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Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading quickly and killing people across the board, including infants. The risk variables that indicate infant death are still uncertain, though. Examining risk signs for babies with COVID-19 was the aim of this study. Methods: Secondary data analysis was performed using provincial COVID-19 data from September 2021 to December 2022. For this study, 1000 children under the age of 18 were selected. In order to investigate the factors that led to fatalities in children diagnosed with COVID-19, chi-square analysis and binary logistic regression were utilized. Results: According to this research, the frequency of infants dying from COVID-19 was 6.7%. Age, case classification, therapy state, disease intensity, and trip experience all significantly correlated with toddlers infected with the COVID-19 virus’s mortality rate. Age affects the likelihood of succumbing from COVID-19 (Adjusted odd ratio (AOR) =0.92; CI 95%=0.93-0.98). In addition, using ventilators while in the ICU (AOR=22.45; 95% CI=5.86-86.33), serious sickness (AOR=46.23; 95% CI=21.33-100.63), and travel history (AOR=1.87; 95% CI=1.92-2.83) were all clearly linked to a greater chance of mortality in kids with the COVID-19. Conclusion: The greatest predictor of mortality was childhood illness that was serious.

The ablative reactor may be employed to enable fast pyrolysis to produce bio-oil from relatively large-sized biomass samples. Ablation mainly involves direct compressive force and conductive heat transfer between a hot surface and the biomass materials. Temperature evolution and heating rates are important operating factors in the biomass thermal conversion process. In this work, experimental and analytical investigations were carried out for different vertical dimensions of the biomass samples (2-20mm) and hot plate temperatures (400-550°C). It was shown that the thermal characteristics of the biomass were mainly affected by the transient conditions. It was observed that volatile release occurred during the transient heat transfer periods. It was found that at the maximum hot plate temperature of 550°C, the highest heating rate that could be achieved by ablation was more than 600°C/min.

To assess the quality of life of Covid- 19 survivors with co-morbidities, association with gender and impact on their physical, and mental health, pain, self-care, and social activities. An online descriptive study was carried out in Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa from 12th January- 2021 to 12th March- 2021, with a 377 sample size from Raosoft online calculator. All COVID-19-recovered individuals with co-morbidities, a negative PCR, aged 18 and above, literate, residents of Peshawar and having smartphone/laptop/ internet access were included while the ones having no consent, hospitalized and severe patients were excluded from the study. Descriptive statistics with frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation however, inferential statistics were calculated for associations through Chi-square and paired t-tests with a significant p-value set at 0.05. The survey response rate was 51.4 % (n=193) out of 377. The participants had a mean age of 35 years (SD= 10.207, range= 16- 70 years). The highest responses were received from 22 years of age (26.3 %). The EQ5D mean score was 1.227 (SD= 1.89). The most frequently reported problem was anxiety/depression (54.8%) followed by pain/discomfort (46.8%), problems with usual activities (39.6%), mobility (26.7%) and self-care (15.1%). EQ5D showed a strong association with chronic diseases and significant p values for mobility, usual activities, and pain/discomfort (0.000) with 0.003 for anxiety/depression. COVID-19 survivors were associated with a substantial measurable decrease in their quality of life.

Background: A severe acute respiratory virus that started lethal lung infections in Wuhan, China in Dec 2019 swiftly evolved into an epidemic in March 2020. Millions of fatalities have been attributed to COVID-19 globally, and people who survived the acute type often experience major mortality. Objective: The purpose of this research was to describe a number of patients who had experienced pulmonary problems following COVID-19. Methods: From December 2021 to June 2022, a retrospective research was done in Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. Patients with a record of a COVID-19 diagnosis verified by nasopharyngeal RT-PCR and who had been hospitalized to or visited an outpatient department were included. Results: This research included a total of 50 COVID-19 infected individuals. patients most frequently reported shortness of breath (n=29; 58%), fever (n=7; 14%), cough (n=5; 10%), and hemoptysis (n=9; 18%). Major surgical treatments were carried out on them, including bullectomies, lobectomies, and decortications and the most successful treatment for empyema is open decortication. Thirteen patients (26%) were admitted to the ICU after operations, nine cases (18%) acquired mucormycosis, and two deaths were reported.

