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This article demonstrates the alleviation of mutual coupling of a simple and low-cost four-element microstrip array antenna by loading I-shaped slot-type electromagnetic band gap structure in the ground plane. FR-4 glass epoxy is used as dielectric substrate. Moreover, the proposed array antenna shows a better performance in terms of multi-band resonance. The antenna is resonating at four frequencies and a virtual size reduction of 78.48% is obtained. The designed array antenna possesses directional radiation properties. Mentor Graphics IE3D software is used to design and simulate the designed antennas and the measured results are obtained using vector network analyser. Работа посвящена исследованию возможности повышения эфективности микрополосковых антенных решеток, которые рассчитаны на работу в узкой полосе частот. Для решения этой проблемы предлагается использовать структуры, которые образуют активные электромагнитные зоны (АЭЗ) в плоскости микрополосковой антенной решетки. Эти зоны могут способствовать распространению или подавлению электромагнитных волн, что приводит к минимизации влияния поверхностных волн, уменьшению взаимного влияния элементов антенных решеток, а также к существенному снижению уровня заднего лепестка диаграммы направленности антенны. Роботу присвячено дослідженню можливості підвищення ефективності мікросмужкових антенних решіток, які розраховані на роботу у вузькій смузі частот. Для вирішення цієї проблеми пропонується використовувати структури, які утворюють активні електромагнітні зони (АЕЗ) в площині мікросмужкової антенної решітки. Ці зони можуть сприяти поширенню або придушенню електромагнітних хвиль, що призводить до мінімізації впливу поверхневих хвиль, зменшенню взаємного впливу між елементами антенних решіток, а також суттєвому зниженню рівня задньої пелюстки діаграми спрямованості антени.

Cryptography study provides confidentiality, availability, authentication, and integrity of information by creating ciphers using a secret key. Such operations are possible unless and until the key is securely placed at some memory location. Once the key has been stolen, no matter how powerful the cryptographic algorithm is, the data will not remain secure. One more important thing is today Electronic Industries are facing several security issues like cloning of the ICs, reverse engineering, overbuilding, and physical tampering. Cryptography cannot help us to secure hardware. Hardware security is a completely different field. Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are hardware security primitives that are used for device authentication and cryptographic key generation. Physically unclonable function (PUF) utilizes intrinsic properties of IC fabrication variances to provide a unique response of every device. PUF inherently provides security properties. PUF response can be utilized for authentication or IP core protection. This paper has proposed the popular PUF implementation on the Xilinx Zedboard FPGA.

In this work, a periodic octagon split ring slot defected ground structure for MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) microstrip antenna is proposed. The prototype of MIMO microstrip antenna consists of four similar rectangular microstrip antenna elements with a partition of λ/4 distance. The antennas are printed on a 1.6mm thick FR-4 substrate with an overall dimension of 62.8 X 60 mm2. To improve the antenna parameters, the proposed MIMO microstrip antenna elements are etched with narrow rectangular edge slit and ground plane defected with periodic octagon split ring slot defected ground structure (POSRSDGS). The proposed MIMO microstrip antenna resonates at dual frequency points, i.e., 4.1GHz, 5.9GHz with a bandwidth of 88MHz and 454MHz along with minimum return loss of −22.7dB and −19.02dB, respectively. The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is lower than the acceptable limit across the dual operating bands. Mutual coupling coefficient (MCC) at dual resonating frequency points are −36.21dB and −42.93dB, respectively. The simulated and fabricated results are found in good agreement and ideal for wireless communication applications.

Electrocardiogram (ECG) demonstrate the electrical activity of the heart. One of the most prevalent medical conditions that demands early diagnosis is cardiac diseases. ECG signals can be used to classify and detect the type of cardiac diseases. The classification of ECG plays a significant role in diagnosing cardiac diseases. The abnormality of the heart beat is called arrhythmia, which is irregular beating of the heart. This paper deals with the classification of electrocardiogram (ECG) using machine learning, ECG is classified into the five classes like normal, sleep arrhythmia, ventricular rhythms, arterial fibrillation, noisy, or confusion rhythm with 279 attributes. The research is carried out on the dataset taken from university of California at Irvine (UCI). The classification is performed based on different machine learning algorithms like, support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbor (K-NN) with accuracy is 97.87%, 96.85%, respectively.

