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Sutures are essential for wound healing. Sutures cannot influence biological healing processes; hence their efficacy is still limited. Active healing sutures must be made. We created a biocompatible, biodegradable polymer suture material to reduce allergic reactions. Non-biocompatible materials that cause tissue rejection and inflammation impede wound healing. To improve wound healing, cellulose and chitosan (CS) were utilized to make a suture material. Dip coating with graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles improved the suture material. The properties were assessed using FTIR, SEM, EDS, and other analytical methods. In an immersion investigation, coated suture material deterioration in simulated bodily fluid (SBF) was examined. When coated suture material inhibited bacterial growth, its antibacterial activity was tested. These properties suggest that GO nanoparticles, cellulose, and chitosan may be coupled for the first time to generate an aggressive mediator. Coated suture biocompatibility is assessed using in vitro cell survival and hemolysis tests. This paper reviews the latest suture material innovations and explores how natural polymers can advance this area.

An oscillating water column (OWC) is designed for the extraction and conversion of wave energy into usable electrical power, rather than being a standalone renewable energy source. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the mathematical modeling approaches employed in OWC systems, aiming to provide an in-depth understanding of the underlying principles and challenges associated with this innovative technology. A prominent classification within the realm of wave energy devices comprises OWC systems, which exhibit either fixed or floating configurations. OWC devices constitute a significant proportion of the wave energy converter prototypes currently operational offshore. Within an OWC system, a hollow structure, either permanently fixed or floating, extends below the water’s surface, creating an enclosed chamber where air is captured over the submerged inner free surface. This comprehensive study offers a thorough assessment of OWC technology in conjunction with air turbines. Additionally, the investigation delves into theoretical, computational, and experimental modeling techniques employed for analyzing OWC converters. Moreover, this review scrutinizes theoretical, computational, and experimental modeling methodologies, providing a holistic understanding of OWC converters. Ultimately, this work contributes a thorough assessment of OWC technology’s current state, accentuating its potential for efficient wave energy extraction and suggesting future research avenues.

The use of ML methods with the objective of selecting wheat varieties that have a higher level of rust resistance encoded in their genomes is referred to as rust selection. In addition to that, the categorization of wheat illnesses by means of machine learning It has been attempted to classify wheat diseases by making use of a wide variety of machine learning techniques. In this paper, we develop an enhanced deep learning model to classify the disease present in the wheat plant. The study uses an improved convolutional neural network to classify the plant disease using a series of layers. The simulation is conducted in terms of the accuracy, precision, recall and f-measure. The results show that the proposed method achieves higher rate of accuracy than its predecessor.

The only criteria that are used to evaluate the various neural network-based object identification models that are currently in use are the inference times and accuracy levels. The issue is that in order to put these new classes and situations to use in smart cities, we need to train on them in real time. We were not successful in locating any research or comparisons that were centered on the length of time necessary to train these models. As a direct consequence of this, the initial reaction times of these object identification models will consistently be quite slow (maybe in days). As a consequence of this, we believe that models that put an emphasis on the speed of training rather than accuracy alone are in significant demand. Users are able to gather photos for use in training in the present by utilizing concept names in online data collection toolkits; however, these images are iconic and do not have bounding boundaries. Under these conditions, the implementation of semi-supervised or unsupervised models in a variety of smart city applications might be able to contribute to an improvement in the precision of data derived from IoMT. In this study, we categorize the video clips into their appropriate classes using an improved ensemble classification model.

The interaction of light with biological tissues is an intriguing area of research that has led to the development of numerous techniques and technologies. The randomness inherent in biological tissues can trap light through multiple scattering events and provide optical feedback to generate random lasing emission. The emerging random lasing signals carry sensitive information about the scattering dynamics of the medium, which can help in identifying abnormalities in tissues, while simultaneously functioning as an illumination source for imaging. The early detection and imaging of tumor regions are crucial for the successful treatment of cancer, which is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. In this paper, a bimodal spectroscopic and imaging system, capable of identifying and imaging tumor polyps as small as 1 mm2, is proposed and illustrated using a phantom sample for the early diagnosis of tumor growth. The far-field imaging capabilities of the developed system can enable non-contact in vivo inspections. The integration of random lasing principles with sensing and imaging modalities has the potential to provide an efficient, minimally invasive, and cost-effective means of early detection and treatment of various diseases, including cancer.

A disordered photonic medium is one in which scatterers are distributed randomly. Light entering such media experiences multiple scattering events, resulting in a “random walk”-like propagation. Micro- and nano-scale structured disordered photonic media offer platforms for enhanced light–matter interaction, and in the presence of an appropriate gain medium, coherence-tunable, quasi-monochromatic lasing emission known as random lasing can be obtained. This paper discusses the fundamental physics of light propagation in micro- and nano-scale disordered structures leading to the random lasing phenomenon and related aspects. It then provides a state-of-the-art review of this topic, with special attention to recent advancements of such random lasers and their potential biomedical imaging and biosensing applications.