The present study was carried out to determine the floristic diversity and their distribution in Bangus valley of Langate Forest Division, District Kupwara (J&K) India. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distinction in diversity of medicinal plants at varying altitudes based on the onsite vegetation analysis. Hence, the phytosociological study was conducted to assess the floristic diversity of the region and the discussions were held with local people to ascertain the socio-economic importance of the plant diversity. The study reveals that majority of the medicinal plant species are mainly distributed between 2900 to 3200 meters altitude from this relatively unexplored valley. In all the sampled sites, around 51 plant species belonging to 24 families were recorded, among which 2 were tree, 3 shrub and 46 herb species. The tree vegetation was found to be dominated by Abies pindrow whereas Pinus wallichiana has very rare distribution in all the sampled sites. The shrub vegetation was dominated by Viburnum grandiflorum followed by Rosa brunonii and Berberis lycium respectively. In addition, around 80 plant species were reported to be used in different systems of traditional medicine. Therefore, the study provided first comprehensive baseline information on the distribution, diversity and use of plants in different traditional systems of medicine in Bangus valley of Kashmir. This baseline study can be effective for framing various conservation strategies of medicinal plants.

The present investigation was carried out, during the year 2019-2021 to investigate the primary sources and preferred species for fuelwood consumption among the local people of Kashmir Himalayas, India. The sample of study area was drawn by multi-stage random sampling technique. The data were collected through personal interviews of respondents using well-structured pre-tested interview schedule and non-participant observations. The study revealed that people extract enormous quantity of fuelwood mostly from forests and utilize maximum portion of extracted fuelwood for cooking and heating. Fuelwood collection was mainly done by women along with children. Winter season consumption was more than summer season consumption. Consumption of fuelwood was maximum at high elevation (>2000m) and minimum at middle and low elevation (1900-2000m and

This study aims to determine the mechanism of the fried onion supply chain in the sal-han industry in the city of palu. This research was carried out in small and medium-size industries salhan on street Sis Aljufri no. 48 Palu Cities, from March to May 2020. The respondents consisted of 10 people, namely 4 farmers, 3 traders, 1 industrial owner, and 2 consumers. Data analysis used with qualitative method analysis. The results of the analysis show that (1) The supply chain network in the Sal-Han industry is starting from farmers – collectors – industry – consumers, where each link in the chain has its own task. (2) There are3 flow patterns in the supply chain of the sal-han industry, namely the flo of products flowing from farmers to the final consumer, the flow of information flowing from two directions fromfarmers and collectors, the industry and then into the hands of consumers, financial flowsflow from consumers to industry, collectors to farmers

Nuclear techniques in agriculture encircle the exploitation of isotopic and radiation techniques to contend with diseases and pests,upsurge production of crops, water, and land resource protection, safeguard food safety in hand with authenticity and elevate theproduction of livestock. Nuclear techniques intend to ease trials regarding food security, safety, and sustainable agriculture development.Nuclear techniques in the circle of agriculture have paid significantly to the growth of isotopic techniques to assess soil deteriorationapart from the creation of effective soil and land conservation approaches. These interventions encompass fallout radionuclides encircling137Cs, 210Pb and 7Be and compound specific stable lsotopes (CSSI) techniques. The sensitive estimates of total N2 fixation across thegrowth cycle of leguminous crops reside in the isotopic method application with the employment of a stable 15N isotope, usually atenrichment as well as natural abundance levels. The utilization of Oxygen-18 and Hydrogen-2 aids to study the utilization of plant water,the quantification of agricultural transpiration, and the development of tactics to boost crop productivity, minimize unproductive lossesof water, and check water as well as land degradation. For the comprehension of biological courses and mechanisms of ecosystemfunctioning, nuclear-based approaches are supportive tools, not a replacement for conventional techniques. As a result, a thoroughassessment of the demand for employing a nuclear/isotopic technique, as well as selection of an apt isotopic technique, is required,taking into account the objective of research, facilities and expertise accessible, and affiliated risks in view of safe conduct and disposalof menacing constituents in addition to the financial considerations.