Now, the world is holding full of smart embedded objects to improve people’s lives, business development and many applications. The use of embedded systems in the expansion of the Internet of things (IoT) is getting increases. Intellectual property (IPs) is used to design complex embedded systems which may be used to build IoT applications. Hardware security is an important aspect while developing IPs and IoT systems. IoT applications also come with serious threats and technical challenges like data security and privacy. The attackers are targeting to theft the data, do the tempering and trying to get control of the IoT system. However, the area and power consumption overheads associated with adding security functions to protect those systems. Moreover, the approaches taken to secure secret information in the desktops and other supervised systems are not satisfactory for embedded and IoT systems. Physical unclonable function (PUF) is one of the ways to achieve hardware security. PUF works on the principle of process variations. PUF generates a unique and random key which is used to secure IPs, IoT applications, RFID, etc. The three types of Arbiter PUF have been implemented on Zedboard (Zynq Evaluation and Development Kit xc7z020clg484-1) FPGA using Xilinx Vivado 2016.1

In this work, a systematic approach for design of MIMO antenna using circular split ring slot defected ground structure for Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) band applications. The overall MIMO antenna is inserted on flame retardant fiber glass epoxy (FR-4) substrate with the dimensions of 60 × 62.8 × 1.6 mm3. The elements of MIMO antennas are patch antennas defected with circular split ring slot defected ground structures (CSRSDGS). The CSRSDGS are used for patch antenna miniaturization to ISM band applications. The dimension of the individual patch antenna element is 11.35 × 15.25 mm2. The proposed MIMO antenna resonates at 5.725 GHz with a bandwidth of 265 MHz and mutual coupling coefficient (MCC) of −22.42 dB which makes it suitable to use for ISM band applications.

This paper presents an ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip antenna with programmable stop band for cognitive radio based wireless applications. The proposed antenna has a simple structure and compact ground plane size of 44.0*44.0 mm2. The designed microstrip antenna consists of a rectangular radiation patch element with a rectangular-shaped element rp etched on it. Also two rectangular-shaped parasitic elements (gp1, gp2) are implanted on the ground plane that is very necessary to achieve the stop band in wireless local-area network (WLAN) band. One RF switch (SW) is inserted between the two parasitic elements on the ground plane. The function of the antenna can be changed by tuning status of the SW that make the notch band in the WLAN band (5.35-5.85 GHz). The UWB micro strip antenna is used for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio and the programmable stop band antenna with filtering characteristic for reconfigurable operation. Also, a good agreement is found between the simulated and the measured reconfigurable antenna properties.

This paper presents a miniaturized dual-band printed MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) antenna with DGS (Defected Ground Structure) for L-band and C-band wireless applications. The proposed MIMO antenna consists of four identical microstrip patch elements printed on flame-retardant fiberglass epoxy (FR-4) substrate with the dimensions of 53mmx60mmx1.6mm and ground plane etched with folded rectangular split ring defected ground structure (FRSRDGS). The dimensions of the individual patch element are 11. 35mmx0.5mm. The FRSRDGS are used to miniaturize the MIMO antenna patch elements. The proposed MIMO antenna resonates at dual resonating frequency points i.e., 1. 9GHz (L-Band) and 5. 9GHz(C-Band) with a bandwidth of 57MHz and 598MHz respectively. The mutual coupling coefficients between the antenna elements are -33dB and -34.5dB, as well as 96.72% of physical size miniaturization and 67.72% of virtual size miniaturization, are achieved. The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), and radiation patterns are investigated. The simulated and measured results make it suitable to use for L-band and C-band wireless applications.