This study was done to investigate the possible nephroprotective effect of an ethanolic root extract of Polyalthia Longifolia (PL) on vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity using curative and protective models. Vancomycin (150 mg/kg, intravenous) was given to healthy Wistar albino rats in the curative model before the start of treatment, whereas the protective group received vancomycin at the conclusion of the 10-day treatment procedure. Animals were divided into six groups for both models; group I served as the normal control, while groups II, III, IV, V, and VI were kept as toxic control, standard (selenium, 6 mg/kg), LDPL (low dose of PL 200 mg/kg), HDPL (high dose of PL 400 mg/kg), and HDPL + selenium (interactive) groups, respectively. Renal biomarkers [(uric acid, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum proteins], and blood electrolyte levels were measured for all tested groups. When compared to the vancomycin group, the HDPL significantly (p < 0.01) showed greater effectiveness in lowering the BUN, potassium, and calcium levels. Additionally, in the curative model, there was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the blood levels of uric acid, creatinine, BUN, potassium, and calcium in the animals who received the combination of selenium and HDPL. Both LDPL and HDPL did not provide any distinguishable effect in the protective model, but groups that received HDPL with selenium did provide detectable protection by significantly lowering their levels of uric acid, BUN, serum potassium, and total serum protein in comparison to the vancomycin control group. These findings indicate that, whether administered before or after renal damage is induced, the Polyalthia longifolia root extract provided only modest protection to nephrons, which require selenium support to prevent vancomycin-induced kidney damage.

We report here a Nipah virus (NiV) outbreak in Kozhikode district of Kerala state, India, which had caused fatal encephalitis in a 12-year-old boy and the outbreak response, which led to the successful containment of the disease and the related investigations. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, ELISA-based antibody detection, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) were performed to confirm the NiV infection. Contacts of the index case were traced and isolated based on risk categorization. Bats from the areas near the epicenter of the outbreak were sampled for throat swabs, rectal swabs, and blood samples for NiV screening by real-time RT-PCR and anti-NiV bat immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA. A plaque reduction neutralization test was performed for the detection of neutralizing antibodies. Nipah viral RNA could be detected from blood, bronchial wash, endotracheal (ET) secretion, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and anti-NiV immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies from the serum sample of the index case. Rapid establishment of an onsite NiV diagnostic facility and contact tracing helped in quick containment of the outbreak. NiV sequences retrieved from the clinical specimen of the index case formed a sub-cluster with the earlier reported Nipah I genotype sequences from India with more than 95% similarity. Anti-NiV IgG positivity could be detected in 21% of Pteropus medius (P. medius) and 37.73% of Rousettus leschenaultia (R. leschenaultia). Neutralizing antibodies against NiV could be detected in P. medius. Stringent surveillance and awareness campaigns need to be implemented in the area to reduce human-bat interactions and minimize spillover events, which can lead to sporadic outbreaks of NiV.

Most microorganisms are used as a foundation of bioplastic production and also used for the decomposition of plastics. Although bioplastics production is considered expensive than artificial plastic, it has many advantages over them. Some bio-polymers have also gained public acceptance and are now being produced. The useful breakdown of plastic bags takes more than a thousand years. For the decomposition of plastics, microorganisms should be calculated extensively so that solid wastes can be decomposed. Thus, microbes have been played an important role in decompose as well as the production of plastics.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus has taken more than 2 million lives on a global scale. Over 10 million people were confirmed with COVID-19 infection. The well-known spot of primary infection includes the lungs and the respiratory system. Recently it has been reported that the cardiovascular system and coagulation mechanisms were the second major targets of biological system affected due to the viral replication. The replication mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 involves the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2- (ACE2) surface receptors of endothelial cells belonging to various organs which act as the binding site for the viral spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. The COVID-19 virus has been recently listed as a primary risk factor for the following cardiovascular conditions such as pericarditis, myocarditis, arrhythmias, myocardial injury, cardiac arrest, heart failure and coagulation abnormalities in the patients confirmed with COVID-19 viral infection. Direct and indirect type of tissue damage were the two major categories detected with cardiovascular abnormalities. Direct myocardial cell injury and indirect damage to the myocardial cell due to inflammation were clinically reported. Few drugs were clinically administered to regulate the vital biological mechanism along with symptomatic treatment and supportive therapy.

