории в период восстания чеканили тетрахалки с пальмовой ветвью. Выделяем их во вторую серию Фанагории. А после победы инсургентов выпустили тетрахалки с луком и стрелой на реверсе. Относим их к третьей серии Фанагории. Судя по разнообразию символики монет, после гибели Скрибония Боспорское государство распалось. В начале правления Полемона I в Пантикапее и в Фанагории были отчеканены однотипные тетрахалки с бюстом Аполлона на аверсе и с пророй корабля на реверсе, что свидетельствует о восстановлении единства государства. Относим эти монеты к третьей серии Пантикапея и четвертой серии Фанагории. Как видим, привлекшие наше внимание монеты как нельзя лучше проиллюстрировали события, произошедшие на Боспоре в последней трети I в. до н.э. The article focuses on the obols, tetrachalkoi and dichalkoi of the Panticapaeum and Phanagoria mints with busts of Apollo in a laurel wreath, bearded Hercules as well as Nike with six-pointed star with long rays on the obverse and with images of an arrow, lyre and palm branch, grazing Pegasus, bow with gorytos or laurel branch, intertwined with ribbon, club and lion’s skin, as well as ship’s prora on the reverse. Their generally accepted classification has not yet been developed, and their potential as a source of historical information has not been revealed. We solve this problem based on the results of iconographic analysis. In the first series, we single out obols with an arrow, lyre and palm branch and tetrachalkoi with a grazing Pegasus on the reverse, embossed on Asander’s coins. Judging by the Mithridatidic symbolism, they were minted in the time of Scribonius. After his overthrow in Panticapaeum, tetrachalkoi with gorytos and a bow and dichalkoi with club and lion’s skin on the reverse were issued. We attribute these coins to the second series of Panticapaeum. In Phanagoria during the period of the uprising, tetrachalkoi with a palm branch were minted. We select them in the second series of Phanagoria. And after the victory of the insurgents, they fired tetrachalkoi with a bow and arrow on the reverse. We attribute them to the third series of Phanagoria. Judging by the variety of coin symbols, after the death of Scribonius, the Bosporus state collapsed. At the beginning of the reign of Polemon I, in Panticapaeum and in Phanagoria, the same type of tetrachalke with a bust of Apollo on the obverse and with ship’s prora on the reverse were minted, which testifies to the restoration of the unity of the state. We attribute these coins to the third series of Panticapaeum and the fourth series of Phanagoria. As we can see, the coins that attracted our attention perfectly illustrated the events that took place in the Bosporus in the last third of the 1st century BCE.

This study explores the food traditions of Imbolg or St. Brigid’s Day (1st February), one of the quarter days of the Irish calendar year, which heralds the awakening of spring. Imbolg is comparable to Christmas eve, in that celebratory potato dishes such as colcannon or ‘poundies’ and boxty are consumed. Throughout the Schools’ Collection (6,000 copybooks filled with folklore collected by over 50,000 children), a rich food history where customs, superstitions, divinations and a mixing of the pagan and Christian traditions is evident. Four main themes: ‘Dishes’, ‘Brigid’s Crosses’, ‘Biddy Boys and Brídeogs’ and ‘Brigid, miracles and religion’ were identified, which share an affinity with the extant folklore literature. However, certain nuances are also highlighted in the Schools’ Folklore Collection (SFC) revealing a rich and oftentimes neglected food culture. This paper aims to address the current lacuna within the Folklore literature concerning foodways, whilst also highlighting opportunities for further research.

Hepatitis C virus has infected over 200 million people worldwide and is the most common blood-borne disease. Pakistan has the HCV prevalence rate of over 8%. A literature search has been performed using different keywords in different databases i.e. PubMed, Google Scholar, and NCBI. 6.2% prevalence rate was found in the general population, 4.13% in healthcare workers and a higher prevalence rate was observed in injection drug users and multi transfusion population. Use of injection was very frequent among the Pakistani population, reuse and sharing of syringes have an association with HCV infections. In Pakistan most prevalent genotype of HIV was 3a. Knowledge about HCV and its risk factors also varies with the educational background. Blood donors should be screened for HCV, awareness campaigns about different risk factors should be initiated at the government level, and strict regulation on healthcare waste should be implemented, these might help in preventing its spread to healthy individuals.

