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Retinal vessel calibre metrics were evaluated at baseline and 2 years in a FIELD substudy (n = 208). Central retinal venule calibre was significantly reduced by fenofibrate and unchanged by placebo. Arteriole metrics did not change. Larger studies relating retinal vessel calibre to future diabetes complications and response to therapy are merited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) prevalence is higher in Indigenous Australians than in other Australians and is a major cause of vision loss. Consequently, timely screening and treatment is paramount, and annual eye screening is recommended for Indigenous Australians. Aims: To assess the prevalence of DR, reduced vision and DR treatment coverage among Indigenous Australian adults with diabetes attending Top End indigenous primary care health services. Methods: A cross-sectional DR screening study conducted from November 2013 to December 2015 in two very remote Northern Territory Aboriginal primary healthcare services. Results: In 287 subjects, the prevalence of non-proliferative DR, proliferative DR and clinically significant diabetic macular oedema was 37.3%, 5.4% and 9.0% respectively. Treatment coverage for PDR was 60% (of 10 patients) and for CSMO was 17% (of 23 patients). Vision data were available from 122 participants at one site. The proportion with normal vision, reduced vision, impaired vision and blindness was 31.1%, 52.5%, 15.6% and 0.8% respectively. Overall, ungradable monocular image sets (46%) were associated with poorer quality images and missing protocol images (both P < 0.001). Ungradable images for DR were associated with presence of small pupils/media opacities (P < 0.001). Ungradable images for diabetic macular oedema were associated with poorer image quality (P < 0.001), cataracts (P < 0.001) and small pupils (P = 0.04). Conclusions: A high prevalence of DR, CSMO and impaired vision was noted in Indigenous Australians with diabetes. Screening in primary care is feasible, but more effective screening methods are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate an automated retinal image analysis (ARIA) of indigenous retinal fundus images against a human grading comparator for the classification of diabetic retinopathy (DR) status. Methods: Indigenous Australian adults with type 2 diabetes (n = 410) from three remote and very remote primary‐care services in the Northern Territory, Australia, underwent teleretinal DR screening. A single, central retinal fundus photograph (opportunistic mydriasis) for each eye was later regraded using a single ARIA and a UK human grader and national DR classification system. The sensitivity and specificity of ARIA were assessed relative to the comparator. Proportionate agreement and a Kappa statistic were also computed. Results: Retinal images from 391 and 393 participants were gradable for 'Any DR' by the human grader and ARIA grader, respectively. 'Any DR' was detected by the human grader in 185 (47.3%) participants and by ARIA in 202 (48.6%) participants (agreement =88.0%, Kappa = 0.76,), whereas proliferative DR was detected in 31 (7.9%) and 37 (9.4%) participants (agreement = 98.2%, Kappa = 0.89,), respectively. The ARIA software had 91.4 (95% CI, 86.3–95.0) sensitivity and 85.0 (95% CI, 79.3–89.5) specificity for detecting 'Any DR' and 96.8 (95% CI, 83.3–99.9) sensitivity and 98.3 (95% CI, 96.4–99.4) specificity for detecting proliferative DR. Conclusions: This ARIA software has high sensitivity for detecting 'Any DR', hence could be used as a triage tool for human graders. High sensitivity was also found for detection of proliferative DR by ARIA. Future versions of this ARIA should include maculopathy and referable DR (CSME and/or PDR). Such ARIA software may benefit diabetes care in less‐resourced regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is a major cause of vision loss globally, yet this devastating complication is largely preventable. Early detection and treatment of diabetic retinopathy necessitates screening. Ocular imaging is widely used clinically, both for the screening and management of diabetic retinopathy. Common eye conditions, such as glaucoma, cataracts and retinal vessel thrombosis, and signs of systemic conditions, such as hypertension, are frequently revealed. As well as imaging by a skilled clinician during an eye examination, non‐ophthalmic clinicians, such as general practitioners, endocrinologists, nurses and trained health workers, can also can carry out diabetic eye screening. This process usually comprises local imaging with remote grading, mostly human grading. However, grading incorporating artificial intelligence is emerging. In a clinical research context, retinal vasculature analyses using semi‐automated software in many populations have identified associations between retinal vessel geometry, such as vessel caliber, and the risk of diabetic retinopathy and other chronic complications of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Similarly, evaluation of corneal nerves by corneal confocal microscopy is revealing diabetes‐related abnormalities, and associations with and predictive power for other chronic diabetes complications. As yet, the value of retinal vessel geometry and corneal confocal microscopy measures