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This paper presents the morphology of the metakaolin/dolomite geopolymer after being exposed to high temperature and compare the findings with the morphology that has not been exposed to the temperature. The geopolymers were exposed at temperatures from 200°C up to 800°C. The geopolymer was a constant mix of 90% metakaolin and 10% dolomite with 10 NaOH molarity, 0.8 solid to liquid ratio, and 2.0 by mass of alkaline activator. The morphology of geopolymer exposed to high temperature contains many pores and as the temperature rises, the pores become huge, and a higher quantity of pores can be observed. The surface analysis, compressive strength, and water absorption test were also done to support the findings. The compressive strength calculation was based on weight loss. The lowest compressive strength loss was at 200°C temperature exposure with 10.98%. Meanwhile, the highest compressive strength loss was at 800°C temperature exposure with 48.54%. In comparison, this metakaolin/dolomite geopolymer archive better properties compared to the concrete and metakaolin past studies.

Lead, a hazardous environmental metal, has been widely used in various applications, either pure or alloyed with other metals. This study investigates the impact of foaming agents and surfactants content on the physical properties of metakaolin-based alkali activated materials. Additionally, it seeks to assess the effectiveness of metakaolin-based AAM adsorbent in removing lead ions. The research uses varying percentages of foaming agents (1 wt.%, 1.25 wt.%, and 1.5 wt.%) and surfactants (1 wt.%, 3 wt.%, and 5 wt.%). Water absorption, density and porosity tests were used to evaluate the metakaolin-based alkali activated adsorbent’s physical properties. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to study the morphology of the adsorbent. In addition, the adsorption test was investigated to determine the lead ion removal in the AAM adsorbent. The ion removal performance of metakaolin based alkali activated materials was evaluated based on different amounts of foaming agent and surfactant. A lead (II) solution was prepared in distilled water and used in the adsorption test. An adsorption test was carried out to determine the effectiveness of AAM with a foaming agent and surfactant, which showed that it could be suited to many harsh conditions. This study successfully identified the optimal parameters for achieving maximum efficiency in lead ion removal, featuring a concentration of 1.25 wt.% of foaming agent and 3 wt.% of surfactants. These findings hold significant promise for the advancement of effective adsorbents, particularly in the realm of wastewater treatment processes.

The presence of nickel ions in wastewater is a significant environmental concern due to its toxicity, which can cause severe health problems. Metakaolin is a pozzolanic material that can be activated by alkali to produce a highly porous and reactive material that can be utilised as a heavy metal ion adsorbent. However, the adsorption capacity of metakaolin-based adsorbents is limited by their surface chemistry and porosity. Metakaolin-based alkali-activated materials adsorbent modified with hydrogen peroxide can effectively remove nickel ions from wastewater. The modification process increases the surface area and porosity of the adsorbent, enhancing its adsorption capacity. The modified adsorbent (1.00 wt.% H2O2) showed a higher sorption capacity of 26.57 mg/g and efficiency of 85.22% compared to the non-modified adsorbent (10.55 mg/g) sorption capacity and 45.63% nickel removal efficiency, indicating the potential of hydrogen peroxide-modified adsorbents as an economical and ecologically sustainable solution for environmental applications, particularly for metal immobilization.

The degradation of the condition of wastewater is becoming more and more serious due to the endless development. One of the main reasons is heavy metal contamination, which causes significant harm to the climate and humanity, such as bad health consequences, environmental degradation, and air pollution. Adsorption, which uses proven adsorbents such as activated carbon, is one of the most common methods for heavy metal removal in wastewater. However, since activated carbon is very expensive to build and repair due to complex production, most people choose another material to overcome this problem. Researchers have recently focused on finding low-cost adsorbents, which are typically industrial, agricultural and food wastes that can generate in large quantities. However, Alkali-Activated Materials (AAMs) have been recognized as a novel possible adsorbent because they are cheap, made from solid aluminosilicate and extremely alkaline activator solution, making them appropriate for usage in the civil engineering specialty. Moreover, they have become an option for various applications due to their unique geopolymer structure, which is highly mechanically, chemically and thermally stable. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) can be extremely useful in this application, as it is a promising biomaterial that has great potential for a low-cost AAMs adsorbent. The purpose of this study is to analyze the present development of a potential economic alternative adsorbent, particularly based on alkali-activated materials (known as geopolymers), for the elimination of heavy metal pollutants in wastewater using adsorption techniques.

The consumption of foamed concrete (FC) in conjunction with the incorporation of natural fibre is recognized as an outstanding effort in promoting sustainable practices. This effort is aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the impact it leaves behind on the environment. The goal of this experiment is to discover the viability of incorporating raw bamboo fibre (BF) into the fabrication of 1000 kg/m3density FC. The shrinkage, flexural, compressive, and tensile strengths of the material were the four characteristics that were considered throughout the analysis. The weight fractions of BF that were utilized were 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4% respectively. According to the results, the FC-BF composites’ drying shrinkage, compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths were best achieved when 0.3% BF was present. This was caused by the BF’s adhesion to the cementitious matrix of the FC. Additionally, BF functioned as an anti-micro crack that prevented FC from developing internally induced microcracks and cracks.

Developing countries in the Global South exhibit diverse trends in the integration of digital technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence in teaching. Complex context-specific factors, including teacher preparedness, influence these trends. Using the Theory of Planned behavior as a theoretical framework, this study explores the behavioral intentions of pre-service science teachers in South Africa and Thailand towards integrating AI into their teaching to inform teacher training, support, and resource allocation policies. The main research question is: ''What are the behavioral intentions of pre-service science teachers in South Africa and Thailand towards integrating AI into their teaching practices?'' The study followed a non-experimental comparative descriptive survey involving 97 South African and 95 Thai final-year BEd students. Data were collected using a structured online questionnaire and analyzed using several statistical tools to compare the TPB constructs between the two samples. South African and Thai pre-service teachers exhibited favorable attitudes and behavioral intentions toward AI integration in teaching. However, Thai students showed significantly higher control and normative beliefs, indicating greater confidence and perceived social support for AI integration than South African students. The findings suggest that targeted teacher training programs and supportive educational policies are essential for enhancing AI readiness, particularly in resource-constrained settings.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan mendeskripsikan kelayakan serta respon peserta didik terhadap media komik Legenda Gunung Pinang dalam upaya meningkatkan literasi budaya siswa fase B di SDN Pasir Gadung. Penelitian menggunakan metode Research and Development dengan model ADDIE. Data kuantitatif berasal dari hasil validasi ahli budaya, ahli media, dan ahli pendidikan dasar, serta angket respon peserta didik. Data kualitatif diperoleh dari catatan, saran, dan komentar validator serta peserta didik. Instrumen penelitian mencakup pedoman wawancara, observasi dan angket. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: 1) Media yang divalidasikan oleh ahli budaya sangat layak dengan skor persentase 97%; 2) Media yang divalidasikan oleh ahli media sangat layak dengan skor persentase 94,73%; 3) Media yang divalidasikan oleh ahli pendidikan dasar sangat layak dengan persentase skor 87,5%; 4) Respon peserta didik terhadap media komik Legenda Gunung Pinang sangat baik dengan skor persentase 94%. Oleh karena itu, media komik Legenda Gunung Pinang sangat layak digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran untuk meningkatkan literasi budaya siswa fase B.