El objetivo de este estudio es poner de manifiesto el hallazgo fortuito de cuatro fragmentos de una Biblia hebrea, presumiblemente del s. XIV, en la ciudad riojana de Calahorra. Dichos fragmentos forman parte del libro de Ester y servían de encuadernación a un libro de la cofradía de Santiago y san Andrés, parroquias calagurritanas. Asimismo, a mediados del siglo pasado se encontraron dos folios manuscritos del libro del Éxodo perteneciente a otra Biblia hebrea (s. XIV). Si bien se llegaron a confirmar los pasajes, no se realizó un estudio pormenorizado de ambos folios. Sin duda, estos descubrimientos en el mismo archivo parroquial, sito en la antigua judería de Calahorra, son nuevas pruebas que atestiguan la fuerte presencia judía en la ciudad riojabajeña.

Арктическая зона в XXI веке становится важнейшим гарантом устойчивого развития Российской Федерации. Вклад Севера в экономику России во многом будет определяться масштабами и темпами развития Арктической транспортной системы. Необходимо расширение коммерческого и научно-исследовательского судоходства, развитие транспортных узлов и коридоров, полярной авиации, грузопассажирских морских полярных перевозок. В этих условиях Россия в целях обеспечения своих геополитических интересов должна постоянно поддерживать активное присутствие в этом регионе. Оно выражается в проведении научных исследований, разведке и добыче полезных ископаемых, обеспечении морских грузоперевозок с использованием ледоколов и специализированных ледокольно-транспортных судов. Этого невозможно достичь без развития уникального атомного ледокольного флота. В настоящее время Россия является мировым лидером в области применения атомного ледокольного флота для решения транспортных задач в морях Арктики и неарктических замерзающих морях. Для успешной конкуренции России необходимо не упускать этого лидерства и постоянно развивать и совершенствовать атомный ледокольный флот как ключевое звено инфраструктуры функционирования Северного морского пути. В статье представлен краткий обзор текущего состояния и перспектив развития атомного ледокольного флота России. Показана определяющая роль атомного ледокольного флота в обеспечении судоходства по трассам Северного морского пути для развития экономики Арктического региона России. The Arctic zone in the XXI century is becoming the most important guarantor of the sustainable development of the Russian Federation. The contribution of the North to the Russian economy will largely be determined by the scale and pace of development of the Arctic Transport System. It is necessary to expand commercial and research shipping, develop transport hubs and corridors, polar aviation, and cargo and passenger sea polar transportation. In these circumstances, Russia must constantly maintain an active presence in this region in order to ensure its geopolitical interests. It is expressed in conducting scientific research, exploration and extraction of minerals, providing sea cargo transportation using icebreakers and specialized icebreaker-transport vessels. This cannot be achieved without the development of a unique nuclear icebreaker fleet. Currently, Russia is a world leader in the use of nuclear-powered icebreaking fleet for solving transport problems in the Arctic seas and non-Arctic freezing seas. For successful competition, Russia must not lose this leadership, constantly develop and improve the nuclear icebreaker fleet as a key link in the infrastructure of the Northern Sea Route. The article provides a brief overview of the current state and prospects for the development of the Russian nuclear icebreaker fleet. The article shows the decisive role of the nuclear icebreaker fleet in ensuring navigation along the Northern Sea Route for the development of the economy of the Arctic region of Russia.

The review is compiled on the basis of the results of operation of the total ozone (TO) monitoring system in the CIS and Baltic countries functioning in the operational mode at the Central Aerological Observatory (CAO). The monitoring system uses data from the national network equipped with M-124 filter ozonometers being under the methodological supervision of the Main Geophysical Observatory. The quality of the functioning of the entire system is operationally controlled in CAO based on the OMI satellite equipment observations (NASA, USA). Basic TO observation data are generalized for each month of the first quarter of 2021 and for the first quarter. Data of routine observations of surface ozone values in the Moscow region are also presented.