at an individual level is uncertain. In this article, targeting non‐ocular clinicians and researchers, we review existent and emerging ocular imaging and grading tools, including artificial intelligence, and their associations between ocular imaging findings and diabetes and its chronic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) are a risk factor for late age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Associations between RPD and coronary artery disease (CAD) have been reported from small case--control studies. This study investigated the association of RPD within a predominantly CAD cohort. Methods A subgroup of subjects from a multicentre randomised controlled trial of CT coronary angiography (CTCA) underwent ultrawide field (UWF) retinal imaging CAD determined by CTCA and was categorised as normal, non-obstructive or obstructive. Specific AMD features in UWF images were graded. Standardised grids were used to record the spatial location of AMD features, including RPD. Multivariate confounder adjusted regression models assessed the association between RPD and CAD. results The 534 participants were aged 27-75 years (mean 58-9 years; 425 (80%) ≥50 years) with a male preponderance (56%). Within the study sample, 178 (33%) had no CAD, 351 (66%) had CAD. RPD was detected in 30 participants (5.6%) and bilaterally in 23. Most participants with bilateral RPD had intermediate AMD 17 (74%). After adjustment for potential confounders (age, sex, drusen >125 µm, smoking status), multivariate analysis found no significant association between CAD and RPD (OR 1.31; 95% CI (0.57 to 3.01); p=0.52). A significant association was identified between RPD and intermediate AMD (OR 3.18; 95% CI (1.61 to 6.27); p=0.001). Conclusion We found no evidence to support an association between CAD and RPD. RPD was strongly associated with intermediate AMD features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Ultra-wide field (UWF) retinal imaging (Optomap, Optos plc, Dunfermline, UK) is a novel technique to image the peripheral fundus. The goal of this study was to explore the potential use of UWF imaging to detect glaucoma, and specifically to evaluate the reproducibility of measures of vertical cup-to-disc ratio (VCDR) using ultra-wide field (UWF), and the agreement between UWF and standard colour digital stereoscopy (CDS). Methods: An observational study. From a population-based epidemiological study we selected 100 eyes from 100 consecutive participants who were imaged using both standard CDS and UWF retinal imaging. Estimation of the VCDR using both modalities was made by a masked glaucoma specialist and two masked independent observers. Reliability and agreement between colour digital stereoscopy and the UWF imaging was assessed by Bland-Altman scatterplots. Results: Intra-observer reproducibility of the UWF imaging in estimating VCDRs produced Limits of Agreement (LOA) ranging from −0.13 to 0.1 (mean 0.02) and −0.14 to 0.14 (mean 0.0004) for observer 1 and 2 respectively. Inter-observer reliability between observer 1 and the glaucoma specialist for VCDR measurements using CDS and UWF produced LOA ranging from −0.37 to 0.15 (mean −0.11) and −0.24 to 0.26 (mean 0.0005) respectively. Bland Altman plots produced LOA of −0.16 to 0.20 (mean 0.02) between the two imaging methods for assessing VCDR when carried out by a glaucoma specialist. Conclusion: Grading of UWF imaging has high reproducibility in evaluating VCDR and agreement with stereoscopic optic disc imaging and may be suitable for glaucoma diagnosis in situations where CDS is not available. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Focuses on the approach to improving remote quality control monitoring of positioning data in marine seismic. Need for increased levels of positioning accuracy within the streamer and source network; Utilization of existing communications infrastructure; Configuration of database content and views to client requirements.

Background: Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is the most common atypical variant of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Changes associated with PCA in the brain affect the visual cortex, but little is known about retinal changes in PCA. In this study, we explored retinal phenotypic variations in typical AD (tAD) and PCA., Methods: Retinal phenotyping was carried out on ultra-widefield (UWF) images of 69 control, 24 tAD, and 25 PCA participants., Results: Individuals with tAD (odds ratio [OR] = 2.76 [confidence interval (CI):1.24 to 6.10], P  = .012) and PCA (OR = 3.40 [CI:1.25 to 9.22], P  = .016) were more likely phenotyped as hard drusen. tAD (OR = 0.34 [CI:0.12 to 0.92], P  = .035) were less likely to have soft drusen compared to control. Almost 3-fold increase in reticular pseudodrusen formation in tAD (OR = 2.93 [CI:1.10 to 7.76], P  = .030) compared to control was estimated., Discussion: Studying the peripheral retina may contribute to a better understanding of differences in retinal phenotypes of different AD variants., Competing Interests: LC was supported by an unrestricted PhD studentship from Optos plc. LC is currently employed by Optos plc., (© 2021 The Authors. Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring published by Wiley Periodicals, LLC on behalf of Alzheimer's Association.)