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Background The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with several changes in maintenance of children's dental health. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the extent of these changes. Methods Parents were asked to anonymously respond to a questionnaire regarding alterations in their children's oral-habits, such as frequency of eating and drinking, tooth brushing, signs of stress and receiving dental care during the lockdown period. The participants were reached either during their visit to the clinics or by social media groups of the authors. Results 308 parents to children aged 1-18 years responded to the questionnaires. Associations were shown between increased frequency of eating and drinking, decreased frequency of tooth brushing, and postponing dental care. Of the children, 11% suffered from more frequent oral signs of stress, such as temporomandibular disorder and aphthous-stomatitis, during the lockdown. Although children from all age-groups ate and drank more frequently between meals, younger children were diagnosed with more carious lesions during the lockdown (P=0.015). Conclusions During the lockdown many children changed their eating, drinking and tooth-brushing habits, and thus increased their own risk for development of caries.

Goal The prevalence of food allergy has never been estimated in the city of Guelma (east Algeria). The goal in this work was to determine parent-reported prevalence of food allergy in a population of schoolchildren (5 to 13 years old). Methods Cross-sectional, random, questionnaire based survey was performed from 15th to 29th April 2018 among primary schools of Guelma. Six hundreds questionnaires were distributed in 8 schools of the city. Results The return rate was 88% (528). Forty-five subjects were retained as having probable food allergy at a prevalence of 8.5% (95% CI 6.1–10.8). In total, 49% were boys and 51% girls with no significant difference (P = 0.429). The average age of appearance of the potential allergy was 4.41 ± 2.51 years. Among allergic children, 26.7% were aged from 5–7 years old, 64.4% had 8–10 years old and 8.9% had 11–13 years old. The main foods reported by the parents were: chocolate (1.7%), wheat (1.3%), milk (1.1%), eggs (1.1%), strawberry (1.1%), fish and beans (0.9%). The prevalence of the three symptoms according to the observations of the parents were cutaneous (68.6%), digestive (19.6%) and respiratory (11.8%). Among the allergic subjects, 66.6% had at least one of their parents atopic (P = 0.0001). Conclusion The prevalence of parent-reported food allergy in schoolchildren was assessed for the first time in the city of Guelma. It showed a prevalence of 8.5% with no significant difference between the boys and the girls. The main risk factor in the appearance of food allergy was the presence of family history with this pathology.

Objective: The objective of the study is to determine the oral health knowledge, attitude, and practices among the health-care workers (HCWs). Materials and Methods: The present questionnaire-based survey among 473 HCW comprising of doctors, nurses, pharmacists, technicians, and interns was carried out to know the oral health knowledge, attitude, and practices among different HCW. Responses were recorded and data were assessed through descriptive statistics and by applying analysis of variance, Chi-square, and z-tests. Results: Maximum of doctors (98.7%), nurses (80.4%), interns (73.3%), pharmacists (70.8%), and technicians (67.1%) responded correctly that oral health is related to systemic health followed by treating a decayed tooth is equally important as treating other body ailments. Doctors revealed higher mean knowledge scores in comparison with other HCW. A significant difference is noted with regard to frequency of dental visit (P = 0.000), reason behind dental visit (P = 0.001), and barrier for not visiting the dentist (P = 0.013) among males and females. Similarly, a significant difference is noted with regard to frequency of dental visit (P = 0.001), dentist familiarizing about the treatment (P = 0.001), and his concern about the patients (P = 0.001) among between different HCW. Conclusion: From the results of the present study, a variation in oral health knowledge was observed among different HCW. All the participants showed a positive attitude toward professional dental care.

Objective It is recognised that advanced maternal age is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. It is less known what the psychological impact of having a pregnancy in later maternal age is. This study aimed to establish whether women having children over 50 experience challenges with regards to their mental well-being during the pregnancy and thereafter. Study design 17 women delivered aged ≥ 50 at our maternity unit in a central London hospital between 2014 and 2020. Of these, one had died of metastatic ampullary carcinoma two years following delivery, one declined taking part, and two we were unable to get hold of, leaving 13 women in the study. Two validated questionnaires were used to survey the women: (i) Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS), (ii) Parenting Daily Hassles Scale (PDHS). We analysed the questionnaire data using their individual scoring systems. Results The WEMWBS showed a median score of 60 out of a possible 70 (range: 45–70), indicating a high level of mental well-being among these women. The PDHS results indicated that reported hassles were overall low in both frequency and intensity for the mothers. Conclusion Women giving birth over 50 have often experienced long, emotional and financially-burdensome journeys in order to fall pregnant, usually involving assisted reproductive techniques (ART), with multiple antenatal and delivery complications thereafter. As a result, they are extremely happy and grateful to have the child, and are often in better socioeconomic positions that can help with the stress that comes with child-caring.