In Earlier days software security was restricted only for the military, defense, and banking applications. Due to rapid improvements in technology, in each sector, people are using smart electronics devices i.e. nothing but the Internet of Things (IoT). Day by day IOT applications are spreading widely into the market. In IoT applications, all smart objects and devices are connected through the internet. Internet is the most un-secure medium for data communication and it is very susceptible to attacks. In such cases, not only data security but hardware security is equally important to secure low power IoT devices. Hardware Security is quite an upcoming field in the electronics industry. It deals with security in Integrated Circuits (IC). Physically unclonable function (PUF) is an integral part of Hardware Security. It is working on the concept of process variation. In this paper, the most popular Ring Oscillator is implemented based PUF and Arbiter PUF types of PUF on the Zed board (ZYNQ Evaluation and Development Kit xc7z020clg484-1) FPGA using Xilinx Vivado 2016.1 Analysis of PUF parameter is not in the scope of this paper.

Wireless communication trends are getting changed day by day. Internet of Things (IoT) is the latest running trend of wireless communication. IoT applications are very demanding in present and many more will come in the near future. IoT applications are running in insure medium i.e. Internet. Security and Privacy are the major challenges in IoT implementation. In conventional cryptography, one dedicated secret key is stored in volatile or non-volatile memory. Which has been used by the processor for every encryption or decryption Even though system is turned off the secret key is remain present in memory and can be access by attacker using side channel attacks. Thus, the traditional approaches to key storage are not favoured. Physically Unclonable function (PuF) can resolve such issues. Instead of using the same dedicated secrete key PuF can generate unique bits for every operation. Here we are presenting a brief survey of security challenges opportunities of PuF for IoT applications.

This paper compares the performance of two element microstrip antenna array using two different Defective Ground Structures and one Electromagnetic Band Gap structure. The conventional microstrip antenna array is resonating at 5.53 GHz and producing bandwidth and mutual coupling equal to 2.35 % and -17.83 dB. The first proposed antenna array is producing bandwidth and mutual coupling equal to 66.60 % and -35.66 dB, whereas the second proposed antenna array is producing bandwidth and mutual coupling equal to 63.27 % and -32.81 dB respectively. The first and second proposed microstrip antenna arrays are giving enhanced gains of 12.41 and 10.11 dB respectively as compared to 5.06 dB of conventional microstrip antenna array. Both the proposed antenna arrays are yielding good reduction in back lobe reduction. The first proposed antenna array is a better antenna compared to the second proposed antenna array. The dielectric substrate employed is FR-4 glass epoxy with a dielectric constant of 4.2 and loss tangent of 0.0245. The microstrip antenna arrays are designed using Mentor Graphics IE3D software.

Nowadays many researchers are contributing their research in the field of Internet on Things (IoT), since it is important and attractive technology. IoT means communication between Human to Device or Device to Device, anywhere in real time. This communication takes place with the help of different smart sensors which are connected via internet. In the IoT infrastructure different devices can sense, analyse, transmit and store all the data on cloud. For short distance communication medium can be RFID, ZigBee, Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. Similarly, for long distance communication GSM, 3G and LTE nothing but 4G can be used. In this paper we review on current state of research on IoT, a concept of few IoT applications, challenges and future scope of IoT in detail by surveying the literature.

This paper presents a design and analysis of compact Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) microstrip antenna, printed on 1.6mm thicker FR-4 substrate. The proposed MIMO microstrip antenna consists of a four identical rectangular collinear elements extended towards each other and loaded with rectangular split ring slot defected ground structure (RSRSDGS) and overall dimension is 52X53X1.6mm3. The HFSS software is used to simulate the compact MIMO microstrip antenna. The proposed antennas were simulated, fabricated and measured. The proposed antenna works at dual band frequencies 4.1GHz, 5.3GHz with satisfactory bandwidth of 450MHz, 200MHz and mutual coupling of 23dB, 29.5dB respectively. The result of this proposed compact MIMO mictostrip antenna system shows a wide bandwidth, high data rate, and good amount of physical and virtual size reduction, which are promising proposed compact MIMO microstrip antenna well suitable for next generation wireless application systems.