The purpose of this research is to control a quarter car suspension system and also to reduce the fluctuated movement caused by passing thevehicle over road bump using modified PID (Proportional Integral and Derivative) controller. The proposed controller deals with dual loopfeedback signals instead of single feedback signal as in the conventional PID controller. The structure of the modified PID controller wascreated by moving the proportional and derivative actions in the feedback path while remaining the integral action in the forward path. Thus,high accuracy results were obtained. Firstly, modelling and simulation of linear passive suspension system for a quarter car system wasperformed using Matlab – Simulink software. Then the linear suspension system was activated and simulated by using an active hydraulicactuator to generate the necessary force which can be regulated and controlled by the proposed controller. The performance of whole systemhas been enhanced with a modified PID controller.

This article puts forward a new later dating of the Greek manuscript BnF, Paris. gr. 1783 kept in the National Library of France and containing portraits of emperors of the Palaiologoi dynasty. The manuscript contains important texts related to the Constantinople period of court history and culture. Historiographers used to date the manuscript to the fifteenth century according to the portrait of Patriarch Joseph II (†1439), a famous participant of the Ferraro-Florence Council, which can be seen in the Italian fresco paintings of the fifteenth century. Meanwhile, the study of the manuscript’s palaeographical features shows that it was written by an anonymous scribe from Crete who worked in Venice and Rome for Italian humanists in the middle — third quarter of the sixteenth century. The handwriting of the famous Cretan calligrapher, employee of Francis I’s library in Fontainebleau Angelus Vergecius, as well as some other scribes associated with him was typologically close to the handwriting of the main scribe of the manuscript. Analogies to this handwriting can also be seen in the handwriting of Manuel Provataris, another famous scribe of the epoch, a Cretan Greek from Rethymno, employee and copyist of the Vatican Library.The new palaeographic dating of the Paris. gr. 1783 manuscript changes the date of creation of portrait drawings of the Byzantine emperors of the Palaiologoi dynasty and Patriarch Joseph II. Also, it is important to change the dating of all texts contained in the manuscript including such important texts as one of the three lists of imperial tombs of the Church of Sts. Apostles in Constantinople, as well the list of the offices of the Byzantine court. The Paris. gr. 1783 manuscript should be excluded from the circle of Late Byzantine booklore and attributed to post-Byzantine book heritage., В статье предлагается новая, более поздняя датировка греческой рукописи из Национальной библиотеки Франции в Париже — BnF, Paris. gr. 1783 — с рисунками портретов императоров династии Палеологов. Рукопись сохранила важные тексты, относящиеся к константинопольской дворцовой истории и культуре. Ранее в историографии принято было датировать ее XV в. Обычно историки искусства датировали рукопись по имеющемуся в ней портрету известного участника Ферраро-Флорентийского собора патриарха Иосифа II (†1439), изображения которого сохранились во фресковой живописи Италии XV столетия. Между тем изучение палеографии рукописи показывает, что она написана анонимными писцами-выходцами с Крита, работавшими в Венеции и Риме для итальянских гуманистов в середине — третьей четверти XVI в. Типологически близким к почерку основного писца рукописи оказался почерк знаменитого критского каллиграфа, сотрудника библиотеки Франциска I в Фонтенбло Ангелоса Вергикиоса, а также связанных с ним писцов. Аналогии такому почерку можно также видеть в письме другого знаменитого писца эпохи — критского грека из Ретимно, сотрудника и копииста Ватиканской библиотеки Мануила Проватариса.Новая палеографическая датировка рукописи Paris. gr. 1783 меняет дату создания рисунков-портретов византийских императоров династии Палеологов и патриарха Иосифа II. Изменить следует и датировку содержащихся в ней важных текстов — одного из трех известных в науке списков императорских гробниц церкви Свв. Апостолов в Константинополе, а также списка должностей византийского двора и всех прочих содержащихся в рукописи текстов. Рукопись Paris. gr. 1783 должна быть выведена из круга поздневизантийской книжности и включена в поствизантийское книжное наследие.