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the attitudes of patients with various dermatologic diseases towards coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccines. The present questionnaire-based study was conducted on patients admitted to the outpatient clinic of the Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Ufuk University Hospital, between January 1 and 31, 2021. The study population was divided into two groups based on their ages: (1)

Aim: To investigate the levels of EI and perceived stress (PS) among two groups of healthcare students (medical and dental) and examined their relationship. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among medical and dental undergraduates and interns at CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry to assess their levels of EI and PS. Participants were assessed on self-administered Sterrett’s EI questionnaire and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The data col-lected from 627 participants was analyzed using SPSS version 24. Results: Correlational analysis showed an inverse relationship between EI and PS among medical and dental un-dergraduates. Significant association was observed between level of EI and year of study for both the disciplines. Majority of the participants reported moderate levels of EI and PS. Conclusion: EI can positively affect the students’ ability to perform well under stressful situations in healthcare education. Undergraduate curriculum should be designed to focus on EI based education in order to enable healthcare students to cope well with the stress related to their clinical training. Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, stress, medical education, medicine, dentistry

Aims: This study aimed to investigate whether the place of the survey makes a significant impact on the responses regarding the process of self-medication, as well as the present pharmacists’ engagement in this process in the Sarajevo Canton. Study Design: An anonymous questionnaire-based survey. Place and Duration of Study: One public pharmacy and various public places in the Sarajevo Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina, for five months, February–June 2019. Methodology: A total of 312 respondents was included. The first group (165 respondents) was surveyed in the pharmacy after buying an over-the-counter (OTC) drug, and the second group (147 respondents) was surveyed outside the pharmacy. Results: Pharmacists instructed 65% of respondents (72.73% in the first group and 57.14% in the second group) on how to take the purchased OTC drug and checked whether 55% of respondents (70.91% in the first group and 38.1% in the second group) bought an appropriate drug for their health problem. Only 25% of respondents (36.36% in the first group and 12.24% in the second group) was informed about the adverse effects, whereas 29% of respondents (41.82% in the first group and 14.97% in the second group) was informed about the potential contraindications or interactions of the purchased OTC drug. The statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between the responses to the questions and the place of the survey about providing information on the adverse effects (P = .03), comorbidities (P = .049), and general information about the purchased OTC drug (P = .04). Conclusion: In the Sarajevo Canton, pharmacists should be more actively involved in the process of self-medication and provide the necessary advice to patients consuming OTC drugs. Further research is needed so general conclusions could be drawn.

BACKGROUND: Anyone whose eating behaviours tend to cause disruptions and inconveniences in their day-to-day life could possibly have an eating disorder (ED). The coronavirus pandemic and the ensuing lockdown resulted in young people being conned to their homes for months on end. This may have led to the adoption of unhealthy eating behaviours and the consequent development of eating disorders. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of eating disorders among healthcare students of South India during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. METHODS This study was conducted for a period of two weeks among healthcare students of South India during the COVID-19 lockdown. The study tools were two pretested and self-administered questionnaires. Analysis was done using IBM Statistics 25 and SPSS. RESULTS The total number of respondents whose SCOFF score was greater than or equal to 2 is 367 (38.3%), which indicates possible cases of anorexia or bulimia. The total number of respondents whose EAT-26 score is higher than 20 in this study are 153 (14.3%), which indicates that they must be referred to a qualied professional to determine if they meet the diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder. This indicates that there was an increased prevalence of eating disorders in the students during the pandemic lockdown. CONCLUSIONS As expected, there was denitely an increased prevalence of eating disorders among the students during the COVID-19 lockdown. Awareness about these disorders must be created via seminars, webinars and workshops.