This paper describes enhancements in the performance of four element microstrip antenna array. The conventional microstrip antenna array is producing gain equal to 6.81dB. With the introduction of U shape patch type electromagnetic band gap structure, the proposed microstrip antenna array is producing an improved gain of 20.33dB. It is producing reduced mutual coupling of -31.44, -36.41 and -31.62dB respectively. The radiation characteristics of the proposed microstrip antenna array are improved with appreciable decrease in back lobe radiation and increase in forward power. It is resonating at single band at 5.53GHz, producing an overall bandwidth of 109.45%, against 4.89% of conventional microstrip antenna array. Microstrip antenna arrays are designed using Mentor Graphics IE3D software and measured results are obtained using vector network analyzer.

This paper compares the performance of microstrip antenna array using two feeding techniques. The feeding techniques are the corporate feeding and the series feeding. The antenna arrays have been designed and simulated using Mentor Graphics IE3D Simulation Software. The dielectric used to design the antennas is the FR-4 glass epoxy with a dielectric constant of 4.2 and loss tangent of 0.0245. The antenna arrays have been designed at a resonant frequency of 2 GHz. The four element antenna array designed using corporate feeding technique showed superior performance compared to that designed using series feeding technique. A gain of 4.14 dB and a bandwidth of 85.81 MHz have been obtained using the corporate feeding method and the corresponding values obtained using the series feeding method are 3.86 dB and 77.43 MHz. The antenna arrays designed find applications in the L band of the microwave frequency region.

This paper discusses the performance enhancement of conventional two-element antenna array. The study is performed with electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure loaded in the ground plane of the antenna array. The EBG structure employed consists of an array of swastika slots. The EBG structures possess the property of suppression and passage of electromagnetic waves in certain frequency bands. With the EBG structure, the mutual coupling of the conventional antenna array is reduced to −42.19 dB. Miniaturization of the antenna array is also achieved. An overall bandwidth of 79.72% is achieved with the EBG structure as compared to 3.562% of the conventional antenna array. With the introduction of EBG structure, radiation properties of the antenna array are better. The antenna array designed finds application in the L band of the microwave frequency region. The study has been performed using Mentor Graphics IE3D simulation software, and the measured results have been obtained using vector network analyzer.

This paper discusses the performance of two element microstrip antenna array (TMA) in the absence and presence of square slot 2D-Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structure. The antenna arrays have been designed using Mentor Graphics IE3D simulation software and measured results obtained using vector network analyzer. The antenna arrays have been fabricated using FR-4 glass epoxy substrate. The proposed antenna array operates in the C-band ranging from 4–8 GHz. The TMA designed at 6 GHz resonates at 5.445 GHz with a bandwidth of 197 MHz. With the EBG structure loaded in the ground plane of TMA, the antenna array shows enhanced performance in terms of bandwidth, mutual coupling, miniaturization, back lobe radiation and front to back ratio.

This paper presents an analysis of frequency reconfigurable micro strip patch antennas for multi-band, multimode wireless communication systems, incorporating Radio Frequency-PIN diodes as switches. Two configurations are discussed with double-band characteristics: a patch antenna with modifiable and reconfigurable switchable slots; and a rectangular patch with a electronically controllable parasitic patch element. The objective is to evaluate the feasibility of the active antenna to be used in cognitive radio applications and predict the functional performance of frequency reconfigurable antennas integrated as RF switching elements. These microstrip antennas were simulated with CAD tools and the obtained results show acceptable radiation performance. Each of the simulated microstrip antennas allow electronic tuning of the operating resonant frequency, while maintaining optimum input impedance match and stable radiation characteristics over the frequency band of interest.