The year 2021 is unfolding to be a turning point as anticipated at its beginning [item 1) in the Appendix], as well as at the end of a globally challenging year in many respects [item 2) in the Appendix]. Continuing the analogy with classical music started in recent editorials in this journal as a common thread [item 1) in the Appendix], [item 2) in the Appendix], we are playing in crescendo with several new activities and publications going stronger (and louder) than ever. This is really being a remarkable opera that is being made possible by the continued excitement and the relentlessness of our community. Our community as a true orchestra indeed, whose scientific and technical contributions have really enabled the many tools that we are all using to move forward as a society, despite the drastic changes that the year 2020 has brought so far.

This article examines the industrial development of the northern part of the Crimean Peninsula in the last quarter of the 19th century, which was part of the Perekop district of the Tauric province. The author analyzes the largest branches of industry in the specified region, including salt production, engineering and resources industries, as well as brick and tile production. The largest enterprises, their location, owners and manufactured products are traced.

Статья посвящена анализу малоизученной категории женского погребального инвентаря в могильниках мазунинского типа чегандинской культуры пьяноборской культурно-исторической общности (или мазунинской культуры, по Т.И. Останиной) – предметам кольчужного плетения. Данные изделия являются примером вторичного использования и творческого переосмысления элементов защитной экипировки воинов – кольчужных доспехов lorica hamata. Обнаружены в 97 погребальных комплексах, происходящих из 12 мазунинских могильников. Антропологические данные и сопутствующий погребальный инвентарь свидетельствуют об использовании данной категории вещей исключительно женским полом. В погребениях размещались согласно традициям мазунинского погребального обряда: найдены такие предметы в жертвенных комплексах или в составе костюма. Основное использование кольчужных изделий в женском уборе связано с накосными и нагрудными украшениями. Доступные для изучения фрагменты кольчуг из женских погребений заметно уступают по своим характеристикам целым кольчужным рубашкам мазунинских и азелинских воинов с импортным оружием. Основной массив рассматриваемых находок происходит из закрытых комплексов, которые датируются IV в. н.э. (возможно, 2-й четвертью IV – началом V в.). Близкие аналогии в использовании фрагментов кольчуг прослеживаются в германском мире. Библиографические ссылки Амброз А.К. Фибулы Юга Европейской части СССР. III в. до н. э. – IV в. н. э. / САИ. Вып. Д1-30. М.: Наука, 1966. 142 с. Арматынская О.В. Усть-Сарапульский могильник // Приуралье в древности и средние века / Отв. ред. А.А. Тронин. Устинов: Удмуртский университет, 1986. С. 26–46. Бернц В.А. 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Татарское население современного Казахстана являются потомками поволжско-приуральских и сибирских татар. В исторической ретроспективе татарское население России обосновалось на территории современного Казахстана в разные периоды. Одними из первых пунктов расселения татар в Казахстане были города Уральск и Петропавловск. Достоверно известно, что татарская диаспора сложилась в этих городах во второй половине XIX в. Доказательством этому являются татарские кварталы, слободы, мечети, медресе и мектебы, промышленные и торговые заведения в городах казахстанского приграничья. Позднее, перемещаясь на Восток – вглубь казахской степи, значительная часть татар-переселенцев обосновываются в города Петропавловск, Семипалатинск, Кокчетав, Акмолинск, Павлодар и др. Во всех перечисленных городах татары становятся значимым субъектом хозяйственной, культурно-просветительской и социально-духовной жизни.