Aim: Aim of the study is to assess the knowledge of radiography students about handling of patient having contrast reaction Methods: A prospective, questionnaire-based study was carried out in Department of Radiological and Imaging Techniques. A validated questionnaire was circulated among undergraduate, postgraduate and diploma Radiographic students. Result: The total participants were 169 out of which 152 participants responded to questionnaire (89.94%) include undergraduate, postgraduate and diploma students of radiological and imaging techniques. To assess the knowledge of radiography students about handling of patient having contrast reactions, which they gain during theory classes ad from hospital posting. There were 54(35.5%) were female and 98 (64.5%) males. Conclusion: Study concluded that there should be proper theory classes for the conduction of knowledge about handling of patient having contrast reactions in radiology department. Training session and teaching standards should be taken in account for not only the number of hours required to obtain the knowledge with the equipment required to run the classes in the simulation-based learning environment. This questionnaire based survey demonstrate that up-to-date handling of patient having contrast reactions skill in among radiography students of college of paramedical sciences were not sufficient, this should be improved by the well designed training and theoretical sessions. From this study, we suggest that all members of the health care community should attend the webinars, guest lectures and training sessions about knowledge of handling of patient having contrast reactions in radiology department. Keywords: Contrast media, adverse reactions, High osmolar contrast media (HOCM), Low osmolar contrast media (LOCM).

Objectives: A novel coronavirus was first proclaimed in Hubei province, China, 213 countries worldwide also became an epicenter of the virus until June 17, 2020. The dental team has a high risk of infection as a result of the specificity of their procedures. The aim of this questionnaire was to estimate the preventive measures and the awareness methods that may be adopted by the dentists to prevent or reduce the transmission of COIVD-19. Material and Methods: The questionnaire was an electronic survey contained 23 questions, which were designed based on the instruction given for dental setting by CDC during COVID-19 pandemic; the respondents in this study were dental practitioners in Syria. Results: A total of 1013 dentists have responded to this survey 61% of the participants treated only the emergent treatment, 84% of them wear facial masks, while the prevalence for other protective equipment was low. The majority of the participants schedule the appointments as there is only one patient in the waiting room. More than half of the dentists sterilize the patients’ hands before and after the dental treatment, and 59% of them choose 70% ethyl alcohol as a disinfectant. Most of the respondents use dental mouthwashes before the initiation of the treatment. Almost three-quarters of the dentists use high vacuum. Only 15% of dentists sterilize the dental handpieces in the autoclaves after each patient. Most of dentists educate their patients about preventive methods. Conclusion: Based on these results, the Syrian dentists should take more strict measures during dental practice.

BACKGROUND Since March 2020, after coronavirus outbreak and nationwide lockdown, medical education in India has experienced a major disruptive change. Measures to prevent the spread of infection and hence to ensure social distancing have led to the closure of medical colleges and starting of online teaching. This study was planned with a purpose to investigate and assess the experience of medical teachers of SHKM, Government Medical College, Mewat, Haryana towards online teaching during COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS This was a cross-sectional, self-administered, questionnaire-based survey in which data about their experience with online teaching was gathered by interviewing fifty Medical Educators of SHKM, GMC, Mewat, Haryana. As a part of questionnaire validation process, we invited six faculty members to pilot-test the initial draft and it was modified based on their feedback. Survey was done from July 2020 to Dec 2020. RESULTS Majority of the faculty were happy with the starting of online lectures. Maximum faculty were conversant with the use of online apps, had all the equipment required for making and taking online lectures, felt that taking online lectures was not as comfortable as classroom lectures, found it convenient to use laptop / mobiles / tablets for lectures, faced network problems, technical glitches while taking their online lectures, could complete the online lecture within the prescribed time limit, did not tend to spend more time on social sites while preparing for online lectures ; used multimedia, gave electronic study material to their students, did not feel comfortable, while interacting and asking questions, experienced few students leaving classes in between and joining back again only while marking attendance, experienced few students hesitating to reply to questions asked and gave excuses about technical faults. CONCLUSIONS Educators can help document and analyse the effects of current changes to learn and apply new principles and practices to the future. KEYWORDS COVID-19, Online Teaching, Medical Faculty

Corrosive ingestion causes significant morbidity in children with no standard guidelines regarding management. This survey aimed to understand practices adopted by gastroenterologists, identify lacunae in evaluation and management and suggest a practical algorithm. Indian gastroenterologists participated in an online survey (65 questions) on managing corrosive ingestion. When ≥ 50% of respondents agreed on a management option, it was considered as ‘agreement’. Ninety-eight gastroenterologists (72 pediatric) who had managed a total of ~ 2600 corrosive ingestions in the last 5 years responded. The commonest age group affected was 2–5 years (61%). Majority of ingestion was accidental (89%) with 80% due to improper corrosive storage. Ingestion of alkali and acid was equally common (alkali 41%, acid 39%, unknown 20%). History of inducing-vomiting after ingestion by community physicians was present in 57%. There was an agreement on 77% of questions. The respondents agreed on endoscopy (70%) and chest X-ray (67%) in all, irrespective of symptoms. Endoscopy was considered safe on days 1–5 after ingestion (91%) and relatively contraindicated thereafter. The consensus was to use acid suppression, always (59%); steroids, never (68%) and antibiotics, if indicated (59%). Feeding was based on endoscopic findings: oral in mild injuries and nasogastric (NG) in others. Eighty percent placed a NG tube under endoscopic guidance. Stricture dilatation was considered safe after 4 weeks of ingestion. Agreement on duration of acid suppression and stricture management (dilatation protocol and refractory strictures) was lacking. Corrosive ingestion mostly affects 2–5-year olds and is accidental in majority. It can be potentially prevented by proper storage and labelling of corrosives. An algorithm for management is proposed.

Cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women in India, and India has the largest burden of cervical cancer patients in the world. One out of every five women suffering from this disease belongs to India. The objective of this study was to assess knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer risk factors among college going female students of Jammu University and to study about their behavior regarding prevention and screening of cervical carcinoma. A descriptive self-administered, e-questionnaire was employed for data collection. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics. Two hundred and fifty two female students (n = 252) between the age group 17 and 25 years participated with a response rate of 100%. Majority of students (81.7%) were aware of the term cervical cancer. However, only 68 (26.9%) thought that they could suffer from it as they had the perception that it affects married women or elderly only. Assessment of knowledge regarding the risk factors of cervical cancer revealed that only 99 (39.2%) knew that it is transmitted through sexual contact. With regard to attitude of the students towards cervical cancer, around 157 (62.3%) knew that regular screening leads to early diagnosis of the cancer. This study highlights unawareness of various aspects of cervical cancer among educated young women in Jammu city and the critical need for sustained continuing educational interventions to emphasize the importance and awareness of cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND The Forsus fatigue resistant device (FFRD) appliance is known to correct Class II malocclusion. The disadvantage of it are labial flaring of lower incisors, distalisation and extrusion of maxillary molars, difficulty in procuring the appliances in remote areas and cost. No research has documented the comparison of patient’s experience with FFRD and Sharma’s Class II corrector appliance. Therefore, a questionnaire survey was conducted. METHODS 40 patients having Class II Division 1 malocclusion were included and were divided into two groups- FFRD appliance (group 1, 20 patients) and Sharma’s Class II corrector (group 2, 20 patients). A questionnaire was framed that consisted of 15 questions. Descriptive and analytical statistics was done using SPSS software. The difference in proportions was calculated by chi-square test. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS 30 % of cases in group 2 indicated that the Sharma’s Class II corrector looks good (Q1) as compared to 15 % in group 1. (P = 0.630) 5 % indicated it was not aesthetic in group 2 as compared to 10 % in group 1. 30 % of cases in group 1 indicated that there were problems associated with speech as compared to 0 % in group 2. (P < 0.05). Values were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Sharma’s Class II corrector has similar patient acceptance as compared to FFRD appliance with the additional benefit of cost effectiveness. Hence, this can be considered as a better option in treating Class II malocclusion with fixed therapy. KEY WORDS FFRD, Fixed Function Appliance, Economic Orthodontics, Growth Modification, Sharma’s Class II Corrector

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have attracted much interest from educational researchers and practitioners around the world. There has been an increase in empirical studies about MOOCs in recent years, most of which used questionnaire surveys and quantitative methods to collect and analyze data. This study explored the research topics and paradigms of questionnaire-based quantitative research on MOOCs by reviewing 126 articles available in the Science Citation Index (SCI) and Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) databases from January 2015 to August 2020. This comprehensive overview showed that: (a) the top three MOOC research topics were the factors influencing learners’ performance, dropout rates and continuance intention to use MOOCs, and assessing MOOCs; (b) for these three topics, many studies designed questionnaires by adding new factors or adjustments to extant theoretical models or survey instruments; and (c) most researchers used descriptive statistics to analyze data, followed by the structural equation model, and reliability and validity analysis. This study elaborated on the relationship of research topics and key factors in the research models by building factors-goals (F-G) graphs. Finally, we proposed some directions and recommendations for future research on MOOCs.