Background The impact and management of subclinical hypoxia during hemodialysis is a significant medical challenge. As key determinants of O2 availability and delivery, proposed mechanisms contributing to hypoxia include ischemia, alkalemia and pulmonary leukocyte sequestration. However, no study has comprehensively investigated and compared these interrelated mechanisms throughout a typical hemodialysis treatment week. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the physiological mechanisms that contribute to hypoxia during hemodialysis. Methods In 76 patients, we measured arterial blood gases and pH at four time-points during hemodialysis (start, 15 min, 60 min, end) over the course of a standard treatment week. For the mid-week hemodialysis session, we additionally measured central hemodynamics (non-invasive cardiac output monitoring) and white blood cell count. Results Linear regression modelling identified changes in pH, but not central hemodynamics or white blood cell count, to be predictive of changes in PaO2 throughout hemodialysis (e.g. at 60 min, β standardized coefficient pH = 0.45, model R2 = 0.25, P Conclusion These data highlight the important role of pH in regulating O2 availability and delivery during hemodialysis. Findings support routine pH monitoring and personalized dialysate bicarbonate prescription to mitigate the significant risk of alkalemia and subclinical hypoxia.

The present work focuses on the mold design and production of the multifunctional device laryngoscope with surface quality through the injection molding process. A laryngoscope is a device used by anesthesiologists to lift the tongue that facilitates to fix the air pipe in the larynx. Demand still exists in the laryngoscope part to assist anesthesiologists to take care of the airway without causing chest compression and ensure visualization of vocal cords. Therefore, the present work aims at developing a laryngoscope with a double channeled device, wherein one for aligning the camera and another for the air pipe. The paper outlines the design parameters required for manufacturing a single cavity mold to produce a laryngoscope viz. injection molding machine. The mold has multiple plates with complex fluid channels which ensures effective thermal management in-mold system. The mold is manufactured using high-strength tool steel materials and the product laryngoscope (ABS: Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) is fabricated from the designed mold. Taguchi L9 experimental array was used to determine the optimal conditions (injection pressure, injection velocity, mold and melt temperature) for desired surface finish in the laryngoscope parts. The designed mold and optimized injection molding conditions resulted in a lower surface roughness value equal to 0.214 µm. Thereby, injection-molded laryngoscope parts can be used for large-scale productions for the benefit of medical applications.

Membrane technology advancement has gained momentous consideration around the globe because of their appealing highlights, such as effectiveness, low expenses, and effective solutions for longstanding issues in alchemical industries. This study expected to incorporate graphene nanoparticles into Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) to form nanofiltration (NF) layers using DMF (Dimethyl formamide) as solvent via DIPS (diffusion induced phase separation) technique. PVDF polymer membrane performances with varied percent (1 – 6% wt.) of graphene concentrations are studied Infrared spectral, water uptake, water contact angle, and ion rejection measurements. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed that the pore size is often regulated by incorporating graphene nanoparticles (80-90 nm) as compared to PVDF membranes. The PVDF membranes exhibited a relative increase in the contact angle from PVDF to PVDF-G6% i.e. 50.3° to 63.46 ± .3, thus, showing a relative increase in hydrophobicity. The higher percent of graphene (> 6% by wt.) results in nanoparticle accumulation that showed the performances of PVDF/graphene rejection possessing relatively the same results. The results confirmed that the prepared membranes possess an excellent ability to treat wastewater.

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. Brucella suis serotype 1 is thought to be maintained in the Australian feral pig population, with disease prevalence higher in Queensland (Qld) than New South Wales (NSW). Pig hunting is a popular recreational activity in rural Qld and NSW, with feral pigs in these states thought to carry B. suis. Brucellosis associated with B. suis has been diagnosed in dogs engaged in pig hunting in some of these areas. A total of 431 dogs from northern Qld and north-west NSW were recruited. Two distinct cohorts of clinically healthy dogs were tested - (1) 96 dogs from central, north and far north Queensland actively engaged in pig-hunting and (2) 335 dogs from rural and remote north-west NSW that were primarily companion (non-pig hunting) animals. Serum samples were tested for antibodies to Brucella spp. using the Rose Bengal test (RBT) test followed by complement fixation testing (CFT) for RBT-positive samples. A subset of samples was retested using RBT and CFT. Seven dogs were considered seropositive for B. suis from Qld and remote NSW, including 4/96 (4.2%; 95% CI 3.5% to 4.3%) from the pig-hunting cohort and 3/335 (0.9%) from the regional pet dog cohort. The use of RBT and CFT in dogs to detect anti-Brucella antibodies requires validation. Veterinarians treating pig-hunting dogs and physicians treating pig hunters in central, north and far north Qld need to be aware of the zoonotic risk posed by B. suis to these groups.

