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Due to the corona pandemic and also to the new competence-oriented catalogue of learning objectives in medicine and the master plan for medical studies 2020, the development of digital and practical teaching concepts has experienced a great increase in importance.As a result of this development, it was an important task to establish this combination and incorporate it into the curricular teaching process.The "Toolkit dermatology" was established, which was sent to a total of more than 650 students at German university dermatology clinics. Using educational films, the students were able to practice their skills. In a further development, the toolkit was combined with classroom lectures and the students were asked to evaluate the toolkit online.The vast majority of students (95-100%) clearly stated that the toolkit helped them to develop their practical skills. Some of them were in fact motivated to complete a clinical traineeship/practical tertial year in dermatology (21-88%). The combination of toolkit and subsequent classroom teaching was also rated very positively (82.2%), as this hybrid mode of teaching provided a better understanding.Digital teaching formats as part of the concept of blended learning, i.e. the combination of virtual and analogue teaching formats, are becoming increasingly more important. Solutions for the disadvantages, such as the lack of real interaction and suitable examination formats, still remain to be found; however, the toolkit project demonstrates that hands-on and digital teaching can lead to high student motivation as well as a high educational standard.HINTERGRUND: Im Rahmen der Corona-Pandemie, aber auch durch den neuen kompetenzenorientierten Lernzielkatalog Medizin und den Masterplan Medizinstudium 2020 hat die Entwicklung digitaler und praktischer Lehrkonzepte einen großen Bedeutungszuwachs erfahren.Im Zuge dieser Entwicklungen stellte sich die Aufgabe, diese Kombination zu etablieren und in den curricularen Lehrablauf zu integrieren.Es folgte die Erstellung des „Toolkits Dermatologie“, das an insgesamt mehr als 650 Studierende an deutschen universitären Hautkliniken verschickt wurde. Anhand von Lehrfilmen konnten die Studierenden ihre praktischen Fertigkeiten trainieren. Im weiteren Verlauf wurde das Toolkit in Kombination zu Präsenzveranstaltungen eingesetzt, und die Studierenden konnten das Toolkit online evaluieren.Die überwiegende Mehrheit (95–100 %) der Studierenden gab an, dass das Toolkit ihnen beim Ausbau ihrer praktischen Fertigkeiten geholfen habe. Bei einigen konnte sogar die Motivation für eine Famulatur/PJ(praktisches Jahr)-Tertial in der Dermatologie geweckt werden (21–88 %). Die Verbindung von Toolkit und anschließender Präsenzveranstaltung wurde ebenfalls sehr positiv bewertet (82,2 %), da diese hybride Form der Lehrvermittlung zu einem besseren Verständnis geführt habe.Digitale Lehrformate im Rahmen des Konzeptes „Blended Learning“, also der Kombination von virtuellen und analogen Lehrformaten, gewinnen immer mehr an Bedeutung. Für die Nachteile wie das Fehlen von realer Interaktion und geeigneter Prüfungsformate müssen in Zukunft noch Lösungen gefunden werden. Allerdings zeigt das Toolkit-Projekt, dass eine praktische und digitale Lehre zugleich zu einer hohen Studierendenmotivation und einem hohen Ausbildungsstandard führen kann.

Background: Bullous pemphigoid (BP), the by far most frequent autoimmune blistering skin disease (AIBD), is immunopathologically characterized by autoantibodies against the two hemidesmosomal proteins BP180 (collagen type XVII) and BP230 (BPAG1 or dystonin). Several comorbidities and potentially disease-inducing medication have been described in BP, yet a systematic analysis of these clinically relevant findings and autoantibody reactivities has not been performed. Objective: To determine associations of autoantibody reactivities with comorbidities and concomitant medication. Methods: In this prospective multicenter study, 499 patients diagnosed with BP in 16 European referral centers were included. The relation between anti-BP180 NC16A and anti-BP230 IgG ELISA values at the time of diagnosis as well as comorbidities and concomitant medication collected by a standardized form were analysed. Results: An association between higher serum anti-BP180 reactivity and neuropsychiatric but not atopic and metabolic disorders was observed as well as with the use of insulin or antipsychotics but not with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, inhibitors of platelet aggregation and L-thyroxine. The use of DPP4 inhibitors was associated with less anti-BP180 and anti-BP230 reactivity compared with BP patients without these drugs. This finding was even more pronounced when compared with diabetic BP patients without DPP4 inhibitors. Associations between anti-BP180 and anti-BP230 reactivities were also found in patients using insulin and antipsychotics, respectively, compared with patients without this medication, but not for the use of inhibitors of platelet aggregation, and L-thyroxine. Conclusion: Taken together, these data imply a relation between autoantibody reactivities at the time of diagnosis and both neuropsychiatric comorbidities as well as distinct concomitant medication suggesting a link between the pathological immune mechanisms and clinical conditions that precede the clinically overt AIBD.

