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Tingkat Kematangan Tandan Buah Segar (TBS) kelapa Sawit merupakan faktor penentu kualitas crude palm oil (CPO) yang dihasilkan pabrik kelapa sawit. Metode penyortiran TBS setelah panen atau sebelum memasuki proses perebusan pada umumnya dilakukan secara manual mengandalkan penglihatan dan pengalaman. Metode ini rentan kesalahan dan bersifat subyektif. Metode pencitraan berkembang sangat cepat karena kemajuan dalam bidang komputer dan teknik pengolahan citra, khususnya untuk sistem sortasi dan grading. Penelitian ini mengunakan metode pencitraan fluoresensi yang diinduksi laser untuk mengakses dan mengklasifikasi tingkat kematangan TBS kelapa sawit. Hubungan antara tingkat keabuan dan tingkat kekerasan buah TBS dianalisa. Sampel terdiri dari 27 TBS kelapa sawit varietas Tenera. Tingkat kematangan dikategorikan oleh pemanen berpengalaman menjadi mentah, matang, dan lewat matang. Tiga bagian TBS yaitu pangkal, tengah, dan ujung disinari laser dioda 640 nm mengenai 5 buah pada tiap bagian. Kemudian citra direkam mengunakan kamera CMOS monokrom. Selanjutnya 15 buah tersebut diuji tingkat kekerasan mengunakan penetrometer. Klasifikasi tingkat kematangan dilakukan mengunakan K-mean clustering. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa metode pencitraan fluoresensi yang diinduksi laser potensial digunakan dalam mengklasifikasi tingkat kematangan TBS. Tingkat kekerasan buah berkorelasi positif terhadap tingkat keabuan citra TBS. K-mean clustering memperlihatkan tiga kelompok tingkat kematangan yang terdiri dari 0, 1 dan 2. Ripeness levels of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) are the main factor to determine the quality of crude palm oil (CPO) produced by Oil Palm Mill. Sorting oil palm FFB after harvest or before entering the boiling process is generally done manually which relies on human vision and experience. Imaging methods has developed vastly due to advances in computer and image processing techniques. This study used a laser-induced fluorescence imaging to access and classify the ripeness levels of oil palm FFB of Tenera variety. The relationship between gray value and the level of firmness of FFB fruit was analyzed. The samples consisted of 27 oil palm FFB categorized by experienced harvester as unripe, ripe, and overripe. Laser light was shone on equatorial part of each FFB such that 5 fruitlets were covered by laser light, then the image of the front part was acquire using a monochrome CMOS camera. The step was repeated for basil and apical parts in sequent. All 15 fruitlets were testing for the firmness level using a penetrometer. Ripeness level classification was done using K-mean clustering. The results showed that the laser-induced fluorescence imaging method are potential to be used to determine the ripeness levels of FFB. The fruit firmness is positively correlated with the gray value of the image of FFB. K-mean clustering shows three ripeness centroid of 0, 1 and 2 . Keyword: Fluorecence Imaging, Oil Palm, Fresh Fruit Bunches, Firmness, Laser Induced Fluorecence

Penggunaan spektroskopi fluoresensi yang nondestruktif bidang pertanian semakin intensif dilakukan khususnya untuk evaluasi produk pertanian. Sortasi dan grading Tandan Buah Segar (TBS) Kelapa Sawit sebelum memasuki proses produksi Crude Palm Oil sangat penting untuk memenuhi standar produksi dan ekspor. Sistem sortasi dan grading elektronik dibutuhkan untuk mengantikan metode sortasi manual mengandalkan penglihatan dan pengalaman. Pada penelitian ini probe optik yang terdiri dari laser dioda 640 nm dan dua fotodioda inframerah dalam konfigurasi triangulasi digunakan untuk mengevaluasi tingkat kematangan TBS kelapa sawit dan hubungannya dengan kekerasan buah dan tegangan fotodioda. Sampel terdiri dari 23 TBS Tenera. Buah kelapa sawit pada setiap TBS disinari laser pada tiga bagian yaitu pangkal, tengah dan ujung, setiap bagian terdiri dari tiga buah kelapa sawit. Tegangan keluaran dari kedua fotodioda dijumlahkan dan diperkuat oleh rangkaian multiboard komersial. Setelah tegangan diperoleh, ke-9 buah kelapa sawit dilepaskan dari TBS, tingkat kekerasan buah diukur mengunakan penetrometer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kematangan TBS mempunyai korelasi linier terhadap kekerasan buah dengan kekerasan yang tertinggi pada buah mentah sebesar 9,39 kg/cm2 dan terendah pada buah terlalu matang sebesar 5,64 kg/cm2. Nilai tegangan rata-rata terkecil pada buah mentah dan tertinggi pada buah matang kemudian turun pada buah lewat matang. Hasil K-means clustering menunjukkan pengelompokan 4 tingkat kematangan berdasarkan nilai kekerasan dan tegangan yaitu F0, F1, F2, dan F3. Applications of nondestructive fluorescence spectroscopy in agriculture have been intensively carried out especially to evaluate agriculture products. Sorting and grading oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) before Crude Palm Oil milling processes are important tasks to meet the production and export standards. Electronic systems for sorting and grading of FFBs are needed to replace manual sorting method which depends on human vision and experience. In this study, an optical probe consisted of a 635 nm diode laser and two photodiodes was used to evaluate the ripeness level of oil palm FFB and its relation to both the fruitlet firmness and resulted photodiode voltages. Laser was directed to each of nine fruitlets of each FFB from three parts; basil, equatorial, and apical. Output voltages from each photodiode were summed and amplified by a commercially multi-board circuit. Then their firmness levels were obtained using a penetrometer. The results show that there is a linear correlation between the firmness levels and the FFB ripeness levels. The firmness values ranges from 9.39 kg/cm2 for unripe FFB and 5.64 kg/cm2 for overripe FFB. The highest voltage is obtained for ripe FFB and less for unripe and overripe FFB. K-means clustering results indicate that the overall ripeness levels are grouped into 4 levels of ripeness, namely F0, F1, F2 and F3 based on the values of hardness and the voltage of each sample. Keywords: Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Oil Palm, Fresh Fruit Bunch, Firmness, Optical Probe