The problem of money counterfeiting is quite multifaceted, starting from the idea, motive, searching of raw materials and resources, continuing with the manufacture of the counterfeit money, ending with the sale of the finished products. The sale of counterfeit money usually took place in large trading cities and trade fairs. This article presents and analyzes the evidence about the detection of counterfeit money in Berdychiv city, which are preserved in historical archives, newspaper publications and among the predecessors’ publications. After analyzing a number of the materials of the criminal cases of the state historical archives and newspaper publications, numerous testimonies were obtained characterizing the city of Berdychiv as one of the potent centres of counterfeit money sale, starting from the first quarter of the XIX century and continuing for another hundred years. The first mention of the sale of counterfeit banknotes in Berdychiv relates to the well-known counterfeiter Ignacy Ceizik, who launched large-scale criminal activities in various regions of the Russian Empire, continuing the illegal production of money even after detention and imprisonment. Coins minted on behalf of the Russian government for the Kingdom of Poland at the Warsaw Mint have had a strong position in Kyiv and Volyn provinces' money market. The prevalence and popularity of these coins led to the appearance of the counterfeits, the mass discovery of attempts to sell which in the cities of Berdychiv and Brody prompted the authorities of the Austrian Empire to prohibit the exchange of Russian money in the banks. As a great trade centre, the city of Berdychiv has also become an attractive destination for counterfeit money imported from London throughout most of the XIX century. The sale of the counterfeits was carried out by the participants in the Polish Uprising of 1831 through an established network of influential Jewish bankers. In the second half of the XIX century, the city of Berdychiv attracted not only the sellers of the counterfeit money but also their producers. Detained in 1860 in the Skvyra district of Kyiv province, the sender of fake 25-ruble credit notes during the interrogation pointed out that they were made in a sheltered workshop in Berdychiv. The possibility of importing of counterfeit money into the city for sale in the early XX century, but in addition to counterfeit credit notes, the police officers also discovered the counterfeit postage stamps, according to the publications of the newspapers in Berdychiv.

Introduction. The presented article touches upon one of the serious religious problems of Russian history, the phenomenon of “sects”. The author, with the help of the provincial periodical press of the Russian Orthodox Church, tried to highlight the activities of sectarians in the second half of the 19th century until the end of the First World War. The significance of the material presented is undoubtedly, especially in the context of the emergence of new radical sects. To these days, too much depends on the experience of solving this issue, which is acute in our country. The successful resolution of religious problems is the foundation of Russia’s peaceful existence. The purpose of the article is to determine the historical place of sects and sectarianism in the religious life of provinces Middle Volga region, based on the characteristics of their condition and activities, to highlight the policy of the Russian Orthodox Church in relation to sectarians in the period under review, to reveal the special role of the church periodicals aimed at forming environment of negative perception of sects, heretics and all those who broke away from the “true Orthodox teaching”. Materials and Methods. The most important in the study, based on the provisions formulated by the above authors, is the historical method, or, as it is also formulated, the principle of historicism. In carrying out this scientific research, the author relied, first of all, on special historical or general historical methods. Research Results. The study showed that the church media, controlled by local bishops and supported by the secular authorities, carried out an anti-sectarian policy on the pages of their magazines. The Russian Church in Russia had the status of a “state religion” and a monopoly on religious consciousness, therefore it suppressed any deviations from its dogmas. The anti-sectarian tone did not change until 1917. Discussion and Conclusion. We can conclude that the topic of sectarianism is still relevant, moreover, sects continue to arise and develop throughout the world. As long as there are official religions, new sects will be born and spun off. The image of a heretic-sectarian, when necessary, is actively used in propaganda in the media today. The proposed provisions and conclusions create prerequisites for further study of this problem.

This article considers Richard de Fournival’s Bestiaire d’amour, a French text from the second quarter of the thirteenth century. The Bestiaire’s narrator combines a love-lyric and a bestiary to ad...

After a year of adjusting to the shocks associated with COVID‐19 the Canadian cattle and beef sector faces a relatively optimistic future. This note examines the past year for this supply chain from the perspective of the consumer up to the cow‐calf producer by considering consumer reactions, labor market constraints, and supply responses. In the second quarter of 2020, the sector faced a significant challenge with continent wide shutdowns of beef packers reducing the U.S. beef supply by one‐third and Canadian beef slaughter by almost 60%. These shutdowns resulted in a sharp divergence between wholesale beef prices, which more than doubled, and fed steer prices, which declined by one third. Despite these dramatic shocks, the sector has returned to near normal conditions with prices and production levels similar to those observed prior to the pandemic. The near term prospects for 2021 are very similar to the current market situation.