Background: Menstrual cycle is one of the phases in a woman's life wherein there are multiple physiological changes in the body. Various phases of menstrual cycle show a different physiological behavioral pattern of the body as well as hormonal changes which can lead to multiple changes in the oral cavity. Aims: The aim of this study is to assess the attitude and awareness of oral health changes in females during menstrual cycle. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted as a cross-sectional study among the general population of Karnataka, India. A self-administered semi-structured questionnaire consisting of 19 questions was used to assess the attitude and awareness of oral health changes in females during menstruation. Data were entered in Excel and analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics version 22. Results: In the present study, a total of 300 females participated comprising different age groups, of which maximum participants were in the age group of 18–24 years. 57.7% of population had a duration of 28–30 days' menstrual cycle. About 44.3% of participants had experienced an overall health change. 18.3% of participants experienced oral changes, of which 15% of participants had developed aphthous ulcers. 7.3% of participants experienced bleeding gums. 81.3% of participants believed that the use of antimicrobial mouthwash reduces bad breath and 55.7% believed that brushing twice can reduce swelling of gums. Conclusion: This study gives an inference that participants were though aware of menstruation and related complaints, but they were not aware of oral changes occurring during the cycle.

The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice among the dental students including interns and postgraduate students towards Nicotine Replacement Therapy(NRT). This is a cross sectional survey done among 300 randomly chosen dental students from dental colleges in Navi Mumbai by distributing a self-prepared questionnaire about the awareness and use on NRT. Later, descriptive analysis was done on the data collected. Eighty four percent of the dental students were aware of NRT. Significant awareness was seen among the dental students, but only 28% of the dental students had the practice of always prescribing patients with NRT, 40% of the dental students prescribed NRT sometimes and the remaining 32% never prescribed NRT for tobacco cessation. The awareness on NRT and the practice of prescribing patients with NRT for tobacco cessation was not proportionate.

SARS - COVID 2019 is a global respiratory infection that has been confirmed as a global pandemic. The life of healthcare professionals has changed while working during the corona COVID-19 outbreak. During the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, the dentist's knowledge about various practice modifications has been evaluated in order to combat COVID-19. A well-constructed questionnaire was designed; it was a close-ended questionnaire study involving 150 participants. The responses of the survey were obtained and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS Software. The respondents were found to have good knowledge, which is important to combat COVID -19, which would help them imply those techniques in clinical practice. In Spite of having a high standard of knowledge while working during these current situations, dental practitioners are still in a state of anxiety and fear.

Purpose Owing to the paucity of literature, in the specific context of mass customization (MC), that explains what factors need to be considered while selecting suppliers and what strategies need to be implemented for effective management of suppliers, this paper aims to explore the effective supplier selection and management strategies and also investigate their impact on the development of mass customization capability (MCC). Design/methodology/approach Through an extensive review of literature, a total of 18 factors for supplier selection and management have been identified. Further, using multiple regression analysis, the linkages between these factors and MCCs have been examined based on the data set from the survey of Indian manufacturing organizations. Findings The results indicate that while concentrating on the responsive and reconfiguration capability, all the five measures of supplier selection and the four measures of supplier management have shown a significant influence. However, in the case of relational capability, only two of the supplier selection strategies and three of the supplier management strategies have shown a notable impact. Practical implications The study provides help to the firms in deciding whom to select and how to manage the suppliers in the course of improving their MCCs. The study has shown the possibility that different types of MCCs might require different approaches to both the supplier selection and management. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study happens to be the first of its kind that investigates the interconnectedness among the supplier selection and management strategies and MCCs.

Hand hygiene is a milestone to control infectious diseases and prevent cross transmission of microorganism and reduces the incidence of healthcare associated infections, improved hand hygiene practice has been recognized as an important public health measure. The study was carried out in a Tertiary care teaching hospital over a period of three months. A total two seventy six (276) students were included in this study. A descriptive approach was adopted, including collection of information through questionnaire based survey. Structured knowledge questionnaires were prepared according to W.H.O. criteria. The present study concluded that the knowledge regarding hand hygiene was found to be average, 186 (67.4%) of the medical students and nurses attending tertiary care hospital, whereas 190 (68.8%) had average score for attitude of hand hygiene and 173 (62.7%) had average score for practice of hand hygiene. So frequent orientation, regular training, workshops, seminars and hand hygiene education should be given mandatory for all the students and staffs for understanding the importance of hand hygiene were improved hand hygiene practice should reduce the healthcare cost which help in preventing hospital acquired infections.