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in text-to-image generative models, has led to a proliferation of synthetic images. This progress, while remarkable, raises concerns about misuse in fraudulent activities. To address this issue, we propose a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based approach for classifying AI-generated images from multiple generators. We introduce a gated CNN model that leverages mixed datasets for improved training efficiency and performance. This approach eliminates the need for extensive tuning with each new dataset and mitigates the risk of catastrophic forgetting. Our experiments demonstrate that the gated CNN model slightly outperforms traditional single CNN models, providing a more robust solution for identifying AI-generated images. This paper presents a comprehensive comparison of methods and offers insights into enhancing the classification of AI-generated images.

Crops grown on aquaponics farms are susceptible to various diseases or biotic stresses during their growth cycle, just like traditional agriculture. The early detection of diseases is crucial to witnessing the efficiency and progress of the aquaponics system. Aquaponics combines recirculating aquaculture and soilless hydroponics methods and promises to ensure food security, reduce water scarcity, and eliminate carbon footprint. For the large-scale implementation of this farming technique, a unified system is needed that can detect crop diseases and support researchers and farmers in identifying potential causes and treatments at early stages. This study proposes an automatic crop diagnostic system for detecting biotic stresses and managing diseases in four leafy green crops, lettuce, basil, spinach, and parsley, grown in an aquaponics facility. First, a dataset comprising 2640 images is constructed. Then, a disease detection system is developed that works in three phases. The first phase is a crop classification system that identifies the type of crop. The second phase is a disease identification system that determines the crop's health status. The final phase is a disease detection system that localizes and detects the diseased and healthy spots in leaves and categorizes the disease. The proposed approach has shown promising results with accuracy in each of the three phases, reaching 95.83%, 94.13%, and 82.13%, respectively. The final disease detection system is then integrated with an ontology model through a cloud-based application. This ontology model contains domain knowledge related to crop pathology, particularly causes and treatments of different diseases of the studied leafy green crops, which can be automatically extracted upon disease detection allowing agricultural practitioners to take precautionary measures. The proposed application finds its significance as a decision support system that can automate aquaponics facility health monitoring and assist agricultural practitioners in decision-making processes regarding crop and disease management.

Deep learning and computer vision techniques have gained significant attention in the agriculture sector due to their non-destructive and contactless features. These techniques are also being integrated into modern farming systems, such as aquaponics, to address the challenges hindering its commercialization and large-scale implementation. Aquaponics is a farming technology that combines a recirculating aquaculture system and soilless hydroponics agriculture, that promises to address food security issues. To complement the current research efforts, a methodology is proposed to automatically measure the morphological traits of crops such as width, length and area and estimate the effective plant spacing between grow channels. Plant spacing is one of the key design parameters that are dependent on crop type and its morphological traits and hence needs to be monitored to ensure high crop yield and quality which can be impacted due to foliage occlusion or overlapping as the crop grows. The proposed approach uses Mask-RCNN to estimate the size of the crops and a mathematical model to determine plant spacing for a self-adaptive aquaponics farm. For common little gem romaine lettuce, the growth is estimated within 2 cm of error for both length and width. The final model is deployed on a cloud-based application and integrated with an ontology model containing domain knowledge of the aquaponics system. The relevant knowledge about crop characteristics and optimal plant spacing is extracted from ontology and compared with results obtained from the final model to suggest further actions. The proposed application finds its significance as a decision support system that can pave the way for intelligent system monitoring and control.

Permasalahan pada instrumen tes yang dibuat oleh guru cenderung lebih banyak menguji aspek ingatan tanpa mengasah kemampuan dengan berpikir dalam tingkat tinggi siswa inilah yang mendorong dilakukannya penelitian ini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengembangkan instrumen tes kemampuan dengan berpikir dalam tingkat tinggi yang dirancang untuk siswa kelas IX pada tema energi ramah lingkungan. Metode yang digunakan adalah Research and Development (R&D) dengan model Sugiyono yang terdiri dari potensi masalah, pengumpulan data, desain produk, validasi desain, revisi desain dan uji coba produk. Penelitian ini menghasilkan berupa instrumen tes berpikir dalam tingkat tinggi. Instrumen tes telah diuji kelayakan berdasarkan validasi ahli memperoleh tingkat kevalidan sebesar 98,36% (sangat valid) dengan rincian validasi ahli materi sebesar 97,77% dan ahli guru IPA sebesar 98,96%. Berdasarkan uji coba instrumen tes pada 105 siswa yang diukur dengan software Anates versi 4.0.5 didapatkan hasil 20 soal valid dengan tingkat kesukaran sedang, reliabilitas sebesar 0,85 (reliabilitas tinggi) dan daya pembeda baik sebanyak 5 soal serta daya pembeda cukup sebanyak 15 soal. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan instrumen tes dengan nilai efisiensi produk secara keseluruhan yang diperoleh berdasarkan respon siswa sebesar 89,12% (sangat efisien). Dari hasil pengembangan instrumen tes dapat digunakan untuk penelitian selanjutnya yang akan mengukur tingkat kemampuan dengan berpikir dalam tingkat tinggi pada siswa kelas IX tema energi ramah lingkungan.

Menurut hasil wawancara yang dilakukan di SMP di wilayah Lebak, kegiatan pembelajaran yang ditujukan untuk mengembangkan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa belum terlaksana dengan baik. Untuk itu sumber pengajaran yang dapat digunakan berupa bahan ajar leaflet digital. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk memperoleh kelayakan dan keterbacaan leaflet digital dengan topik “makananku, kesehatanku” yang berorientasi pada kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa SMP kelas VIII. Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan adalah (R&D) yaitu Research and Development dengan mengacu pada Thiagarahajan et al., (1974), dibatasi sesuai dengan kemampuan dan kebutuhan peneliti yaitu menggunakan tiga tahap: tahap define (mendefinisikan), design (merancang) dan develop (menghasilkan produk). Lembar instrumen angket adalah alat yang digunakan untuk penyelidikan, yang akan dinilai oleh validator materi, media, dan praktisi, serta keterbacaan oleh siswa dengan analisis data deskriptif kuantitatif dan deskriptif kualitatif . Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa leaflet digital dengan topik “makananku, kesehatanku” dapat digunakan untuk membantu siswa kelas VIII SMP menumbuhkan kemampuan berpikir kritis. bahwa berdasarkan validasi media mendapatkan nilai 87,5% dengan kategori “sangat layak”, sedangkan validasi materi mendapatkan nilai 93,45% dengan kategori “sangat layak”, sedangkan validasi praktisi memperoleh skor 89,22% dengan kategori “sangat layak” serta keterbacaan siswa memperoleh skor 91,88% dengan kategori sangat baik.