In real time situations, IIR filter typically works in an under-modelling situation for a system where infinite impulse response (IIR) filter of the system is prodigiously long. In this anterior work there is an inadequate-length of fixed least-mean-square (FLMS), the convergence based on step value can be improved. Various methods for FLMS algorithm had been presented. This paper provides an Evolutionary Variable step size (EVSS) control method for improving convergence and MSE algorithm is proposed.

The CORDIC (COordinate Rotation DIgital Computer) algorithm is an iterative algorithm developed by Volder [1] in 1959. It rotates the vector, iteratively and in finite steps to calculate Sine and Cosine of a given angle. Additional work has been done by Walther [2] in 1971. The main principle of CORDIC are calculations based on shift−registers and adders instead of multiplications, which makes use of limited reconfigurable CLB’s in FPGA efficiently saving hardware resources. All trigonometric functions can be computed using vector rotation. CORDIC is also used for polar to rectangular and rectangular to polar conversions, calculation of vector magnitude, and also for transforms like discrete Fourier transform (DFT)/FFT on reconfigurable platform. This paper presents the CORDIC Algorithm for calculation of elementary functions Sine and Cosine in IEEE-754 Format and QFormat. The paper analyses the feasibility of CORDIC algorithm for implementing the elementary angle computation in FPGA .The CORDIC algorithm is implemented using Verilog language and results are obtained from Xilinx ISE simulation.

New technologies in communications electronics, such as software-defined radio (SDR) and RF switches implemented using radio frequency micro-electromagnetically systems (RF-MEMS), present new challenges and opportunities for micro strip antenna design. In sharp contrast to digital technology where Moore's law reigns, a fundamental law of physics constrains the ability to realize electrically small antennas that are both efficient and broadband. Software defined radio is defined as a radio in which some or all of their functions are software defined. The use of SDRs to make communications has enabled the design of intelligent radios called as Cognitive radio(CRs), by making communications re-configurable at lower layers of the networking stack. The major challenge is to design small antennas which can be operated at the large number of frequency bands. By tuning/switching the resonant frequency, single antenna can operate at different band of frequencies. In this paper a simulation study of a slot loaded RMSA with has been done to verify the dual band operation at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz.

In this paper we present design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of microstrip antenna with copper nanofilm of 43 nm thicknesses as radiating element. The copper nanofilm patch is 15 times smaller than the skin-depth of copper at 10 GHz. The proposed antenna is non-contact feeding type proximity coupled microstrip patch antenna designed for ‘X’ band applications. The antenna design is validated with IE3D simulation software. The simulated antennas are fabricated for both 17 µm thickfilm and 43 nm nanofilm patches on low-cost 1.6 mm height FR4 substrate. The thickfilm antenna is fabricated using common photolithography, whereas copper nanofilm is fabricated using RF-sputtering deposition system at room temperature. The thickness and uniform distribution of copper nanofilm is confirmed by scanning electron microscope. The radiation result shows nanofilm antenna exhibits outstanding performance over thickfilm antenna in terms of bandwidth. The nanofilm antenna presents wide bandwidth of 47.29 % over thickfilm antenna.

The investigations on stacked compact ring coupled rectangular microstrip antenna which are able to generate multiple resonant frequencies in the wireless communication bands, are reported. In these antennas by embedding various shapes of slots the size reduction is obtained. Also, the stacking on the ring-coupled patch has been made to achieve wide bandwidth. The multifrequency nature of the stacked slotted patch is studied using IE3D software. The proposed antennas exhibits broadside radiation pattern. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:1387–1391, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26842

This article presents a compact wideband microstrip-fed planar monopole antenna composed of a rectangular patch and slotted ground structure. By placing pair of symmetrical square stubs, making slots in the stubs, putting stubs on the sides of the radiating patch, gives wide-band characteristics. The antenna only one of its kinds in structure, small in size and simple design due to less number of design parameters, compared with the existing UWB antennas in the literature. The bandwidth, radiation pattern and other antenna parameters are at acceptable level. IE3D method of moments based simulation software is used for design and analysis. The simulated results are confirmed by conducting experiments with the help of Rohde and Schwarz, German make ZVK model No.8651 Vector Network Analyzer and discussed.