This paper introduces an Golden Section Search based algorithm, along with an single input multi output DC-DC converter for photovoltaic systems. In contemplation for photovoltaic (PV) systems to escalate their efficiency of power generation, it is mandatory to locate the Maximum power point (MPP) under all possible illumination conditions. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller is expected to obtain the MPP irrespective of the device and climatic changes. The basic principle and the implementation of the system is elaborated in this paper, along with an comparison of different hill-climbing algorithms. The analytic and simulated results show that the new method has the advantages of fast convergence, noise-resistance, and robustness. Keywords: MPPT, GSS, SIMO, PV

Carbon dioxide gas is the key element of the carbon cycle and a major source for photosynthesis, but for the past 150 years, the atmospheric CO2 has been increased drastically from 250 to 418 ppm due to the extreme utilization of fossil fuels. This accelerated release of CO2 acts as a major source for climatic change due to the greenhouse gas effect resulting in global warming and melting of polar ice caps, alteration in biogeochemical cycles, altered rainfall, ocean acidification, eutrophication of lakes, imbalance in the ecological communities and extinction of some species, effects on soil fertility, changes in the metabolism and at the molecular level. Reduce, reuse and recycle strategy can be applied to control elevated CO2 levels by preventing deforestation, using renewable energy as an alternative for fossil fuels and reusing the atmospheric CO2. Carbon capture and storage (CCS), Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) are the two technologies adapted to capture the atmospheric CO2, utilize it, and focus on permanent storage in the geological sites. Captured CO2 is used to produce many value added products such as polymers, biofuels, reactants etc. Plants and microorganisms act as a natural CO2 filter. Several biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are produced due to the biological carbon fixation process using photosynthesis. Six different photosynthetic pathways and some non-photosynthetic pathways to fix atmospheric CO2 have been reported in diverse species of plants and microbes such as bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae etc. Algae are the most potent microbe in CO2 utilization and biological carbon fixation compared to other microbes and used widely on a large industrial scale for biofuel production. Algal biofuel production using captured CO2 is the best productive method to recycle and reduce atmospheric CO2.

Abstract Curcumin is a medicinal agent that exhibits anti-cancer properties and bioactive pigment in Turmeric has a huge therapeutic value. It has a keto-enol moiety that gives rise to many of its chemical properties. A recent study has shown that keto-enol tautomerisation at this moiety is implicated the effect of curcumin. The tautomerisation of curcumin in methanol, acetone and acetonitrile are used in nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C) spectroscopy. It was characterized using UV, IR and Raman spectral values. The molecular electrostatic potential surface of the Curcumin has been visualized in electropositive potential in the region of the CH3+ group and most electronegative potential in the two oxygen atom has very strong binding group. In the following, the modality of structural and thermo dynamical parameters, electrophilicity (ω), chemical potential (μ), chemical hardness (η) and electronic charge transfer confirms the local reactivity. The rate constant of tautomerisation of curcumin shows strong temperature dependence. Molecular electrostatic potential and Temperature dependence of various thermodynamic properties like $$ \left( {{\hbox{C}}_{\rm{p,m}}^{0},\;{\hbox{S}}_{\rm{m}}^{0},\;{\hbox{and}}\;{\hbox{H}}_{\rm{m}}^{0} } \right) $$ Cp,m0,Sm0,andHm0 is increase with increase in temperature for monomer and dimer of various electrical fields.

The removal of nickel from aqueous solutions under different experimental conditions using a Ceralite IR 120 cationic exchange resin (CXR) as an adsorbent was investigated by batch adsorption techniques. Batch studies indicated that the percent adsorption decreased with increasing initial concentration of Ni2+. Maximum Ni2+ removal was observed near a pH of 5.0. The adsorption process obeys the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The monolayer adsorption capacity was found to be 28.57 mg/g. The sorption of nickel on the resin was rapid during the first 25 minutes and the equilibrium was found to be attained within 35 minutes. The sorption of nickel onto the resins followed reversible first-order rate kinetics. Such ion exchange resins can be used for the efficient removal of nickel from water and wastewater.

In this study, bael tree (BT) leaf powder was used as an adsorbent for removal of Pb2+ ions from aqueous solutions through batch equilibrium technique. The influence of pH, equilibrium time, temperature, adsorbent dosage and initial concentration of metal ions on adsorbed amount of metals ions were investigated. Studies showed that the pH of aqueous solutions affected Pb2+ ions removal as a result of removal efficiency increased with increasing solution pH. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich equations. The monolayer adsorption capacity is 4.065 mg/g with the correlation coefficient of 0.993. The experiments showed that highest removal rate was 84.93% at solution pH 5, contact time 60 min and initial concentration of 50 mg/L. Thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy have also been evaluated and it has been found that the sorption process was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic in nature. Three simplified kinetic models including a pseudo-first-order equation, pseudo-second-order equation and intraparticle diffusion equation were selected to follow the adsorption process. Kinetic parameters, rate constants, equilibrium sorption capacities and related correlation coefficients, for each kinetic model were calculated and discussed. It was shown that the adsorption of Pb2+ ions could be described by the pseudo-second order equation, suggesting that the adsorption process is presumable a chemisorption.