The objective of this study is to explore Muslim students’ level of understanding regarding the nature of science (NoS) and compare their understanding between genders in private Islamic schools in Thailand. Descriptive statistics and t-test independent was used to analyze the data. The results revealed that a majority of the participants held a transitional perspective on NoS. Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences in NoS comprehension between genders at the .05 level. To enhance students' understanding of NoS in all domains, it is recommended that learning activities in private Islamic schools promote a reflective attitude towards NoS.

The implementation of digital technology in cultural heritage in Indonesia started to develop in the past decade. However, Indonesia's iconography studies have not optimized to utilize these advanced approaches. In some other countries, iconographic documentation is upgraded to advanced methods, such as recording objects in 3D form and archiving it into secure digital data, thus making the data more natural and realistic in three-dimensional documentation. It also catches and records the shape from all perspectives to bring neither a specific nor comprehensive observation. Therefore, it can extend the analysis for interpretation and preservation purposes. This article discusses the implementation of photogrammetry towards sculptural objects in Indonesia. The object selection went to several sculptures from the Ancient Mataram period in Java, which ruled from the 8th to 10th centuries AD. Close-range photogrammetry successfully generates the sculpture data into three-dimensional digital form. The results could support the Ancient Mataram sculptures studies in particular and improve Indonesia's iconography studies in general. Penerapan teknologi digital dalam bidang warisan budaya di Indonesia semakin berkembang dalam satu dekade terakhir. Namun, studi ikonografi Indonesia belum optimal untuk memanfaatkan pendekatan-pendekatan canggih tersebut. Sementara di beberapa negara lain, dokumentasi ikonografis ditingkatkan ke metode yang lebih canggih, seperti merekam objek dalam bentuk 3D dan mengarsipkannya ke dalam ruang digital. Teknologi digital juga memungkinkan warisan budaya direkam secara detail dan lengkap, sehingga dapat memperluas analisis untuk tujuan interpretasi dan pelestarian. Artikel ini membahas tentang penerapan fotogrametri terhadap benda pahat di Indonesia. Pemilihan objek dilakukan pada beberapa patung dari masa Mataram Kuno di Jawa yang memerintah pada abad ke-8 hingga ke-10 Masehi. Fotogrametri jarak dekat yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berhasil merekam data pahatan ke dalam bentuk digital tiga dimensi. Hasil penelitian ini dapat mendukung kajian seni pahat Mataram Kuno pada khususnya dan meningkatkan kajian ikonografi Indonesia pada umumnya.

Aplikasi berbasis Android banyak dikembangkan dan tersedia secara bebas di berbagai sumber aplikasi karena sistem operasi Android yang bersifat open-source. Namun, tidak semua penyedia aplikasi memberikan informasi detail mengenai aspek keamanan aplikasi, sehingga pengguna mengalami kesulitan untuk menilai dan memahami risiko keamanan privasi yang mereka hadapi. Pada penelitian ini kami mengusulkan desain penilaian risiko privasi melalui pendekatan analisis permission dan informasi atribut aplikasi. Kami menggunakan ensemble learning untuk mengatasi kelemahan dari penggunaan model klasifikasi tunggal. Penilaian likelihood dilakukan dengan mengombinasikan prediksi ensemble learning dan informasi multiple application attributes, sementara penilaian severity dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan jumlah dan karakteristik permission. Sebuah matriks risiko dibentuk untuk menghitung nilai risiko privasi aplikasi dan dataset CIC-AndMal2017 digunakan untuk mengevaluasi model ensemble learning dan desain penilaian risiko privasi. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa penerapan ensemble learning dengan algoritma klasifikasi Decision Tree (DT), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), dan Random Forest (RF) memiliki performa model yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan menggunakan algoritma klasifikasi tunggal, dengan accuracy sebesar 95.2%, nilai precision 93.2%, nilai F1-score 92.4%, dan True Negative Rate (TNR) sebesar 97.6%. Serta, desain penilaian risiko mampu menilai aplikasi secara efektif dan objektif. Abstract Since the Android operating system is open-source, many Android-based applications are developed and freely available in app stores. However, not all developers of applications supply detailed information about the app's security aspects, making it difficult for users to assess and understand the risk of privacy breaches they confront. We propose a privacy risk assessment design in this study using an analytical approach to app permissions and attribute information. We use ensemble learning to overcome the drawbacks of using a single classification model. The likelihood assessment is performed by combining ensemble learning predictions and information on multiple application attributes, while the severity assessment is performed by utilizing the number and characteristics of permissions. A risk matrix was created to calculate the value of application privacy risk, and the CIC-AndMal2017 dataset was used to evaluate the ensemble learning model and privacy risk assessment designs. The experimental results show that the application of ensemble learning with the Decision Tree (DT), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Random Forest (RF) classification algorithms provides better model performance compared to using a single classification algorithm, with an accuracy of 95.2%, a precision value of 93.2%, a F1-score of 92.4%, and a True Negative Rate (TNR) of 97.6%. In addition, the risk assessment design can to assess the application effectively and objectively.

Abstract Broccoli is one of important cole crop grown all over the world due to its unique nutritional profile consumed fresh as well as processed. It contains a wide range of nutrients, vitamins, minerals and specific anti-cancer compounds such as glucosinolates. Broccoli cultivation in Pakistan is increasing rapidly, however, till now there is no standardized cropping technology for broccoli cultivation under local climate. Considering research gap (lack of suitable varieties, poor growth, and unavailability of optimized crop technology), trial was conducted at Vegetable research area, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad to evaluate the impact of bio-stimulants on different broccoli cultivars under local climatic conditions. The set of experimental treatments was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Pre-harvest application of Isabion and Seaweed extract significantly enhanced the plant height (11%), dry weight (4%), leaf area (7%), and yield plant-1 (5%). Moreover, Isabion and seaweed extract application led to the increase in antioxidant enzymes i.e., superoxide dismutase (18%), peroxidase (38%) and catalase (12%). In crux, the foliar application of bio-stimulants (Isabion and seaweed extract) on broccoli enhanced the growth, yield, and contents of antioxidant enzymes.

This research aimed to develop the syntax of guided inquiry learning based on the local wisdom of the Baduy’s society, which is oriented towards student scientific literacy on environmental conservation. The method used is mixed-method with a sample in this study were 15 students. The syntax of guided inquiry learning in the implementation consists of six stages; orientation, presenting the problem, hypothesis submission, data collection, hypothesis testing, and conclusion formulation. In the orientation stage, students describe the context that comes from the local wisdom of the Baduy’s society. In presenting the problem, students asked questions about the science content related to the context of the local wisdom of the Baduy’s society, which was described earlier. In the hypothesis submission stage, the teacher asks students to submit hypotheses related to the previous questions. In the data collection stage, the teacher provides questions in the form of science content, scientific processes, and scientific attitudes to be answered by students that can be used to test hypotheses. In the hypothesis testing stage, students use the data that has been collected. In the conclusion formulation stage, students conclude the results of hypothesis testing using the data that has been collected. Implementing guided inquiry learning based on the local wisdom of the Baduy’s society can improve scientific literacy (N-Gain = 0.064). So, we can use guided inquiry learning based on the local wisdom of the Baduy’s society, which is oriented towards student scientific literacy on environmental conservation using six stages.