Fractal antennas are characterized by space filling and self-similarity properties which results in considerable size reduction and multiband operation as compared to conventional microstrip antenna. This paper outlines a multiband antenna design based on fractal concepts. Fractal antennas show multiband behavior due to self-similarity in their structure. The plus shaped fractal antenna has been designed on a substrate of dielectric constant EURr = 4.4 and thickness 1.6mm. The proposed antenna is characterized by a compact size and it is microstrip feed fractal patch of order 1/3. It is observed that the antenna is radiating at multiple resonant frequencies. The resonant frequency is reduced from 2.2 GHz to 900 MHz after I & II iterations respectively. Thus considerable size reduction of 81.77% & overall bandwidth of 12.92% are achieved. The proposed antenna is simulated using the method of moment based commercial software (IE3D) and it is found that simulated results are in good agreement with the experimental results.

A low profile omni-directional and circularly polarized one pair inclined slot microstrip antenna (ISMSA) and V-slot microstrip antenna (VSMSA) are proposed. The one pair ISMSA gives left-hand circular polarization (LHCP), right-hand circular polarization (RHCP), and nearly omni-directional radiation pattern. However, by modifying the inclined slots of ISMSA in the form of V, the antenna gives improved omni-directional radiation pattern with LHCP and RHCP. The design concept of these antennas is given and the experimental results are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 708–711, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23177

In this article, compact broadband dual-frequency slot-loaded rectangular microstrip antenna with meandering slots in the ground plane and their stacking is presented. Here, first a single-layer slot-loaded rectangular microstrip antenna with three identical narrow meandering slots in the ground plane (SLRMSA-MSGP) has been studied. By meandering slot-loaded rectangular microstrip antenna with meandering slots in the ground plane, dual frequency compact broadband operation has been achieved. The antenna resonates for dual frequency with a size reduction of 50 and 30% having an enhanced bandwidth of 12 and 4.5%, respectively. Again to further enhance the bandwidth, a meandered rectangular patch (using three slits) is stacked on the single-layer optimized SLRMSA-MSGP with meandering slits of the top patch in opposite-phase with the ground plane meandering slots. Here, the lower frequency of the antenna has been further slightly lowered with a significant enhancement in the bandwidth. Using this configuration, the antenna resonates for compact dual frequency with a size reduction of 54 and 32.3% having an enhanced bandwidth of 16.8% and 3% respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2477–2481, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/mop.22797

In this paper, microstrip-line-fed rectangular microstrip antenna with open-end meandering slots in the ground plane for compact broadband operation is presented. The proposed design consists of a rectangular patch which is fed by a 50-Ω center fed microstrip-line feed. Three identical narrow open-end meandering slots were embedded in the antenna's ground plane parallel to the rectangular patch's radiating edge. Experimental study is carried out by varying the length of the open-end meandering slots. Using open-end meandering slots in the ground plane, the resonant frequency of the antenna is greatly lowered with large enhancement in bandwidth when compared with conventional microstrip antenna. With the proposed design, an extreme reduction of 82.9% in the antenna size is obtained with a wide bandwidth of 40%. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 824–827, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22267

In this paper, compact L-shaped notched printed antennas with dual slits for multiband and wideband applications are presented. Here, an L-shaped notch is cut on one side of the nonradiating edge of the rectangular patch with dual narrow slits cut on the other side. This patch is kept 2 mm away from the ground plane. The size of the ground plane is taken to be 38 × 10.8 mm2. Here, the study consists of the study of the proposed antenna with two types of ground planes, one with rectangular ground plane and the other with modified ground plane. Using rectangular ground plane, wideband and multiband operation is achieved with overall bandwidth of 6.84 GHz (110%). Again, by using modified ground plane, the overall bandwidth of the antenna is further increased to 7.86 GHz (114.5%). Moreover, the overall size of the proposed antennas is quite compact i.e., 38 × 38 mm2. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2022–2026, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22638