Sejak bergulirnya reformasi, isu pemberantasan korupsi selalu menjadi tema sentral dalam penegakan hukum di Indonesia. korupsi merupakan masalah yang sangat serius, karena tindak pidana korupsi dapat membahayakan stabilitas dan keamanan negara dan masyarakat. Penerapan hukuman pencabutan hak politik kepada pelaku korupsi oleh hakim memberikan pro dan kontra pada kalangan aktifis hukum. Karena penerapannya tidak sesuai dengan Undang-Undang, serta adanya pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia. Putusan Mahkamah Agung dalam Kasus Ratu Atut Cosiyah adanya pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia. Karena dalam putusannya, penerapan pencabutan hak politik tidak berdasarkan Undang-Undang. yaitu tidak mencantumkan berapa jangka/batasan waktu dalam pencabutan hak politik. Adapan rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini, apa pertimbangan hakim dalam menjatuhkan pencabutan hak politik terhadap pelaku korupsi dalam putusan Mahkamah Agung No.285 K/Pid.Sus/2015. Dan bagaimana tinjauan Hak Asasi Manusia dalam pencabutan hak politik terhadap pelaku korupsi dalam putusan Mahkamah Agung No.285 K/Pid.Sus/2015 Sedangkan tujuan penelitian ini, yaitu untuk mengetahui apa pertimbangan hakim dalam mencabut hak politik pelaku korupsi, serta bagaimana tinjauan Hak Asasi Manusia dalam mencabut hak politik pelaku korupsi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu yuridis normatif, yang mengkaji putusan Mahkamah Agung No.285 K/Pid.Sus/2015. Sumber bahan hukum yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu sumber bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan Non-Hukum. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum menggunakan metode kajian kepustakaan atau studi dokumenter. Analisis yang dilakukan adalah analisis secara kualitatif yaitu bertujuan memahami, menginterpretasikan, mendeskripsikan suatu realitas. Penulis menarik suatu kesimpulan secara deduktif, yaitu menarik kesimpulan dari hal-hal yang bersifat khusus, dimana kedua fakta tersebut dijembatani oleh teori-teori.

Heritable renal cancer syndromes (RCS) are associated with numerous chromosomal alterations including inactivating mutations in von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene. Here we identify a novel aspect of the phenotype in VHL-deficient human renal cells. We call it reductive stress as it is characterised by increased NADH/NAD + ratio that is associated with impaired cellular respiration, impaired CAC activity, upregulation of reductive carboxylation of glutamine and accumulation of lipid droplets in VHL-deficient cells. Reductive stress was mitigated by glucose depletion and supplementation with pyruvate or resazurin, a redox-reactive agent. This study demonstrates for the first time that reductive stress is a part of the phenotype associated with VHL-deficiency in renal cells and indicates that the reversal of reductive stress can augment respiratory activity and CAC activity, suggesting a strategy for altering the metabolic profile of VHL-deficient tumours., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Ischemia reperfusion injury is common in transplantation. Previous studies have shown that cooling can protect against hypoxic injury. To date, the protective effects of hypothermia have been largely associated with metabolic suppression. Since kidney transplantation is one of the most common organ transplant surgeries, we used human-derived renal proximal tubular cells (HKC8 cell line) as a model of normal renal cells. We performed a temperature titration curve from 37 °C to 22 °C and evaluated cellular respiration and molecular mechanisms that can counteract the build-up of reducing equivalents in hypoxic conditions. We show that the protective effects of hypothermia are likely to stem both from metabolic suppression (inhibitory component) and augmentation of stress tolerance (activating component), with the highest overlap between activating and suppressing mechanisms emerging in the window of mild hypothermia (32 °C). Hypothermia decreased hypoxia-induced rise in the extracellular lactate:pyruvate ratio, increased ATP/ADP ratio and mitochondrial content, normalized lipid content, and improved the recovery of respiration after anoxia. Importantly, it was observed that in contrast to mild hypothermia, moderate and deep hypothermia interfere with HIF1 (hypoxia inducible factor 1)-dependent HRE (hypoxia response element) induction in hypoxia. This work also demonstrates that hypothermia alleviates reductive stress, a conceptually novel and largely overlooked phenomenon at the root of ischemia reperfusion injury.