The Izmir fire of 1922, as well as the subsequent re-building of the area of the fire according to a new master plan, have been studied quite extensively. But so far, nobody has looked into the pol...

Zusammenfassung. Bergwandern erfreut sich grosser Beliebtheit. Trotzdem sind mit dieser Sportart gewisse Gefahren verbunden, wozu auch Vorfälle mit Tieren gehören. Retrospektiv wurden alle Bergwandernotfälle (n = 10 185) der Beobachtungsperiode 2009–2018 anhand des Registers des Schweizer Alpen-Clubs (SAC) analysiert, darunter 104 Bergnotfälle mit Beteiligung von Tieren. Der durchschnittliche NACA-Score lag bei 3,2 ± 1,6 und über die Hälfte der Bergnotfälle wies einen NACA-Score >4 auf, was mit einem lebensbedrohlichen Zustand verbunden sein kann. Aufgeteilt nach Tierart waren bei mehr als der Hälfte Insekten beteiligt (Bienen, Wespen, Hummeln, Hornissen), gefolgt von (mit je knapp einem Viertel) Huftieren bzw. Schlangen. Drei Ereignisse führten zum Tod, wobei bei allen Huftiere (Mutterkuhherde, Pferd, Stier) ursächlich waren, weshalb es empfehlenswert ist, bei Weidepassagen Distanz zu diesen Tieren zu wahren.

The UK population is ageing with over a quarter of people predicted to be over 65 by 2040. People are retaining their teeth into old age, often having experienced complex restorative dental work over the years. The increasing complexity of dental treatment that older people require will create challenges for those who provide care for this population, including dental treatment under sedation or general anaesthesia. This article discusses the medical, dental and social considerations that need to be taken into account when planning dental care for older patients under sedation or general anaesthesia. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Dentists who provide sedation must be able to appropriately assess and manage their older patients safely if considering this method of pain and anxiety control for dental treatment.

The article presents values of social minimum baskets estimated for conditions prevailing in the second quarter of 2021. The presented estimates take into account the needs as foreseen in the model under normal conditions of social life – new circumstances (Covid-19) have not been considered. There is a lack of research on changes in household consumption in 2021. If there will be a need to change assumptions in the model, the values of social minimum can be recalculated in the future. External conditions for households in the second quarter of 2021 were reasonably favourable (including a falling unemployment rate to 5.9% in June). In the period under review, total consumer price growth was 1.9%. The values of the social minimum have increased from 2.3% (a single person of retirement age) to 3.2% (a family with a child aged 13 to 15). The major factor in the increasing values of the social minimum was rising food prices (from 5.8% for parents with a younger child to 6.1% for a family with an older child). This increase was almost three times higher than the price growth rate for food (2.2%). On the other hand, the dynamics of the costs of housing and energy carriers was comparable to the value of the CPI for this group.

The article presents estimates of social minimum baskets for the second and third quarter of 2020, i.e. when the sanitary restrictions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic took place. They obviously affected the functioning of households in various aspects. The presented estimates take into account the needs as foreseen in the model under normal conditions; the new circumstances of Covid-19 were not taken into account. There is lack of research data on changes in household consumption in 2020. If there will be a need to change assumptions in the model, the values of social minimum can be recalculated in the future. The value of the social minimum in the 2nd quarter increased by 2.1% in a one-person household and by 1.8% in a four -person household, with inflation by 0.3%.The increase in the subsistence minimum was mainly due to a further increase in food prices (from 4.3 to 4.5%), with the costs of housing and energy carriers rising from 1.7 to 2.0%. The very same factor contributed to a decline in the value of the minimum in the third quarter. In this period, the social minimum estimates decreased by -1% in a one-person household and by -1.1% in a four-person household, with a trace increase in CPI index (+0.1%). Seasonal decreases in food prices caused the value of food in the basket to decrease from -6.1 to -6.4%, with a CPI of -2.3% in this expenditure group. This time, expenditure on housing and energy products did not exceed 0.5%