With orthodontic patient demographics expanding to involve more adults, the demand for esthetic appliances is greater and orthodontists are keen on offering their patients more discreet and even invisible options. Lingual orthodontics is a very viable field which offers all this, and it is noteworthy that more and more orthodontists in India are practicing the craft.This questionnaire based survey aims to assess the knowledge and application of Lingual Orthodontics among Orthodontists in their routine clinical practice in India.A sample of 157 participants (orthodontists) was taken after assessing the sample size within the age group of 27 - 50 years of age. The participants comprised of orthodontists practicing in various parts of India. A Questionnaire was created on Google forms and circulated to participants using various social media platforms. The data of responses of participants were analyzed and evaluated with the help of pie charts.This survey analyzed the knowledge and application of Lingual Orthodontics among Orthodontists in their routine clinical practice in India. The results highlighted certain key points ; Majority of the Orthodontists in India did not practice Lingual Orthodonticsand if a patient demanded Lingual braces, majority of the Orthodontists convinced them for conventional braces. Majority of the Orthodontists also reported of not being comfortable practicing Lingual Orthodontics and were not even certified as trained Lingual Orthodontists. They reported of facing certain problems like long treatment duration, more frequent patient visits, increased appointment duration, increased breakages and increased patient discomfort. Most of the participants suggested that conventional braces were better than Lingual braces and they also felt that Lingual Orthodontics took up a lot of clinical chair side time. Maximum participants reported of frequently using conventional braces in their routine clinical practice. They also felt that there was a need to conduct increased awareness and training programs in lingual Orthodontics and a whopping majority also believed that Lingual Orthodontics had now become obsolete.This questionnaire based survey clearly helped in analyzing the knowledge and application of Lingual Orthodontics among Orthodontists in their routine clinical practice in India. Increased awareness and training programs in lingual Orthodontics need to be conducted in India as there were very few Orthodontic clinicians practicing lingual Orthodontics in routine practice.

In the present modern mechanical world, humans are living like a machine without proper food at the right time, without sleep at the right time or even without any relaxation. There is a concept that even food stands next to sleep for a human's life. Sleep plays a major role in human life for the proper functioning of the brain. Any disturbances in sleep for prolonged duration or period may create serious effects in the body and its functioning. Sleeplessness is known clinically as insomnia, a sleep-related disorder wherein the affected people have problems in sleeping. They may have difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep as long as desired. Hypersomnia, on the other hand, is a neurological disorder of excessive times spent sleeping or excessive sleep. It can have many possible causes and problems with functioning. The study setting is done using online Google forms, including 100 participants. The sampling method is a random sampling method. Well-structured questionnaires were prepared and circulated among those 100 participants. According to the results, 74% of the adults who took the survey are aware that insomnia is sleeplessness. More than 50% of the adults feel that insomnia and hypersomnia lead to death, and 53% of the adults believe that insomnia and hypersomnia are age-related. It can be concluded that awareness of such sleep disorders can be helpful for future generations.

Background and Objectives: The extensive spread of the COVID-19 pandemic is a major concern among the healthcare profession. The study aims to assess the perception and knowledge about COVID 19 outbreak among various college going medical students Materials and Methods: A total of 1141 responders completed a questionnaire- based survey on the perception and knowledge about COVID 19 outbreak among various college going medical students. Data collection and the distribution of responses was presented as frequencies and percentages. Data was analyzed using convenient sampling method. Based on the percentage of correct responses descriptive statistics were performed for all groups and subgroups and for the percentage of correct responses individual pair wise comparisons were done using the median test. Results: 90% of the responders provided correct answers indicating adequate overall awareness for all subgroups. More than 75% of the responders were aware of the various symptoms and mode of transmission of COVID 19. However, only 26% of the responders were unaware about the spread of COVID 19 infection, 93% responders know about the primary actions taken after getting infected with COVID 19. Almost all (95%) of our responders were aware of the preferred method for hand hygiene. Conclusion: This study showed good knowledge of COVID-19 among 1136 various college going medical students with an overall knowledge score of more than 90%. The results of the study helped us to conclude that students showed extensive knowledge about general information of COVID-19 like its route of transmission, people at high risk symptoms and signs, and complications. Hopefully, conducting periodic webinars could be a useful tool to create more awareness in this regard for all healthcare students and professionals.