Oxidation of photosystem I (PSI) donors under far-red light (FRL), slow re-reduction by stromal reductants and fast re-reduction in the dark subsequent to illumination by white light (WL) were recorded in leaves of several C(3) plants at 810 and 950 nm. During the re-reduction from stromal reductants the mutual interdependence of the two signals followed the theoretical relationship calculated assuming redox equilibrium between plastocyanin (PC) and P700, with the equilibrium constant of 40 +/- 10 (Delta E (m) = 86-99 mV) in most of the measured 24 leaves of nine plant species. The presence of non-oxidizable PC of up to 13% of the whole pool, indicating partial control of electron transport by PC diffusion, was transiently detected during a saturation pulse of white light superimposed on FRL or on low WL. Nevertheless, non-oxidizable PC was absent in the steady state during fast light-saturated photosynthesis. It is concluded that in leaves during steady state photosynthesis the electron transport rate is not critically limited by PC diffusion, but the high-potential electron carriers PC and P700 remain close to the redox equilibrium.

The oxidation kinetics under far-red light (FRL) of photosystem I (PSI) high potential donors P700, plastocyanin (PC), and cytochrome f (Cyt f) were investigated in sunflower leaves with the help of a new high-sensitivity photometer at 810 nm. The slopes of the 810 nm signal were measured immediately before and after FRL was turned on or off. The same derivatives (slopes) were calculated from a mathematical model based on redox equilibrium between P700, PC and Cyt f and the parameters of the model were varied to fit the model to the measurements. Typical best-fit pool sizes were 1.0-1.5 micromol m(-2) of P700, 3 PC/P700 and 1 Cyt f/P700, apparent equilibrium constants were 15 between P700 and PC and 3 between PC and Cyt f. Cyclic electron flow (CET) was calculated from the slope of the signal after FRL was turned off. CET activated as soon as electrons accumulated on the PSI acceptor side. The quantum yield of CET was close to unity. Consequently, all PSI in the leaf were able to perform in cycle, questioning the model of compartmentation of photosynthetic functions between the stroma and grana thylakoids. The induction of CET was very fast, showing that it was directly redox-controlled. After longer dark exposures CET dominated, because linear e- transport was temporarily hindered by the dark inactivation of ferredoxin-NADP reductase.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) were grown in the laboratory and leaves were taken from field-grown birch trees (Betula pendula Roth). Chlorophyll fluorescence, CO2 uptake and O2 evolution were measured and electron transport rates were calculated, J(C) from the CO2 uptake rate considering ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation and oxygenation, J(O) from the O2 evolution rate, and J(F) from Chl fluorescence parameters. Mesophyll diffusion resistance, r(md), used for the calculation of J(C), was determined such that the in vivo Rubisco kinetic curve with respect to the carboxylation site CO2 concentration became a rectangular hyperbola with Km(CO2) of 10 microM at 22.5 degrees C. In sunflower, in the absence of external O2, J(O) = 1.07 J(C) when absorbed photon flux density (PAD) was varied, showing that the O2-independent components of the alternative electron flow to acceptors other than CO2 made up 7% of J(C). Under saturating light, J(F), however, was 20-30% faster than J(C), and J(F)-J(C) depended little on CO2 and O2 concentrations. The inter-relationship between J(F)-J(C) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) was variable, dependent on the CO2 concentration. We conclude that the relatively fast electron flow J(F)-J(C) appearing at light saturation of photosynthesis contains a minor component coupled with proton translocation, serving for nitrite, oxaloacetate and oxygen reduction, and a major component that is mostly cyclic electron transport around PSII. The rate of the PSII cycle is sufficient to release the excess excitation pressure on PSII significantly. Although the O2-dependent Mehler-type alternative electron flow appeared to be under the detection threshold, its importance is discussed considering the documented enhancement of photosynthesis by oxygen.