Intro: Previous studies have suggested an association between HDL, LDL cholesterol and dengue severity; however, the molecules involved in dengue virus (DENV) entry remain poorly understood. This study aims to determine the effects of apolipoproteins A1, B and E in DENV infectivity. Methods: Cytotoxicity of apolipoproteins on Huh-7 was assessed using MTS assays, incorporating varying concentrations of apolipoproteins (0.25- 2.00μg/ml). About 1.0 × 105 cells/well Huh-7 were seeded in 24-well plates and incubated at 37oC, 5% CO2 overnight. Subsequently, DENV2 at MOI of 1 with 2μg/ml apoA1, apoB, and apoE respectively were introduced and incubated for an hour. The cells were then washed once with PBS, replaced with 1% FBS supplemented fresh media and incubated for 72 hours. The supernatant was collected and subjected to qPCR for viral load measurement and will be compared to non-treated control (Huh-7 + DENV2). Findings: ApoA1, apoB and apoE concentrations of up to 2.00μg/ml show neutral effects on Huh-7 cell viability respectively. Treatment with apoA1, apoB and apoE increased DENV2 viral load compared to the non-treated control [apoA1=92.8%, apoB=76.9%, apoE=38.7%], where apoA1 and apoB demonstrated the highest and most significant increment of DENV2 internalization compared to apoE [p=0.004 and p=0.016 vs p= 0.897]. Conclusion: In conclusion, apolipoproteins (apoA1, apoB) enhances DENV internalization, indicating that both apoA1 and B are crucial for efficient DENV infection.

In this paper, we have compared a new type of similarity transformation derived systematically by using Lie point symmetries with the existing similarity transformations for unsteady fluid flow and heat transfer in the boundary layer in the presence of radiation. It is observed that the existing transformations map the steady and marginally accelerating flows only, while the Lie similarity transformations provide solutions for all types of accelerating flows and are independent of unsteadiness in the fluid. The previous transformations are valid for a specific time interval which depends on a range of unsteadiness parameter, however the Lie similarity transformations provide valid solutions at any given time. This implies that the Lie similarity transformations yield solutions for previously unexplored ranges of unsteadiness in the fluid. Boundary layer flow physics for both types of transformations is discussed by employing the Homotopy analysis method. We show that for accelerating fluids, in the developing region, the boundary layer thickness first increases and than starts to decrease with increase in unsteadiness for fully developed flow. Detailed comparison of velocity and temperature profiles in the boundary layer is made using the tables and graphs which show that with Lie similarity transformations the region of study of the considered flow extends significantly for the unsteadiness parameter. The effect of the Prandtl number and radiation parameter on temperature distribution is also compared for both types of similarity transformations. The Lie symmetry similarity transformations are shown to explain the unsteady laminar boundary layer flow and heat transfer to an extent where the existing similarity transformations do not work.

The electrical topic is considered a material that is difficult to understand because electricity is a substance that is not seen but can be felt. The objectives of this study were 1.) to develop digital textbooks for basic electricity materials based on problem-based learning; 2.) to analyze the feasibility of digital textbook products for basic electricity materials based on problem-based learning. This research is development research using the 4D model, namely define, design, develop, disseminate. This study involved language, material, and media experts in validating research products. The research subjects were students of technical engineering vocational education in one of the public universities in Indonesia who took Basic Electrical and Electronics courses, namely 25 students. The data collection technique used interviews, document analysis, and questionnaires. The data analysis technique used descriptive statistical analysis. Based on the research results that have been done, it has resulted in several conclusions, namely; 1.) Development of digital textbooks on basic electricity materials based on problem-based learning is carried out by referring to the 4D model development steps, namely define, design, develop, and disseminate; 2.) The appropriateness of digital textbooks according to the media expert's assessment of getting a mean score of 3.61 is declared very good, the material expert's assessment is 3.52, which is declared very good, and the user response gets an assessment of 3.51, which is declared very good Theoretically developed digital textbooks are able to increase student interest and motivation to learn basic electrical materials in an easy way.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of scientific argumentation strategy towards various learning outcomes and educational levels five over the years in science education. This study was used systematic review and meta-analysis using R application. Selected ten articles from the Web of Science database during 2016-2020 were used in this study. The results showed that scientific reasoning is more effective for improving through scientific argumentation in the higher education level than other learning outcomes and other educational levels with an effect size 1.39 and standard error 0.2478. So, we can conclude that there is evidence to suggest using a scientific argumentation strategy in improving scientific reasoning in higher education levels both in the teaching process and the research.

This study aimed to analyze the application of performance and peer assessment to students' scientific work through a STEM-based virtual laboratory learning. The research design was used the One Group Pretest-Posttest and One-Shot Case Study. The research was carried out from July to September 2020 at Chemistry Education Department, one of the universities in Indonesia. The research subjects were chemistry education students for the 2018/2019 Academic Year with a purposive sampling technique. The research data was taken from the performance assessment observation sheet given before and after the laboratory practice learning process and the peer assessment questionnaire. The data listed on the observation sheet and questionnaire are then calculated for the percentage. Based on research results, it can be concluded that the implementation of performance and peer assessment of students' scientific work through STEM-based virtual laboratory learning are very competent criteria at 86% and competent at 84%. The results of the paired sample t-test of students' scientific work abilities assessed using the performance assessment have a Sig. (2- tailed) the value below 0.05, which is 0.000, where there is a difference in the average results of initial and final observations using performance assessment through STEM-based virtual laboratory learning. One sample t-test of students' scientific work abilities assessed using performance and peer assessment has Sig. (2- tailed) values of 0.011 and 0.002 indicate that the mean score of students’ scientific work is 75.

Research, collaboration, and knowledge exchange are critical to global efforts to tackle antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Different healthcare economies are faced with different challenges in implementing effective strategies to address AMR. Building effective capacity for research to inform AMR-related strategies and policies is recognised as an important contributor to success. Interdisciplinary, intersector, as well as international collaborations are needed to span global to local efforts to tackle AMR. The development of reciprocal, long-term partnerships between collaborators in high-income and in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) needs to be built on principles of capacity building. Using case studies spanning local and international research collaborations to codesign, implement, and evaluate strategies to tackle AMR, we have evaluated and build upon the ESSENCE criteria for capacity building in LMICs. The first case study describes the local codesign and implementation of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) in the state of Kerala in India. The second case study describes an international research collaboration investigating AMR surgical patient pathways in India, the UK, and South Africa. We describe the steps undertaken to develop robust, agile, and flexible AMS research and implementation teams. Notably, investing in capacity building ensured that the programmes described in these case studies were sustained through the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus pandemic. Describing the strategies adopted by a local and an international collaboration to tackle AMR, we provide a model for capacity building in LMICs that can support sustainable and agile AMS programmes.