SorLA, encoded by the geneSORL1, is an intracellular sorting receptor of the VPS10P domain receptor gene family. Although SorLA is best recognized for its ability to shuttle target proteins between intracellular compartments in neurons, recent data suggest that also its microglial expression can be of high relevance for the pathogenesis of brain diseases, including glioblastoma (GBM). Here we interrogated the impact of SorLA on the functional properties of glioma-associated microglia and macrophages (GAMs). In the GBM microenvironment, GAMs are re-programmed and in turn lose the ability to elicit anti-tumor responses. Instead, they acquire glioma-supporting phenotype, which is a key mechanism promoting glioma progression. Our analysis of scRNA-seq data from GBM patients revealed that the pro-tumorigenic and pro-inflammatory properties of GAMs are linked to high and lowSORL1expression, respectively. Using cell models, we confirm that SorLA levels are differentially regulated by the presence of glioma cells and by inflammatory cues. We further show that SorLA acts as a sorting receptor for the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα to restrain its secretion from microglia. As a consequence, loss of SorLA enhanced the pro-inflammatory potential of microglia, having a remarkable impact on glioma progression. In a murine model of glioma, SorLA-deficient mice develop smaller tumors and show hallmarks of anti-tumor response including altered microglia morphology, enhanced necroptosis, and massive neutrophil influx into the tumor parenchyma. Our findings indicate that SorLA is a key player in shaping the phenotype of GAMs, and its depletion can unlock an anti-tumor response.Significance statementOur study provides insight into the mechanisms shaping the tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma (GBM), the most prevalent and aggressive brain malignancy in adults. Poor prognosis in GBM largely results from the properties of the glioma milieu that blocks the anti-tumor response. We show that SorLA restricts release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα from microglia, thereby hampering their anti-glioma response. SorLA depletion reinforces the pro-inflammatory properties of tumor microenvironment and inhibits glioma growth. These findings have significant implications for our understanding of glioma biology, indicating SorLA-TNFα interaction as a potential target in GBM therapies. They also offer a new perspective on SorLA activities in microglia which emerge as highly relevant not only for the pathogenesis GBM, but also of other brain diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.

Background: Currently, the world is in a challenging situation due to Covid-19. The ministry of health in Pakistan reported the first case of Covid-19 on 26th February 2020 in Karachi whereas on the same day in Islamabad, the second case was confirmed in Pakistan. Objective: To assess the prevalence and risk factors of covid-19 mortality and its impact on social life of Pakistani population Methodology: This retrospective study was carried out at the Department of Pathology, Gomal Medical College, Medical Teaching Institute, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan for a period of ten months from March 2021 to December 2021. All the data was taken from the hospital record to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with the mortality of covid-19. For determining the influence of covid-19 on the social life, online survey was conducted. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 24. Results: In the current study, the overall prevalence of covid-19 was 6%. The most common risk factors associated with the covid-19 was Diabetes mellitus in 25 (71.43%) subjects, hypertension in 22 (62.86%), ischemic heart disease in 16 (45.71%) while chronic liver disease was observed in 3 (8.57%) subjects. According to the survey, 420 (70%) participants thought that covid-19 will be controlled worldwide while 450 (75%) subjects thought that covid-19 will be controlled in Pakistan. Worry of contracting covid-19 even with protective measures was observed in 420 (70%) subjects. Conclusion: Our study reported that the prevalence of covid-19 was 6%. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension and ischemic heart disease were the major associated risk factors with the mortality of covid-19 and the overall impact of covid-19 on social life of Pakistani population was not good according to our study. Keywords: Covid-19; Prevalence; Mortality; Social life