Ziel einer Forschungskooperation war die Entwicklung von optimierten Niedertemperatur-Katalysatoren, die in Anwesenheit von Ammoniak zu einer quantitativen Umsetzung von NOx aus Abgasen führen. Diese sollten im Temperaturbereich

Standige Anderungen der Dermatophytennomenklatur stosen bei vielen Dermatologen auf Unverstandnis. Es werden die Hintergrunde und methodischen Entwicklungen, die zu fruheren und aktuellen Veranderungen der Dermatophytentaxonomie und der Entdeckung neuer Dermatophyten gefuhrt haben, erlautert. Es erfolgt eine Auswertung der jungeren themenrelevanten Literatur sowie eigener Untersuchungsergebnisse zur Bestimmung und Entdeckung von Dermatophytenarten sowie zu taxonomischen Entwicklungen auf diesem Gebiet. Das phylogenetische Artkonzept ist heute die Basis fur taxonomische Einteilungen, auch bei den Dermatophyten. Genetische Untersuchungsmethoden haben dazu entscheidende Fortschritte gebracht und sind heute Stand der Technik. Bei der Entdeckung neuer Dermatophytenarten fuhrten vielfach initial klinische Beobachtungen und morphologisch auffallige Kulturen zu weiteren exakten mykologischen Charakterisierungen. Auch heute sind noch nicht alle Dermatophytenspezies eindeutig definiert. Bei ausschlieslicher Verwendung selektierter genetischer Merkmale zur Erstellung phylogenetischer Kladogramme werden weitere taxonomisch relevante Informationen vernachlassigt. Die starkere Einbeziehung morphologischer, physiologischer, okologischer, epidemiologischer und pathophysiologischer Daten scheint bei der phylogenetischen Analyse geboten, und Dermatologen sind gefordert, diese Informationen weiterhin beizutragen.

Trotz permanenter Konfrontation mit potenziell schadigenden Einflussen, eigener mikrobieller Flora und im Alltag haufig vorkommenden kleineren Verletzungen sind Infektionen gesunder Haut selten. Eine chemische Barriere aus konstitutiv exprimierten und durch verschiedene Stimuli induzierbaren antimikrobiellen Peptiden (AMP) tragt zur Widerstandskraft des Integuments bei. AMP sind evolutionar sehr alte Bestandteile der angeborenen Immunabwehr, die aufgrund ihres breiten Wirkspektrums und selten auftretender Resistenzen als antimikrobielle Therapeutika der Zukunft in den Fokus des Interesses geruckt sind. Weiterhin wird einer veranderten Expression dieser Molekule eine Rolle in der Pathogenese verschiedener Erkrankungen zugeschrieben. Auch uber die antimikrobiellen Effekte hinausgehende Wirkungen im Immunsystem oder bei der Wundheilung werden derzeit intensiv erforscht.