Abstract The current research work aims to provide knowledge about the diversity of spiders’ fauna and their occurrence throughout the year from District Charsadda Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Research data were collected from March-2015 to January-2017 from seven different localities of Charsadda District by using the camera, bottle, plastic bags, paraffin films, field book and 70% of ethylene alcohol and 20% of glycerine were used as chemicals. By using special identification keys, spiders were differentiated into families, genera and species. During the study time, a total of 2734 specimens of spiders were collected belonging from 35 genera, 15 families and 44 species were identified. Salticidae was the dominant family according to genera studied plus spiders samples numbers collected with 10 genera and 616 species specimens count. The high occurrence of spiders was studied during July. The result of the current study also shows a reduction of spider’s species in December due to lowering the temperature. The current study shows that Salticidae were the dominant family as capered to other species. The occurrence of spiders species greatly depends on changing the weather condition. The present study also shows great fluctuation in spider’s occurrence with changing of hot climate to colder during the study duration. Moreover, the wet season plays a great role in spiders’ population increase and growth.

The goals of the study were as follows: i) to design an active science learning activity on stoichiometry for grade 10 students, ii) to evaluate the academic achievement of grade 10 students after receiving an active science learning activity on stoichiometry, and iii) to investigate the perspectives of grade 10 students regarding an active science learning activity on stoichiometry. The research utilized a sample group consisting of 41 students who were enrolled in the tenth grade during the second semester of the academic year 2022. The research tools provided participants with active science learning lessons. A test of the kids' academic prowess as well as their thoughts on the use of hands-on scientific learning activities will be administered. The mean, the standard deviation, and a one-sample t-test were the types of statistics that were utilized in the investigation. The following is an outline of what the research found: i) the appropriateness of the active science learning activities was judged to be the highest level, ii) the academic achievement of grade 10 students after receiving the active science learning activities on stoichiometry had an average score that was higher than the criteria of 70% with a statistical significance at the .05 level; and iii) the opinions of students on the implementation of active science learning activities on stoichiometry were in the agree level.

Traditional communities still maintain a traditional way of life that relies on nature (Nuangchalerm et al., 2022). In the Dieng community, which occupies the mountains, pregnant women have a tradition of stimulating breast milk using pare (Momordica charantia), which has been done for generations as the inheritance of their ancestors. This study aims to explore the tradition of the community using bitter melon to stimulate breast milk in pregnant women. Prospective science teachers explore reconstructing the community's indigenous knowledge through local cultural studies on breast milk stimulation in the Dieng Plateau community. The exploration process is measured as the skills of prospective science teachers in reconstructing indigenous knowledge. The learning strategy chosen is to visit learning resources in the environment to connect indigenous and scientific knowledge with the learning stages per Jerome Bruner's spiral curriculum. Students learning activities to build new knowledge include enactive, iconic, and symbolic stages. Students visit indigenous learning resources in the community to build knowledge through experiments. This research used mixed methods, with 11 pregnant Dieng women as the research target. The result of a t-test of correlation coefficient obtained by t-value equals 4.202 with a significance equal to 0.002. Hence, learning strategy with the cultural study influences students' skills in reconstructing indigenous knowledge of the community in Dieng. In conclusion, prospective science teachers have very good skills in reconstructing the community's indigenous knowledge through local cultural studies about breast milk. Students are helped to acquire knowledge after lecturers let them build hands-on experiences by exploring indigenous learning resources in the environment.

Productivity and economy are key elements of any sustainable manufacturing system. While productivity is associated to quantity and quality, economy focuses on energy efficient processes achieving an overall high output to input ratio. Machining of hard-to-cut materials has always posed a challenge due to increased tool wear and energy loss. Cryogenics have emerged as an effective means to improve sustainability in the recent past. In the present research the use of cooling conditions has been investigated as an input variable to analyze its effect on tool wear, specific cutting energy and surface roughness in combination with other input machining parameters of feed rate, cutting speed and depth of cut. Experimental design was based on Taguchi design of experiment. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was carried out to ascertain the contribution ratio of each input. Results showed the positive effect of coolant usage, particularly cryogenic, on process responses. Tool wear was improved by 33 % whereas specific cutting energy and surface roughness were improved by 10 % and 9 % respectively by adapting the optimum machining conditions.

In this study, microwave irradiation pretreatment of palm kernel shell (PKS) and Mukah Balingian (MB) coal was carried out in a fixed bed reactor. The effect of microwave power and processing time was investigated on pretreated PKS and MB coal characteristic. Then, the co-gasification of microwave pretreated PKS and MB coal was conducted to examine the effect of product yield and gases composition. The results showed that, the characteristics of pretreated sample was improved with increasing microwave power and processing time. The volatile matter, oxygen content and O/C ratio of pretreated sample decreased, while the calorific value, fixed carbon and carbon content of pretreated sample increased with increasing microwave power. The carbon content of pretreated PKS was closed to the untreated MB coal with comparable calorific value was obtained. The microwave power level of 450 W and processing time of 8 min were appropriate to upgrade the PKS and MB coal for co-gasification. The pretreated sample produced higher gas yield and lower tar and char yield than the untreated sample during co-gasification. This result was due to low moisture and oxygenated compound of pretreated feedstock made it appropriate to be converted in co-gasification. Moreover, co-gasification of pretreated sample produced the higher H2+CO and CH4 and lower CO2 composition than untreated sample. Thus, it can be concluded that the microwave irradiation pretreatment on PKS and MB coal performed the significant impact on the product distribution and composition during the co-gasification.

To achieve greater productivity, titanium alloy requires cutting at higher speeds (above 100 m min−1) that affects the tool life and energy consumption during the machining process. This research work correlates the wear progression and Specific Cutting Energy (SCE) in turning Ti-6Al-4V alloy using H13 tools (uncoated carbide) in dry conditions from low to high cutting speeds. Cutting condition employed in this study were selected from published wear map developed for titanium (Ti-6Al-4V alloy) with the same tool. Flank wear growth of the tool has been investigated at different length of cuts in correlation with the SCE under different cutting conditions. The useful tool life was found to be shorter at high-speed machining conditions, thus the end of useful tool life criteria (ISO 3685) was reached at a much shorter length of cuts as compared to low-speed machining conditions. The cutting conditions corresponding to high wear rate also resulted in high SCE. Finally, SCE and wear have been related by a linear relationship that can be used to monitor wear and/or SCE utilization during machining. The results help in the selection of appropriate cutting conditions that will enhance the tool life and minimize SCE consumption during machining titanium alloy.

This study aimed to develop a simple and low-cost chemical experiment kits to facilitate students in the school which has limited chemistry laboratory facilities. The topic of the experiment was the concepts of gas laws. The research was conducted in a private school in a rural area of Banten, Indonesia using educational research and development method. 10th-grade high school students (n=27) participated in this study. The research result indicated that the experiment kits facilitate the teacher to explain the chemical concepts of gas laws. Learning using the gas laws experiment kits also had positive responses from students. The results showed that the kits were eligible to be applied in the high school chemistry learning.