For a healthy pregnancy and delivery of a normal child, different group of medicines taken for each month of pregnancy is described in Ayurveda as Masanumasik Kashayas (monthly antenatal decoctions). Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of Ayurvedic practitioners regarding Masanumasik Kashayas. Methodology: Following ethical approval, a cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted among Ayurvedic physicians from Mumbai region. Results: Of 130 questionnaires distributed, 120 physicians responded (92%). Although all the physicians were aware that Masanumasik Kashayasare described in the Samhitas, only 60% knew the number of Kashayas (decoctions). 85% knew the rationale for prescribing these Kashaya s(decoctions) and 93% agreed that these Kashayas (decoctions) improved pregnancy outcome. However, in clinical practice, 45% participants said that they prescribed Kashayas (decoctions) only in patients with bad obstetric history while 52.5% prescribed in regular ante-natal care. 83% preferred Vati (tablet) form rather than Kashaya (decoction) as patient compliance was better. All physicians who prescribed said that there were no adverse complaints and the pregnancy outcome was good. Conclusion: The study thus showed that all Ayurvedic practitioners were still well versed with Masanumasik Kashayas and prescribed these kashayas (decoctions) for a good pregnancy outcome in clinical practice with some modifications like usage of only 9 Kashayas (decoctions) and Vati form (tablet).

COVID -19 is the most recent pandemic disease that has affected the world's population. We, as health care providers should be more responsible for reducing the transmission of this deadly disease. The aim of the survey was to assess the knowledge and awareness among dental professionals towards COVID -19 and reduce the spread among patients and co-workers. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 100 dental students by means of a questionnaire, using google forms, results were tabulated and analysed using SPSS. 24.8% prefer and rely on the fact that fever has been the main symptoms of COVID -19 while 32.7% of the respondents prefer on the fact that cough has been the symptoms leading to COVID -19 64% of the dental students are aware on the fact that patients should be checked on their temperature before the consultation. 36.3% of the dental students prefer no checking of temperature before the consultation. The results of the survey showed that some knowledge gaps exist among dental students regarding this very deadly disease and hence is an urgent need for training and conduct complete awareness regarding this deadly disease and control it by essential precautionary methods.

Background: There is a sharp increase of substance use, particularly tobacco and alcohol, among schoolchildren. Aims: A study was undertaken to assess the prevalence, age of initiation, and determinants for the uptake of tobacco and alcohol habits among ever-user students. Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among school students. Materials and Methods: Information on alcohol and tobacco use, age at initiation, peer influence, reason of initiation, etc., was collected from students of class 7th–12th(ages: 11–19 years) studying in schools of Noida and Ghaziabad cities, through a pretested self-administered questionnaire through multistage sampling design. Univariate analysis was done to assess the significance of various determinants. Results: “Ever use of substance” (alcohol or tobacco) was found in 14.3% students and was 1.2 times more among boys in comparison to girls (P < 0.05). About 29.5% of these students initiated the habit before 11 years of age and its prevalence was significantly more among boys from government schools as compared to private schools. The habits were 2.2, 3.8, and 4.6 fold higher among students if the father, mother, siblings, or friends also used substances. Substance use was less frequent among children of white-collared father and more educated parents. One-third of students up took the habit to make friends. Conclusion: The rising prevalence of substance use among students is a threat to the society. Introducing a “substance use prevention policy” in schools to educate students about various adverse effects and refusal skills may help curb this menace.

Ergonomics can be defined as a discipline that studies workers and their relationship to their occupational environment. To prevent musculoskeletal disorders which can develop over time and can lead to long-term disability proper ergonomic design is necessary. Periodontal work covers most of the areas in the oral cavity including distal aspects of posterior teeth which are difficult to approach. Hence preventing work related strain was of greater significance in ensuring long term successful practice as a periodontists. The purpose of this survey was to assess the knowledge attitude and practice of ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders as an occupational hazard in periodontists in India .A survey was conducted among 150 periodontists in India in which 120 periodontists responded. The survey was distributed through questionnaire printouts and electronic media. The data was collected, analysed and interpreted. The results suggested that 85% of the periodontists had adequate knowledge and attitude towards ergonomics, however the practical application was not as satisfactory. This survey concludes that the knowledge and attitude of periodontists in India regarding ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders as an occupational hazard is good overall, but the practice is needs some improvement.

The study aims to assess the knowledge and create awareness of COVID testing among dental students A survey-based questionnaire was done to gener-ate understanding of COVID testing A questionnaire containing 15 questions was prepared and circulated online using Google forms Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software The results were obtained, and the data were anal-ysed The Overall awareness of all the sub groups was good with more than 90% of the population being aware of the various parameters for Covid test-ing The study concludes that even though the awareness was reported to be adequate, various measures have to be taken towards improving the knowledge and continuous updates have to be provided regarding COVID testing to the dental students © International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences

Sugar is used in medicine for coating, adding volume or texture, and flavouring the medicine. It can also act as a preservative and antioxidant. Sucrose is often used in medications to impart a more pleasant taste to often unpalatable chemicals. Sucrose can be found in many medicinal forms such as chewable tablets, syrups and lozenges. The aim of the study is to create awareness on concentration of sugar in medicines among college students. A survey was administered through survey planet link with sample size 100. The questionnaire consisted of 14 questions based on awareness on concentration of sugar. In the present study majority of the participants felt addition of sweeteners in syrups and tablets should be decreased. Adults and children who are administered to long term medicines are prone to caries and other health problems. Chronically ill children are exposed to a greater sugar load from oral medications than healthy children leading to a greater risk of developing caries as a side effect of the treatment. Awareness may be created on the concentration of sugar in medicines and its deleterious effect on health.