Highly porous zirconia with defined particle morphology can be prepared by impregnation of spherical activated carbon as an exotemplate with a zirconia nanoparticle sol. The resulting zirconia spheres show a particle size distribution between 0.2 and 0.4 mm and exhibit high specific surface areas and specific pore volumes up to 104 m 2 g ―1 and 0.56 cm 3 g ―1 , respectively. Addition of a triblock-copolymer (TBC) as an endotemplate during the synthesis leads to the formation of an additional pore system. The corresponding spherical zirconia products possess a hierarchically structured pore system with a bimodal pore size distribution with maxima at ca. 3 and 20 nm. The relative fraction of pores originating from the endotemplate can be varied by changing the endotemplate content in the zirconia nanoparticle sol. The presence of the TBC also has an influence on the specific surface area and the specific pore volume. Using the ratio of TBC to zirconium of n TBC /n Zr = 0.027, a material can be prepared that exhibits a specific surface area and a specific pore volume of 161 m 2 g ―1 and 0.62 cm 3 g ―1 , respectively. These values are more than twice as high as for zirconia prepared by a conventional precipitation method (68 m 2 g ―1 and 0.11 cm 3 g ―1 , respectively).

Zirkoniumdioxid ist nicht nur thermisch und meachnisch sehr stabil, sondern kann auch mit groser spezifischer Oberflache und grosem spezifischen Porenvolumen hergestellt werden. Dadurch ist es als Katalysatortrager interessant. Die Herstellung von Partikeln mit groseren Abmessungen gelingt uber Exotemplatsynthese unter Verwendung von Aktivkohle mit kugelformigen Partikeln. Der Zusatz eines Endotemplats erzeugt ein zusatzliches Mesoporensytem, so dass Zirkoniumdioxid mit hierarchisch strukturiertem Porensystem und zugleich definierter Partikelmorphologie zuganglich wird.

Diffusivities of n-octane in particles of industrial fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts and in zeolite USY, which is the main zeolitic component of the particles, are reported. Diffusion measurements have been performed by using pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR for a broad range of molecular displacements and temperatures. The recorded diffusivities are used to evaluate the relevance of various transport modes in the particles of FCC catalysts, such as diffusion in the micropores of the zeolite crystals located in the particles, diffusion through the surface layer of these crystals, and diffusion in the meso- and macropores of the particles, for the rate of molecular exchange between catalyst particles and the surrounding atmosphere. This rate is shown to be primarily related to the diffusion in the meso- and macropores of the particles under the condition of fast molecular exchange between these pores and the zeolite crystals located in the particles. The diffusivity associated with this type of dif...

A total of 96 pigs were fed on a control diet (barley, wheat, soybean meal) or the control diet supplemented with one of six fats, differing in saturated (SFA), cis- and trans-monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content, in order to produce backfat widely differing in fatty acid composition. In addition to fatty acid composition, firmness was measured, by means of a puncture test, in the intact outer backfat layer and in lard extracted from the outer layer. Melting behaviour and solid fat content (SFC) were determined by differential scanning calorimetry and crystallisation time with a Rapid Interesterification Control-Box. Regression analyses revealed that all consistency traits were mainly dependant on SFA content, particularly stearic acid. Cis-MUFA were the next most decisive for crystallisation time and SFC. The prediction of firmness and SFC at 0°C was improved when the proportion of PUFA was also considered. The stearic to linoleic acid ratio provided the best prediction of lard firmness. It was concluded that MUFA and PUFA exert specific effects on the different consistency characteristics and not only PUFA but also MUFA should be considered in feeding recommendations for growing-finishing pigs when lard consistency is to be improved.

Forty Large White pigs were fed from 30 kg to 103 kg body mass on diets supplemented with 6% of pure high-oleic sunflower oil (HO) or HO plus increasing amounts of partially hydrogenated rape seed oil (HR; 1.85%, 3.70%, 5.55%), containing high levels of delta 6 to delta 11 C 18:1 trans fatty acid isomers. Increasing dietary C 18: trans fatty acids resulted in a linear increase in C 18:1 trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11 CLA) in backfat (BF) as well as in neutral lipids (NL) and phospholipids (PL) of M. long. dorsi. Thus, the rate of bioconversion of trans vaccenic acid (TVA) into CLA and incorporation of C 18:1 trans and CLA into pig adipose tissue was not limited up to 25 g total C 18:1 trans fatty acids including 3.3 g of TVA per kg feed. BF was higher in C 18:1 trans fatty acids and CLA than M. long. dorsi NL and PL. In BF and NL the sum of saturated fatty acids (SFA) increased with increasing dietary amounts of HR, while in PL SFA were reduced. Thus, according to their physical properties, C 18:1 trans fatty acids partly replaced SFA in PL. Firmness of backfat was also significantly increased (P0.05) with increasing amounts of HR in feed.