Thirty-two genotypes of chilli from three different sources (local dandicuts, AVRDC and PGRI PARC) were evaluated for the presence of genetic divergence among them for different agro-economic traits i.e., plant height, stem girth, fruit length, fruit girth, number of fruits per plant, number of seed per fruit, fresh fruit weight and dry fruit weight at Arid Zone Agricultural Research Institute, Umerkot, Sindh during 2018. All these genotypes were found to be significantly different from each other for all the studied traits. For further diversity analysis, multivariate analyses like principal component analysis (PCA) and Cluster analysis were also performed to figure out the traits responsible for maximum variability and grouping of genotypes according to their similarities and differences for their future utilization in chilli breeding programs. PCA analysis showed that first four PCs exhibited 82.79% of the total variability among these 32 chilli genotypes. Cluster analysis showed four different sub-clusters and the genotypes from every single source merge in each sub-cluster, thus showing that chilli genotypes are from different geographical backgrounds. Based on these results, the chilli genotypes can be further utilized in future chilli improvement programs in Pakistan. Genotypes AZRI-DS-14, AZRI-DS-01 and AVPP-9804 showed better performance.

A modified Octagonal Photonic Crystal Fiber (MO-PCF) is proposed and numerically investigated for the purpose of residual dispersion compensation in the optical transmission link. The results show that the proposed fiber with optimized parameters exhibits ultra-flattened negative dispersion over a 300 nm band from 1380 nm to 1680 nm with an average chromatic dispersion of -506 ps/(nm·km) and an absolute variation of 11.3 ps/(nm·km). In addition to large negative dispersion, the proposed MO-PCF also exhibits high birefringence in the order of 0.0207 at the wavelength of 1550 nm. The proposed MO-PCF can be advantageously used especially for residual chromatic dispersion compensation in the wavelength-division-multiplexing optical fiber transmission system. The proposed fiber is easy to fabricate and is tolerant to manufacturing imperfections.

Regency. The majority of the population are farmers. If viewed from the geographical situation, then this village is located near the Madura Sea. Where the weather conditions of Segoro Tambak village tend to be hot and dry, with access roads leading to the village quite easily even though the streets are still much damaged and dusty. The position of the village on a macro lane road to the direction of the Airport and City District and City Province. This condition gives an indication that the regional concession (sub-district) of Segorotambak Village has strategic function and role. While seen from the boundaries of the administrative area of Segorotambak Village are: North side: Tambakoso Village / Sungai Buntung, East: Madura Strait, South side: Banjar Kemuning Village and Juanda Airport, West: Pranti Village and Tambak Sawah Village. The problem is access to technology in this village is still lacking with the lack of facilities such as cafe, hotspot, place of printing and others. In addition, the majority of the villagers' education is only graduated from elementary school, where they prefer to work after graduating from primary school and do not continue to the higher level. This can be understood because the village of Segoro Tambak is a village where the daily livelihood of the population is to manage the fishponds, no wonder if their children are involved to help sustain the family economy with the majority of the population is farmers, the level of education also affect the lives of citizens , because hereditary have the same life with their parents, and very few who get higher education. In addition, if continuing higher education, more choose social sciences - humanities than the science of technology, whereas the development of the world of electronics in the sense of the development of information and communication technology is growing rapidly. As an evaluation, we lecturers from the Department of Electrical Engineering, FTI, ITATS held a community service activity as a form of dharma of three universities, packaged in real work college activities (KKN) - community empowerment learning (PPM) to Karang Taruna as the target audience community by holding "Services To The Community, Knowledge Based Electrical And Computer Engineering". The final result shows that the villagers of Segoro Tambak who are not familiar with the basic electronics knowledge of the participants of Karang Taruna have started to be trained and develop skills in basic electronics. In the field of computer through this training, they are able to understand and operate Microsoft Excel and Microsft Word, properly and correctly. In the knowledge dissemination of electric power installations, Segoro Tambak villagers have had the awareness to apply and pay attention to the safety, safety in installation and usage of electricity in their own homes. Residents are expected to install the correct electrical halcyon for safety.

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of guided inquiry learning model toward the improvement of students‟s scientific literacy in integrated science learning on environmental conservation concept based on local wisdom of Baduy‟s society. This study used Research and Development method through pretest and posttest test before and after the guided inquiry learning was done. The objects of this study were 31 students who were following the integrated science lecture in 5th semester which is prospective science teacher. The results showed that there was an improvement in students' scientific literacy after guided inquiry learning (was applied) as shown with a gain value of 0.16 (N-Gain = 0.16) which was included in the medium category. Based on this result, it can be concluded that there is the influence of guided inquiry learning model toward the improvement of students‟s scientific literacy in integrated science learning on environmental conservation concept based on local wisdom of Baduy‟s society.

Konsep kebijakan pembangunan peternakan Indonesia pada saat ini telah bergeser dari paradigma pembangunan yang sentralistik menuju pada konsep pembangunan partisipatoris. Konsep partisipatoris secara operasional formal diwujudkan dalam bentuk kelompok-kelompok ternak. Kelompok ternak merupakan perwujudan modal sosial di masyarakat yang penting dalam pembangunan masyarakat peternak khususnya dalam peningkatan kesejahteraan rumah tangga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh modal sosial terhadap tingkat kesejahteraan rumah tangga peternak. Pengambilan data melibatkan 61 rumah tangga peternak yang tergabung dalam kelompok ternak Ngudi Mulyo. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa modal sosial dan aset fisik berpengarh signifikan terhadap tingkat kesejahteraan peternak. Ini menunjukkan bahwa konsep kebijakan yang partisipatoris dalam pembangunan peternakan berkontribusi dalam peningkatan kesejahteraan rumah tangga peternak di Indonesia.

Optimizing antibiotic prescribing across the surgical pathway (before, during, and after surgery) is a key aspect of tackling important drivers of antimicrobial resistance and simultaneously decreasing the burden of infection at the global level. In the UK alone, 10 million patients undergo surgery every year, which is equivalent to 60% of the annual hospital admissions having a surgical intervention. The overwhelming majority of surgical procedures require effectively limited delivery of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent infections. Evidence from around the world indicates that antibiotics for surgical prophylaxis are administered ineffectively, or are extended for an inappropriate duration of time postoperatively. Ineffective antibiotic prophylaxis can contribute to the development of surgical site infections (SSIs), which represent a significant global burden of disease. The World Health Organization estimates SSI rates of up to 50% in postoperative surgical patients (depending on the type of surgery), with a particular problem in low- and middle-income countries, where SSIs are the most frequently reported healthcare-associated infections. Across European hospitals, SSIs alone comprise 19.6% of all healthcare-acquired infections. Much of the scientific research in infection management in surgery is related to infection prevention and control in the operating room, surgical prophylaxis, and the management of SSIs, with many studies focusing on infection within the 30-day postoperative period. However it is important to note that SSIs represent only one of the many types of infection that can occur postoperatively. This article provides an overview of the surgical pathway and considers infection management and antibiotic prescribing at each step of the pathway. The aim was to identify the implications for research and opportunities for system improvement.