This paper presents the implementation and optimization of Modified MUtiple Signal Classification algorithm for smart antenna systems. In this work proposed algorithm can be used for direction of arrival (DOA) estimation of coherent signal sources with high resolution, high stability in real time which enhances the performance of DOA estimation. The proposed algorithm makes the accurate DOA estimation for less array elements and snapshots under low SNR. This reduces the computational complexity, enhances the system efficiency and makes it possible to use in performance driven communication system. This paper also presents the optimization of several parameters of proposed algorithm suitable for practical application.

This paper presents modeling and simulation characterization of a co-planar proximity fed patch antenna that utilizes copper nanofilm (thickness: 1–100 nm) as a radiating element using IE3D simulation software. On a 1.6 mm height FR4 substrate, the proposed antenna resonates at 6.2 GHz and 9.8 GHz, with an impedance bandwidth of 10.53 GHz. The results are compared with 17 micron bulk copper patch antenna. The nanofilm antenna presents a wide bandwidth and higher return loss over bulk patch antenna. The antenna design, nanofilm thickness modeling, antenna simulation and results are discussed. The proposed antenna can be realized using nanotechnology systems like PVD, CVD, RF sputtering etc by depositing nano level thickness metals on FR4 substrate.

This paper presents design and development of 2 × 1 linearly polarized microstrip array antenna with Electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure to improve bandwidth and suppression of back lobes in radiation pattern. The array elements are fed by corporate feed network, which improves the impedance bandwidth of the 2×1 rectangular microstrip array antenna by 8.342% and inclusion of EBG lattice reduces the back lobes in radiation characteristics. Experimental results for the array antennas in terms of return loss, radiation pattern, -3dB beam width, and suppression of back lobes are presented.

This paper describes the design of a system that can give information or status of eight AC electrical devices every time there's a request for it. The information of these devices is gained from GSM and it is transmitted using `Short Message Services'. The system is designed using 51 series of single-chip controller and its software is implemented on MetaLink's 8051 compiler which uses Assembly Language Programming.

In this paper, self-similar fractal antenna with two element array is proposed and studied. Fractal geometry is a methodology through which size reduction is achieved. Plus shaped fractal antennas with base, first and second iteration of order 1/3 is designed on substrate with ɛr=4.4 & h=1.6mm. The designed antenna resonates at multiple frequencies with size reduction of 72.83% with improved return loss, bandwidth and gain. The Proposed antenna is simulated by using the method of moment based commercial software (IE3D) measured with Vector Network Analyzer. The simulated results are in good agreement with experimental results.

This paper presents a printed rectangular monopole antenna for UWB wireless communications. The impedance bandwidth of 3.04 to 14.6GHz is obtained by inserting inverted T-shaped notch at the two sides of the ground plane. Design and simulation of the antenna is measured by using Mentor Graphics IE3D simulation software. The proposed antenna has a small size of 26mm×16mm with good radiation characteristics to satisfy the requirements of wireless communications systems.

This paper presents a method of improving the impedance bandwidth of two-element equilateral triangular microstrip patch antenna (TEETMPA) using aperture coupled feeding technique. The practical results show an enhancement in impedance bandwidth of TEETMPA compared to the impedance bandwidth of two-element conventional equilateral triangular microstrip patch antenna (TECETMPA). By loading rectangular parasitic element in the form of gap-coupling between the two triangular radiating patches in TEETMPA and inserting a slot in the parasitic element, further enhancement in the impedance bandwidth of the antenna by 1.61 times more when compared to TECETMPA and 1.404 times more when compared to TEETMPA is obtained. Proposed antennas may find applications in microwave systems. The design concepts and practical results of these antennas are discussed.