In two experiments with growing-finishing pigs six different dietary fats were added to a conventional diet (control--C) to study the effects of dietary monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the fatty acid composition of backfat and kidney fat at similar amounts of double bonds in feed (Exp. 1:7% pork fat--PF, 4.95% olive oil--OO, 3.17% soybean oil--SO) or a constant amount of 5% of processed fats (Exp. 2: partially hydrogenated fat--SAT, fractionated pork fats: olein--OLE, stearin--STE). Compared with the control, PUFA were only slightly increased in backfat of pigs fed PF, OLE, STE or OO, although dietary PUFA intake was up to 70% higher. With SO PUFA were significantly increased in adipose tissues, predominantly at the expense of MUFA. Consequently, a non-linear relationship was found between PUFA intake and proportion in backfat. MUFA were incorporated at the expense of SFA, therefore, adipose tissues of OO fed animals were lowest in SFA. Despite comparable amounts of double bonds in feed (Exp. 1), the degree of unsaturation measured as fat score (sum of double bonds) was in the order SO > OO > PF > C. In contrast, the proportion of SFA was C > PF = SO > OO. Regarding the decisive role of SFA for fat consistency it may be concluded that MUFA should also be considered in feeding recommendations for pigs. Furthermore, in case of a high dietary supply of MUFA, a simple index of double bonds might not be sufficiently conclusive to judge pig fat quality.

Two feeding experiments (i, ii) were conducted to investigate the influence of different dietary fats on the fatty acid (FA) composition of phospholipids as well as meat quality in pigs. In each experiment 12 x 4 siblings of Swiss Landrace or Large White breed were allocated to one of four feeding treatments according to sex, breed, and litter and fattened from about 25 to 105 kg liveweight. Pigs were fed a control diet (barley, wheat, soybean meal) or the control diet supplemented with 7% pork fat, 4.95% olive oil or 3.17% soybean oil (i) or 5% of olein or stearin fraction of pork fat or hydrogenated fat (ii). The dietary FA composition was reflected in the FA composition of phospholipids in M. long, dorsi and triceps brachii. However, the unsaturated to saturated ratio was not affected by the dietary intake of polyunsaturated FAs and was only slightly increased by the olive oil supplementation. Trans FAs including conjugated linoleic acid were incorporated into phospholipids only to a small extent. The dietary altered fatty acid composition of phospholipids did not cause any effect on pH, cooking loss, texture, or colour of pork, but meat quality as well as the proportion of saturated FA, arachidonic acid, and n-3 fatty acids were significantly influenced by genetic effects.

The chemical processes and their thermal effects taking place inside a dump of an open-cast mine during a reclamation process are a matter of interest among geoenvironmental engineers and scientists. Fiber-optic-distributed-temperature sensing (DTS) was applied together with a soil ground water monitoring system (SGM-System) at the dump in the open-cast mine (Cospuden) for investigating those processes. An optical fiber was mounted at the entire length of a double-pipe SGM-System. The temperature was measured monthly, along the depth of 50 m, with a spatial resolution of 0.5 m. The accuracy of the temperature gauge was 0.05 K. The system was utilized for the localization of heat production zones in the subsurface, for the determination of the temperature variation's penetration depth from the surface into the soil of the dump and for the determination of the influence of the SGM-System on the subsurface temperature balance. The results were compared with a heat transport model and then interpreted.

Despite permanent confrontation with a potentially harmful environment, its own microbiota and the fact that minor injuries occur frequently in everyday life, skin infections are a rare event. A chemical barrier of antimicrobial peptides (AMP), some of them constitutively expressed, others inducible by various stimuli, contributes to the integument's resistance. AMP are evolutionarily old components of the innate immunity which became the focus of interest due to their broad spectrum of activity against microorganisms and the rare occurrence of antimicrobial resistance. These attributes make them promising alternative candidates for future antibiotics. Furthermore various dermatological diseases are associated with an altered expression of these molecules, which might then play a pathogenetic role. In addition to their antimicrobial activity, some AMP have immunomodulatory effects and can promote wound healing, properties which currently are under intensive research.

