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The Mediterranean region is facing major challenges for soil conservation and sustainable agriculture. Conservation agriculture (CA), including reduced soil disturbance, can help conserve soils and improve soil fertility, but its adoption in the Mediterranean region is limited. Examining farmers’ perceptions of soil and underlying sociocultural factors can help shed light on adoption of soil management practices. In this paper, we conducted a survey with 590 farmers across Morocco, Spain and Tunisia to explore concepts that are cognitively associated with soil and perceptions of tillage. We also evaluated differences in perceptions of innovation, community, adaptive capacity, and responsibility for soil. We found that farmers’ cognitive associations with soil show awareness of soil as a living resource, go beyond agriculture and livelihoods to reveal cultural ties, and link to multiple levels of human needs. Beliefs about the benefits of tillage for water availability and yield persist among the surveyed farmers. We found that openness towards innovation, perceived adaptive capacity and responsibility for soil were associated with minimum tillage, whereas community integration was not. Education, age and farm lifestyle were also associated with differences in these perceptions. CA promotion in the Mediterranean should emphasize the multiple values of soil, should demonstrate how sufficient yields may be achieved alongside resilience to drought, and be tailored to differing levels of environmental awareness and economic needs across north and south.

In these times of strong pressure on aquatic ecosystems and water resources due to climate change and water abstraction, intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES) (rivers that periodically cease to flow and/or dry) have become valuable assets. Indeed, not only do they supply water but they also offer services for humanity. Despite a growing recognition towards IRES, information for assessing their ecosystem services (ES) remains scarce. In a first step, an international interdisciplinary group of researchers developed a methodological framework to acknowledge ES provided by IRES using 109 indicators. A subset of selected ES indicators was then applied to two case studies: the Rio Seco in the Algarve (Portugal) and the Giofyros River in Crete (Greece). This paper discusses the applicability of these indicators, including the temporal and spatial variability of IRES flow regimes. Aspects of the framework, such as the methods and time required for data collection, the nature (demand or supply) and functionality of each indicator are discussed. The new framework accounts for flow intermittence in ES analyses and can help scientists and water managers to i) increase the ease and justification for IRES use in management approaches and ii) improve their conservation and restoration with a comprehensive set of appropriate indicators for IRES. In addition, the comprehensive nature of the proposed indicators ensures that they can be understood by a broad audience and easily applicable. Since they were designed through a public participation process, the setting has been prepared for holistic stakeholder analysis and education around IRES functions and associated ES. From a management point of view, it would be particularly relevant to perform an economic evaluation with this new framework to understand the value of each ES category and their trade-offs. For the scientific community, however, it is important to consider public preferences to design socially accepted pol

Although the COVID-19 pandemic has taken most by surprise, the direct and indirect relationships between changes in land use, climate change, loss of biodiversity and the emergence of infectious diseases have been known for decades. of zoonoses. We explain some of the ecological mechanisms and processes that underlie the emergence of this threat and its relationship with extractivisms, such as industrial livestock, and globalization. We also invite reflection on some of the socio-ecological impacts of environmental deregulation that is being generated since the outbreak of the pandemic. Both the consequences of the pandemic and this deregulation are also increasing the vulnerability of populations in a differential manner. We propose, by way of closing, the promotion of interdisciplinary approaches, the profound transformation of the economic model and the incorporation of the perspective of environmental justice for the approach and prevention of future pandemics., Aunque la pandemia de la COVID-19 ha cogido por sorpresa a la mayoría, hace décadas que se conocen las relaciones directas e indirectas entre los cambios en los usos del suelo, el cambio climático, la pérdida de biodiversidad y la aparición de enfermedades infecciosas provenientes de zoonosis. Explicamos algunos de los mecanismos y procesos ecológicos que subyacen al surgimiento de esta amenaza y su relación con los extractivismos, como la ganadería industrial, y la globalización. Invitamos asimismo a la reflexión sobre algunos de los impactos socioecológicos de la desregulación ambiental que se está generando desde el estallido de la pandemia. Tanto las consecuencias de la pandemia como de esta desregulación, además, están aumentando la vulnerabilidad de las poblaciones de manera diferencial. Proponemos, a modo de cierre, el impulso de aproximaciones interdisciplinares, la transformación profunda del modelo económico y la incorporación de la mirada de la justicia ambiental para el abordaje y la prevención de futuras pandemias