Zircaloy-4 is widely used as structural material for the fuel cladding of nuclear reactors due to its low neutron absorption cross-section, excellent corrosion resistance and good mechanical stability under neutron irradiation. In nuclear reactors, helium ions (He+) are produced during (n, α) reactions that can affect the structural performance of the Zircaloy-4. Therefore, it is important to investigate the structural properties of Zircaloy-4 after irradiation with helium ions. In this work, structural properties of He+irradiated Zircaloy-4 are investigated at different ion fluences. The samples of Zircaloy-4 were irradiated with 300 keV He+ at different fluences (1 × 1013, 1 × 1015 and 1 × 1016 ions/cm2) by using Pelletron Accelerator at room temperature. The ion range inside the samples was 0.84 µm as estimated through the SRIM software. Structural properties of the pristine and He+irradiated samples were studied through x-ray diffraction that revealed polycrystalline Zr peaks whose intensity and width were changed after irradiation. The diffraction peaks of Zr corresponding to (002) plane were found to be higher in intensity as compared to its other diffraction peaks. The changes in peaks positions at lower and higher diffraction angles were also noticed that was attributed to the generation of stresses inside the irradiated samples. The Williamson-Hall (W-H) analysis of the samples depicted a decrease in material's crystallinity after exposure to He+ up to 1 × 1015 ions/cm2 whereas the crystallinity was started to improve with increase of the ion fluence to 1 × 1016 ions/cm2. These results were explained on the basis of collisional cascades process and defects annihilation under the thermal spike model. Keywords: Zircaloy-4, Crystal structure, X-ray diffraction, Pelletron accelerator, W-H analysis

Permasalahannya ialah,bagaimana mengetahui pengaruh cadangan daya sistem terhadap tingkat gangguan selama sebulan di masing-masing lantai pada Hotel Bisanta Bidakara Surabaya.Hasil akhir menunjukkan indeks keandalaan berbasis sistem keandalaan pada Hotel Bisanta Bidakara, Surabaya maka besarnya untuk SAIDI (harga rata-rata) adalah 17,04 gangguan per lantai dalam 1 bulan.Dengan mengacu pada PT. PLN (Persero) Distribusi Jawa Timur, Cabang SurabayaTahun 2014, Area Surabaya selatan yang menetapkan Realisasi SAIDI 16,72 menit per pelanggan, maka besarnya SAIDI di Hotel Bisanta Bidakara, Surabaya masih jauh dari harapan yang diinginkan.Untuk SAIFI besarannya 2,1 jam per lantai, dengan mengacu pada PT. PLN (Persero) Distribusi Jawa Timur, Cabang Surabaya Tahun 2014, Area Surabaya Selatan yang menetapkan lama gangguan Realisasi SAIFI 0,018 menit per pelanggan, maka besarnya SAIFI di Hotel Bisanta Bidakara, Surabaya masih jauh dari harapan yang diinginkan.Dengan memperhatikan kedua hasil perhitungan di atas, maka di kategorikan sistem keandalaan di Hotel Bisanta Bidakara, Surabaya perlu di rehabilitasi keandalannya.

In the virtual laboratory learning process, students' scientific abilities in solving a problem are very important to explore. This study aims to develop classroom-based authentic assessment instruments through virtual laboratory learning in chemistry to see an increase in students' scientific performance. The research was conducted at a public high school in Langsa City with a sample of 11th-grade students Academic Year 2021/2022, the utilized subjects being a total of 118 students taken based on purposive sampling. The research data are needs analysis through interviews with chemistry teachers who have implemented technology-based learning, analyzing the feasibility of instruments through expert validation questionnaires before the learning process, and scientific performance through learning observation sheets during the learning process. The increase in students' scientific performance data was then analyzed using the N-Gain formula and t-test to see the difference in improvement after the authentic assessment was applied. The results show that authentic assessment is feasible to use an increase in students' scientific performance. From the small-scale test, the students' scientific performance was a high category and there is a significant difference in improvement. The use of authentic assessment through virtual laboratories is expected to provide active learning solutions to improve student learning outcomes.

ABSTRACT To test resistance status of Phalaris minor (littleseed canary grass) to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl in Pakistan, a field survey was conducted during 2014. Uncontrolled P. minor plants were selected for seed collection from wheat fields where fenoxaprop-P-ethyl was used to control P. minor. Seeds were collected from eight different locations near Fasialabad, Pakistan. Susceptible plants were also selected near Faisalabad having no history of fenoxaprop-P-ethyluse for comparison. These seeds were grown in pots for resistance confirmation using completely randomized design with factorial arrangement having four replicates. Four doses of fenoxaprop-P-ethylcontrol (0X), 46.9 (0.5X), 93.7 (1X) and 187 (2X) g a.i. ha-1 were sprayed at 3 to 4 leaf stage of P. minor. Three weeks after fenoxaprop-P-ethyl spray, percent mortality and biomass of different biotypes were recorded. Dose killing 50% plants (LD50) and resistance index (RI) were calculated on the basis of percent mortality. Results revealed that out of eight biotypes (PM-FS-1, PM-FS-2, PM-FS-3, PM-FS-4, PM-FS-5, PM-FS-6, PM-FS-7 and PM-FS-8) four biotypes (PM-FS-1, PM-FS-2, PM-FS-6 and PM-FS-7) showed resistance to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl. Percent mortality for the resistant biotypes was 51 to 71% even at 2X. Resistance index of the resistant biotypes was 2.13-6.00. Biomass reductions were also significantly lesser in resistant biotypes. Evolution of P. minor resistance to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl is first case of herbicide resistance in Pakistan. Research is needed to assess the infestation of herbicide resistant P. minor area in other locations and suggest control measures to evolve the effective management strategy to control the future spread of resistant biotypes.

ABSTRACT Use of herbicide mixtures has been advocated as most effective strategy for avoidance and management of herbicide resistant weeds. Effect of twelve selected treatments of four herbicides (clodinafop-propargil, metribuzin, pinoxaden and sulfosulfuron) two-way mixtures at different doses was investigated against fenoxaprop-p-ethyl resistant and susceptible populations of P. minor grown along the wheat plants. In repeated experiment, herbicides mixtures were applied at 3 to 4 leaf stage of P. minor under greenhouse conditions. All the herbicide mixtures were effective to control resistant as well as susceptible P. minor. Mixtures having 75% lethal dose of each mixture component provided best control against P. minor. Mixtures with 50% lethal dose of each herbicide also provided more than 80% control of P. minor. Surviving P. minor plants after exposure to herbicide mixtures showed reduced growth and seed production potential. No mixture combination produced phytotoxic effects on wheat plant up to 75% of lethal dose of each mixture component. Mixtures including clodinafop-propargil + metribuzin, pinoxaden + sulfosulfuron and pinoxaden + metribuzin at 100% dose of each mixture component produced minor phytotoxic effects on wheat plants and caused no reduction in terms of ultimate growth and grain yield. However, mixture of sulfosulfuron + clodinafop-propargil at 100% dose of each component was phytotoxic to wheat and caused significant reduction in term of growth and grain yield. So, farmers can use these mixtures even at 75% of recommended dose of mixture component to control susceptible and resistant P. minor in wheat.

Worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) or the IEEE 802.16 standard for broadband Internet access as well as metro-wide wireless sensor network (WSN) communication, continues to gain popularity as a technology with a significant market potential. This development makes wireless security a very serious concern. Advanced encryption standard (AES) has been widely used for protection in WiMAX applications. This study focuses on the performance comparison of AES algorithms with 128-bit cipher key using field programmable gate array (FPGA) in terms of architectural, throughput differences, and power consumption rates. Different AES-128 designs, including the proposed improved power-throughput AES-128 design, are introduced and evaluated. Xilinx Virtex2 and Virtex5 FPGAs are utilized for implementation and verification purposes. Results show that with Virtex2 and Virtex5 FPGAs, the design core of the proposed AES-128 is the smallest with reduced slices up to 47%, and the throughput is increased by 90% compared with the reference designs. The proposed design also reduces total power consumption by 6% through Virtex5 FPGA.

Abstract This study aims to determine the effect of guided inquiry learning for students’ scientific literacy skills. The research was conducted at SMAN 24 Kabupaten Tangerang along January-June 2013. The method used was quasi-experimental, research subjects in this study were 77 students, divided into 2 groups: the experimental group and the control group. Research design in this study was the nonequivalent control group design. The instrument used was the science literacy test and observation sheet used. The research shows that students' science literacy for experimental group (mean = 54.49 and standard deviation = 18.67) was lower than the control group (mean = 57.63 and standard deviation of 14.37). After Mann-Whitney test (at the 95% significance level) α values obtained for 0.293 > 0.05. It can be concluded there is no significant difference between the average science literacy experimental group and control group students. Keywords: Guided Inquiry, Science Literacy Skills, acid-bases concepts. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing terhadap literasi sains siswa. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMAN 24 Kabupaten Tangerang pada bulan Januari-Juni 2013. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuasi eksperimen, subyek dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari 77 siswa, dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok: yaitu kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol. Desain penelitian dalam penelitian ini adalah nonequivalent control group design. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah tes literasi sains dan lembar observasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan literasi sains siswa untuk kelompok eksperimen (rata-rata = 54,49 dan simpangan baku = 18,67) lebih rendah daripada kelompok kontrol (rata-rata = 57,63 dan simpangan baku sebesar 14,37). Setelah dilakukan uji Mann-Whitney (pada taraf signifikansi 95%) diperoleh nilai α sebesar 0,293 > 0,05. Maka dapat disimpulkan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara rata-rata literasi sains siswa kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol. Kata kunci: Inkuiri Terbimbing, Literasi Sains, Konsep Asam Basa

This paper highlights the physical and chemical surface modifications of plant fibre (PF) for attaining suitable properties as reinforcements in cementitious composites. Untreated PF faces insufficient adhesion between the fibres and matrix due to high levels of moisture absorption and poor wettability. These conditions accelerate degradation of the fibre in the composite. It is also essential to reduce the risk of hydrophilic PF conditions with surface modification, to enhance the mechanical properties of the fibres. Fibres that undergo chemical and physical modifications had been proven to exhibit improved fibre-matrix interfacial adhesion in the composite and contribute to better composite mechanical properties. This paper also gives some recommendations for future research on chemical and physical modifications of PF.

ABSTRACT: The soil mediated allelopathic effect of Echinochloa colona (L.) Link (jungle rice) was investigated on seed germination and seedling growth of Zea mays L. (maize). The experiment was conducted in the Agronomy farm of the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. This study investigated the effect of different concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% on w/w basis) of soil incorporated E. colona plant residues on emergence and seedling growth of maize and compared them with residue free soil (control). The results revealed the significant increase with soil incorporated E. colona residues in maize seedling growth till 2% E. colona plant residues, and an inhibitory effect was noticed over 2% E. colona plant residues in comparison to the control treatment. There was maximum reduction in emergence percentage, root and shoot lengths, root and shoot dry weights and seedling vigor index of maize seedlings at 5% E. colona plant residues. Quercetin, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, syringic acid, cinnamic acid, m-coumaric acid were identified as water soluble phenolic in water extract of E. colona.

This research aimed to determine the relationship between farmer characteristics including age, education level, farming experience, side income, number of dependent family member, and farmer's business scale with the motivation of goat milking in Girikerto Village, Turi District, Sleman Regency. The type of this research was quantitative explanatory, that was the type of research explaining the nature of the relationship and examining the relationship between farmer characteristics with milking motivation. The research method used a household survey of farmers with the help of questionnaires. The number of respondent’s sample used was 56 goat farmers with provisions using the Slovin formula. Sampling technique used Simple Random Sampling. Data were analyzed by Product Moment correlation. The results showed that the variables of age, farming experience, and business scale had a significant relationship with the motivation of goat milking, while the variables of education, side job and a number of dependents had no significant relationship with the motivation of milking. Farmer’s motivation to milk goats could be increased in line with increasing the age and experience of farmers. The motivation of milking goats could also be increased by increasing the number of livestock ownership, especially the ownership of lactating goats.

ABSTRACT: Plant growth regulators (PGRs) potentially improve the productivity and nutritional quality of crops through modulation of morphology, physiology and nutrient dynamics within plants. However, the effect of PGRs may differ under environments with deficient and adequate nutrients. Here the role of mepiquat chloride (MC) on the yield and seed nutritional quality of cotton was explored under boron (B) deficiency and adequate conditions in a two-year field study. Mepiquat chloride was foliar-applied at different dosages (0 and 70 mg L-1) and growth stages (squaring and flowering) and B was applied into soil (0, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 kg ha-1) to establish B deficiency and adequate levels. Seed cotton yield and seed nutritional quality were substantially higher under adequate B conditions, compared to B deficiency. Nonetheless, MC applications improved the seed cotton yield, seed oil yield, seed protein yield and concentration of seed mineral nutrients (N, P, K, B, Zn and Fe except for Mn) under both B deficiency and adequate conditions. Nonetheless, the improvement in all traits caused by MC application was greater under adequate B conditions (2-2.5 kg ha-1 B), compared to B deficiency conditions. Furthermore, the application of MC at squaring proved more beneficial in improving the seed cotton yield and nutritional quality, compared to the flowering stage. In conclusion, MC application improves seed cotton yield and cotton seed nutritional quality under both deficient and adequate B conditions, through an improved nutrient accumulation in seed tissues; however, the efficacy of MC is affected by B deficiency.