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The research was aimed at exploring whether there are gender differences in binge-watching patterns of urban-educated youth of Pakistan. Using the Uses and Gratification approach as the theoretical foundation of the research, the research investigated whether the motivations for binge-watching differed between males and females. The research also analyzed differences between genders on the negative impact of binge-watching. The methodology adopted for the research was the quantitative survey method. The purposive sample selected for the study comprised 300 male and female teenagers (13–19 years) who binge-watch online streamed content. The study’s findings revealed that Entertainment, Escape, and Excitement were the primary motivations of Pakistani teenagers to resort to binge-watching. However, it was found that Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) and Social Interaction were more important for females, while Excitement was deemed an important motivation by the males. Findings revealed that Sleep Disorder and Obesity were reported to be more of an issue than Depression and Productivity Issues. Furthermore, male binge-watchers reported a reduction in their Productivity, while female binge-watchers reported a disturbance in their sleeping patterns.

Objective: To determine the changes in “ocular surface” and “tear film” of patients who underwent phacoemulsification for senile cataract at Federal Government Polyclinic Hospital, Islamabad. Methodology: This study was conducted from 1-10-2022 to 31-12-2022. 66patients with senile cataract were selected for this study. After taking consent baseline features including age, gender, duration of cataract, was recorded were documented on the proforma. Preoperative and post-operative OSDI, TBUT, TMH and CFS at 1 and 4 weeks to assess changes in “ocular surface” and “tear film” were recorded. Data was analyzed by SPSS 21. Results: A total of 66eyes of 66 patients were made part of the study having a mean age of 65.32 ± 4.45 years. 77.3% of study participants were male while 22.7% were females. OSDI, TBUT, TMH and CFS were significantly effected (p-values of 0.000, 0.003, 0.000 and 0.000, respectively). No statistically significant difference was found in these parameters between male and female patients (p > 0.05). Overall frequency of patients who had OSDI ≥ 33, TBUT ≤ 10 seconds and TMH ≤ 0.3mm was 22% each while CFS was present in 19.7% of the patients. Conclusion: Phacoemulsification of senile cataract significantly effects the tear film and ocular surface, however, the change is a transient one. Key Words: Phacoemulsification, TBUT, Senile Cataract, CFS, OSDI.

The research was aimed at analysing gender portrayal in TV drama in Pakistan over a period of five decades from its very inception in the late 1960’s till 2017. The research explored what types of gender stereotypes were being propagated in the prime time drama serials on the State owned TV channel, PTV which was the only platform available for most part of this duration. The methodology adopted for the research was quantitative in nature and involved a content analysis of the most popular Urdu serials aired between 1968 and 2017. The research focused on the three main characters in each drama and the total sample comprised 72 characters. These characters were analysed in a total of 4834 scenes to observe the display of gender stereotypes. The findings indicated that although overall both the genders were displaying their gender specific stereotypes yet some stereotypes such as bravery and aggressiveness were not being displayed by males and passivity, victimization and fearfulness were not being displayed by females. Later the 50 year time period was sub-divided into five decades to observe whether there had been a change over the years keeping in view the massive changes which had taken place in society. Findings indicated that although there were differences in gender depiction between the five decades for both the genders yet the changes were not linear which pointed to the role of other factors such as government policies which could have contributed to the increasing and decreasing stereotyping over the years.

A thermo-responsive injectable bioactive glass (BAG) that has the ability to set at body temperature was prepared using pluronic F127 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as the carrier. The injectable composite has the advantage to fill irregular shape implantation sites and quick setting at body temperature. The structural and morphological analysis of injectable BAG before and after setting was done by using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The effect of an ultrasonic scaler for a quick setting of injectable BAG was also investigated. The ultrasonic scaler sets the BAG formulation three-folds faster than at body temperature and homogenized the dispersion. The in vitro bio-adhesion was studied in the bovine tooth in both artificial saliva and deionized water for periodic time intervals, i.e., day 7, 30, 90, and 180, which confirmed the apatite layer formation. The mineral density analysis was used to differentiate the newly formed apatite with tooth apatite. In the MTT assay, the experimental material showed continuous proliferation and cell growth. This indicated that injectable hydrogel promoted cell growth, facilitated proliferation, and had no cytotoxic effect. The SEM and micro-CT results (performed after in vitro bioactivity testing) showed that the injectable BAG had the ability to regenerate dentin, hence this material has the potential to be used for dental and biomedical applications including tooth and bone regeneration in minimally invasive procedures in future.