Antimicrobial peptides and proteins are not only effectors of the immune system but are also attributed important roles in tumour progression or tumour suppression in several malignancies such as oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).These reports encouraged us to systematically investigate the expression of different classes of antimicrobial peptides and proteins in tissue samples of cutaneous SCC and its precursor lesions.The protein expression of human beta-defensin (hBD)-1, -2, and -3, ribonuclease (RNase)-7 and the S100 protein psoriasin were analysed in 25 patients with actinic keratosis (AK), 30 with SCC in situ (SCCis), 23 with SCC, nine healthy skin controls and 10 healthy, chronically ultraviolet (UV)-exposed controls, by means of immunohistochemistry.Expression of hBD-1 was significantly reduced in SCC compared with UV-exposed healthy skin, AK and SCCis. RNase-7 expression was reduced gradually parallel to every step of malignant transformation, with the highest expression in healthy skin and the lowest expression in SCC. hBD-2 and psoriasin were significantly overexpressed in SCC and SCCis, compared with healthy controls. hBD-3 showed significantly more frequent expression in AK than in healthy controls, and in patients with SCCis and SCC.It is tempting to speculate that hBD-1 and RNase-7 might act as tumour suppressors while hBD-2 and psoriasin might act in the opposite way as promoters of tumour progression. Further investigations should clarify whether hBD-2 and hBD-3 could be potential targets for the development of pharmacological therapy.

Detection of Trichophyton rubrum in superficial skin infections by conventional methods is time consuming and not always successful. However, with modern molecular methods, an alternative is in sight. The aim of this study was to compare the detection of T. rubrum by conventional methods and by a direct specific PCR assay under routine conditions. Skin scrapings (n = 464) and nail samples (n = 230) collected from suspected tinea lesions were equally divided for KOH-mounts, cultures and PCR-analysis. For the latter, DNA was extracted and PCR was performed with T. rubrum-specific primers. Of the scale samples, 16% were positive for T. rubrum in the culture and PCR as well, 9% were positive in the PCR only and 3% in the culture only, whereas 5% were only KOH-positive. The corresponding results for nail samples were 17%, 20%, 3% and 7%. PCR results were available after 2-5 days, culture results after 2-3 weeks. Our results show that a specific PCR assay can successfully be used to detect T. rubrum directly in samples collected from superficial skin lesions and nails under routine conditions. Compared with conventional methods, it is faster and more sensitive. We recommend its complementary use.

Rita Temmerman. Towards New Ways of Terminology Description: The Sociocognitive Approach. 2000, xv + 258 pp. ISBN 90 272 2326 2 (Eur.), 1 55619 772 1 (US) (Hb.). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Price: €75, US$75.

The total photoproduction cross section is determined from a measurement of electroproduction with the ZEUS detector at HERA. The Q2 values of the virtual photons are in the range 10−7

The effect of dietary C18:1 trans fatty acids on back fat composition in pigs was investigated with special emphasis on conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). A total of 12 × 4 siblings of Large White and Swiss Landrace breed were housed in groups and fattened from 22 to 103 kg live weight. Pigs were fed a control diet (barley, wheat, soybean meal) or experimental diets which consisted of the control diet with a 5% replacement of olein or stearin fractions of pork fat, or partially hydrogenated fat. The hydrogenated fat was rich in C18:1 trans fatty acids but contained only negligible amounts of CLA. In contrast olein and stearin fractions contained far less C18:1 trans fatty acids but some CLA. In the control diet no C18:1 trans fatty acids and only traces of CLA were detected. The partially hydrogenated fat led to the highest CLA content in back fat (0.44%). Intermediate amounts of CLA were measured in pigs fed the fractionated pork fat (0.22/0.23%). In pigs fed the control diet, also small amounts of CLA were detected. The results indicate that CLA may be produced by endogenous Δ9-desaturation out of dietary trans vaccenic acid in pigs.