The case of Félida X and her ‘doubled personality’ served in the last quarter of the 19th century as a proving ground for a distinctively French form of psychology that bore the stamp of physiology, including the comparative term normal state. Debates around Félida’s case provided the occasion for reflection about how that term and its opposites could take their places in the emerging discursive field of psychopathology. This article centres its analysis on Eugène Azam’s 1876–77 study of Félida, and the ways his framing of the case was adopted or critiqued by subsequent researchers. Azam initially deployed the label normal state in a routine manner, in contrast to his use of condition seconde to designate Félida’s other state; this pairing served, I argue, to anchor the scientific legitimacy of Félida’s extraordinary psychological manifestations. Unpacking the conceptual associations of Azam’s use of normal state, we find it marked as qualitatively distinct, temporally fixed, and most of all individualized; this without becoming normative. It was only through responses to and criticism of Azam’s study that there emerged a more generalized sense of normality against which pathological (hysteric) subjects’ comportment could be contrasted. Félida’s case itself constitutes a highly individualized reconfiguration of the concept of a normal state, while the subsequent framing of doubled mental states provides a valuable vantage point from which to consider the articulations between the language of emerging French psychology and its evolving subjects of enquiry.

The stern rudder presents a formidable challenge to the power of the sea. Already extant by the twelfth century in the Frisian region, it has long been compared with the quarter rudder of antiquity...

In the heart of the New Orleans French Quarter in Jackson Square, Andrew Jackson (1767–1845), mounted on a battle horse and exuding confident resolve with hat in hand, acknowledges that he has led ...

Soon after his move, in 1855, to the Channel island of Guernsey, Victor Hugo bought a large house, which he called Hauteville House after the quarter of Saint Peter Port in which it was located. Ov...

This review is devoted to the 25th anniversary of the beginning of the widespread use of the prototype of “respiratory” fluoroquinolones levofloxacin in clinical practice. The article presents the evidence of clinical and microbiological efficacy, as well as good tolerability of levofloxacin obtained during numerous clinical studies, as well as evidence of long-term successful use of the antibiotic in real clinical practice, which determines its unique place in modern schemes of antibacterial therapy of adult patients with community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections.

The article presents the history of the epistolary heritage of the Buldakov merchant family. The object of the research is letters of M. M. Buldakov, a representative of the Veliky Ustyug merchants, the leading director of the Russian-American company. These documents contain valuable information on the history of Russian merchants in the last quarter of the 18th – first third of the 19th century and the activities of the Russian-American company. Similar to all sources of epistolary genre, their distinctive feature is that they were created without additional edits and censorship and thereby recorded historical reality at first hand, while retaining the style and language characteristic of the period. The main problem faced by historians is patchy location of M. M. Buldakov’s letters. Currently, only a part of them, stored in the Vologda State Historical-Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve, has been published and introduced into scientific use. The documents scattered across other archives are yet to be identified and examined. The purpose of this study is to determine the true volume of the Buldakovs' epistolary heritage, to understand the reasons for its fragmentation, and to trace the movement of documents from one owner to another. This is the first attempt to restore the path of epistolaries from the pre-revolutionary family archive to modern archives, which determines the scientific novelty of the work. The methodological basis of the research is principles of historicism, consistency, and objectivity. This makes it possible to consolidate the scattered information and facts testifying to the movement of M. M. Buldakov’s papers. The analytical and synthetic method of comparing data provides an opportunity to see the general picture of letters location, while concrete-historical method allows us to describe the facts in historical sequence. We managed to identify three large collections of letters: in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, in the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire of the Historical and Documentary Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and in the Vologda State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve. The results of this study provide a unified picture of the epistolaries location in different archives, which, in turn, provides an opportunity for historians and archivists to continue their work on identifying and introducing into scientific use of documents necessary for further study of the history of Russian merchants and the Russian-American company activities.