Postoperative pain control after extraction of third molars is important for patients because of the effect of pain symptoms on the healing process and quality of life. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and awareness of dental students towards the use of preemptive analgesics in third molar extractions. A questionnaire based survey was conducted among 100 dental students. Questionnaire was distributed through a survey link. Results were collected and analysed using IBM SPSS Statistical Analyzer (23.0 version). Frequency distribution and descriptive analysis were carried out. The variables were analysed using Pearson Chi square test. P Value less than or equal to 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The results of the study showed that the knowledge and awareness of dental students about the usage of preemptive analgesics in day to day practice varied according to their year of study. Interns were observed to have more knowledge and awareness regarding preemptive analgesics in comparison to third years and final years. Preemptive analgesics play a significant role in the elimination of postoperative pain in patients after removal of third molars. Therefore, it is of utmost importance for dental students to gain sufficient knowledge regarding the usage and importance of preemptive analgesics in dentistry.

Introduction Paediatric plaque psoriasis (PedPso) in children and adolescents is often diagnosed and treated for the first time by paediatricians. An early onset of psoriasis is associated with a genetic family burden, higher severity of disease and increased risk of comorbidities, sometimes starting in childhood. However, little information is available on prevalence data and the clinical management of PedPso by paediatricians. Methods A total of 191 questionnaires were sent out to paediatricians regarding their management of PedPso, with a focus on prevalence, diagnosis, initiation of therapies, screening for comorbidities and collaboration with dermatologists. Of these, 95 (49.7%) were returned and evaluated anonymously. Results Only about one-half of the responding paediatricians reported being certain in their diagnosis of PedPso, even though they regularly see moderate-to-severely affected patients. The questionnaire revealed that there are clear differences in the general management of PedPso if the paediatrician is not certain of the diagnosis of psoriasis. Compared to paediatricians certain of their diagnosis, those who are uncertain less frequently perform whole-body inspection, screen for relevant comorbidities, such as psoriasis arthritis, metabolic syndrome or mental disorders, and prescribe the use of topical or systemic therapies. No responding paediatrician reported the use of modern systemic therapies, such as biologicals, even in severely affected children. The majority of respondents rated their cooperation with dermatologists as good. Conclusion The certainty of the diagnosis, the use of system therapies and the screening for comorbidity could improve the care of PedPso through targeted training of paediatricians and intensified interdisciplinary cooperation with dermatologist. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s13555-020-00390-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Introduction:Dental trauma is one of the most commonly seen injuries involving teeth and surrounding structures. The frequent causes of dental trauma are usually falls, traffic accidents, fights and sports injuries. Rapid treatment can prevent long-term damage to the orofacial structures and save the teeth. Ellis class 2 fracture is classified as the involvement of enamel and dentin excluding pulp. Dental practitioners are used to treating Ellis class 2 fracture very often in their dental practice and is usually considered as a dilemma among dental practitioners for the different treatment modalities followed for treatment of Ellis class 2 fracture. A survey is done among dental practitioners to assess the different treatment modalities followed by them in the case of Ellis class 2 fracture.Materials and Methods:A survey was done among 380 dental practitioners in the Chennai region in which 360 dental practitioners responded. The survey was distributed through electronic media and other means of communication. The survey data was collected, analysed and interpreted.Results:The results suggested that about 90% of dental practitioners had adequate knowledge and attitude towards the management of dental traumatic injuries. However, the practical application of the different treatment modalities was seen to be varied among dental practitioners. Based on this survey it was clear that majority of the dental practitioners in Chennai have good knowledge, attitude but there was a lack of clinical practice regarding the different treatment modalities followed by general practitioners for Ellis class 2 fracture.Conclusion:The survey shows that dental practitioners have a sound knowledge, attitude, but the practical application of the various treatment modalities available was seen to vary among various dental practitioners for Ellis class 2 fracture.