Using the ARGUS detector at the e + e − storage ring DORIS II at DESY, penguin decays of B mesons involving b→sX + X − have been searched for, where X is one of e, μ , π , or K. No evidence for these decays was found and upoer limits are quoted. These numbers represent important constraints of flavour-changing neutral currents in B meson decays and probe the heavy-quark and Higgs sectors of the standard model.

The reactionγγ→π+π−π+π− has been studied with the ARGUS detector. The rate in the invariant mass region below 1.8 GeV/c2 is found to be largely due toρ0ρ0 production. A spin-parity analysis shows a dominance of the partial wave (JP,Jz)=(2+, 2) with a small admixture fromJP=0+. The contribution of negative parity states is consistent with zero. The large ratio of cross sectionsσ(γγ→ρ0ρ0)/σ(γγ→ρ+ρ−)≃4, and the dominance of theJP=2+ wave in the reactionγγ→ρ0ρ0 is a signature consistent with the production of an exotic (I=2) resonance.

Using the ARGUS detector at the e+ e− storage ring DORIS II at DESY we have updated our result on charmless semileptonic B decays and searched for direct evidence for b→u transitions through reconstruction of complete events. This approach has successfully identified two ϒ (4S) events which contain B meson decays to a non-charm final state. In one case, a B0 meson is found in the channel π + μ − ν , while in the other a decay B+→ωμ+ν is seen. These events show that the previously observed signal of charmless semileptonic B decays is due to b→u transitions from which we obtain | V ub V cb | = 0.11±0.012 using the model of Altarelli et al.

Using the ARGUS detector at the e + e − storage ring DORIS II at DESY, a search for penguin decays of B mesons involving b→s gluon has been performed. No evidence for the penguin mechanism was found and a number of upper limits are quoted.

The behavior of molecules confined in a nanoporous material was studied by adsorption from the gas phase with in situ neutron diffraction, with the aid of a high-pressure adsorption apparatus and the General Materials diffractometer (GEM, ISIS). The aim of this work is to establish the combined adsorption/neutron diffraction technique as a unique tool to elucidate both the adsorption mechanism and the structure of molecules confined in nanoporous materials. For this reason, a well-defined mesoporous system (MCM-41) was selected as adsorbent and carbon dioxide as adsorbate, while diffraction measurements have been carried out along a ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ adsorption isotherm $(T=253\text{ }\text{K})$ in the pressure range of 0--18 bar. Small-angle results at low pressures favor the development of an adsorbed film rather than filling of wall microporosity, while diffraction data provide evidence of a distinct molecular arrangement of this adsorbed layer. At higher pressures diffraction data reveal that the structure of the condensed phase is directly comparable to that of bulk liquid ${\text{CO}}_{2}$.

Using the ARGUS detector at the e + e − storage ring DORIS-II, we have measured the inclusive semileptonic decays of B-mesons into electrons and muons. The data originate from 220.5 events/pb on the ϒ(4S) resonance. We find BR (B→e + v e X = (10.3 ± 0.6 ± 0.2)% and BR (B→ μ + v μ X) = (10.0 ± 0.6 ± 0.2)% using the model of Altarelli et al. for extrapolating over all lepton momenta, and BR (B→e + v e X) = (9.9±0.6)%, BR(B→ μ + v μ X) = (9.7±0.6)% using the model of Grinstein et al. For semileptonic decays into baryons, we obtain an upper limit of BR ( B → p e + v X ) CL ) .

Using the ARGUS detector at the e + e - storage ring DORIS II at DESY, we have observed the decay D s + → η'π + in two decay modes of the η'. We measure the ratio of branching ratios BR(D s + → η'π + )/BR(D s + → Oπ + ) to be 2.5±0.5±0.3.

Using the ARGUS detector at the e+e− storage ring DORIS II at DESY, we searched for b→u transitions in exclusive hadronic B meson decays. A systematic analysis of B decays into pions has been performed for decay modes with 2–7 pions in the final state. In none of the decays a positive signal was observed. The upper limits obtained on various branching ratios are consistent with the current model predictions.