Background: Questionnaires are the most commonly used data collection methods in applied research for assessment of inputs. It is a useful instrument if valid and reliable. Objectives; To establish, design and appraise the reliability and validity tool for measuring knowledge with skills among undergraduate students. Methods: An observational study conducted at Peshawar Medical College in six months’ duration through three stage process, after having approval of Institutional Review Board of Prime Foundation. Process initiated by slot regulation, component development and questionnaire generation with judgement analysis of instrument by an expert panel of five public health specialists for relevance, representativeness and transparency of each item based on Likert rating scale. Validity and reliability measured in the final steps. Suggestions put forward by the experts with item impact scores corresponded to face validity. Rewording, combination and elimination resulted in final 35 item instrument.Data was analysed through SPSS Version- 21 with computation of content validity ratio, content validity index, item content validity, scale validity, Kappa statistics and Cronbach’s Alpha values. Results: Mean years of experience for the panellists was 14.2 years with S. D + 5.2 (n= 5). Excellent CVR, I CVI, S CVI, Percent Agreement and Kappa statistics were calculated for the entire questionnaire as 1.The final 24 item knowledgesection had 0.732 Inter Class Correlation and acceptable Cronbach Alphaas 0.743, while the 11 item skill portion had 0.819 Inter Class Correlation with good Cronbach Alpha 0.890. Conclusions: The findings support the face and content validity of the questionnaire. Keywords: Instrument development and Validation, Competency, Knowledge, Skill, Assessment, Content Validity, Content Validity Ratio, Reliability, Questionnaire

Hydroponics is plant cultivation that utilizes water media without using soil. The hydroponic vegetable products produced are diverse, ranging from kale, bok choy, mustard greens, and lettuce. This study aimed to identify internal and external factors that influence marketing and identify marketing strategies for hydroponic vegetables in Palu City. The results showed that the evaluation of the internal and external factors showed that the strength factor had a score of 1.85, the weakness factor was 1.26, the opportunity factor was 1.74, and the threat factor was 1.16. Thus, the highest score was achieved by internal factors (strength) of 1.85, and the lowest was the weakness of 1.16. Hydroponic vegetable marketing in Palu City is in the SO Strategy. In this condition, it has great power and great opportunities to market.

An intensive well integrity (WI) examination was carried out utilizing distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) and distributed temperature sensing (DTS) tools through coiled tubing (CT) with real-time telemetry system in a horizontal gas well completed with open hole (OH) multi-stage fracturing (MSF) completion. During well completion, an unexpected leak in the lower completion led the OH packers not to effectively set. The WI examination was needed to locate the leak and effectively salvage the well.With DAS and DTS systems connected to the optical-fiber cable through the CT pressure bulk head at surface, CT conveying a bottom hole assembly consisting of conventional noise logging tool, temperature and pressure sensors, gamma ray and casing collar locator was run in the wellbore to the toe depth. The DAS and DTS data were recorded under shut-in, flowing and injection conditions keeping the CT stationed near to the toe depth. After recording DAS and DTS data in each shut-in, flowing and injection modes, noise logging was also performed by moving the CT across the entire horizontal section.The DAS optical interrogator unit connected, at surface, to optical-fiber cable deployed in the well successfully measured the Rayleigh backscattered light to provide a local measurement of the dynamic strain, which was converted into seismic wave fronts. The purpose of running noise logging tool was to validate acoustic wave fronts and interpretation obtained from the DAS and DTS. This comprehensive investigation involving DAS and DTS allowed to detect acoustic events simultaneously at multiple points along the entire wellbore through its capacity of providing the fluid movement visualization and detection: into or out of reservoir and evaluation of flow behind pipe and OH packers. DAS and DTS have also proved to be quick and operationally efficient techniques that can be done with minimum number of trips to surface and without complex bottom hole assembly.DAS system provided an opportunity for seismic data acquisition, where it significantly improved the efficiency of wellbore integrity diagnostic operations. A full well profile was recorded for each scenario in only minutes, rather than hours for a conventional tool survey. This paper elaborates facts on DAS data acquisition and how first time DAS data acquisition led to create a difference as comparison to the use of conventional CT.

Thermoregulation is a homeostatic process to maintain an organism’s internal temperature within a physiological range compatible with life. In poikilotherms, body temperature fluctuates with that of the environment, with both physiological and behavioral responses employed to modify body temperature. Changing skin colour/reflectance and locomotor activity are both well-recognized temperature regulatory mechanisms, but little is known of the participating thermosensor/s. We find that Xenopus laevis tadpoles put in the cold exhibit a temperature-dependent, systemic, and rapid melanosome aggregation in melanophores, which lightens the skin. Cooling also induces a reduction in the locomotor performance. To identify the cold-sensor, we focus on transient receptor potential (trp) channel genes from a Trpm family. mRNAs for several Trpms are present in Xenopus tails, and Trpm8 protein is present in skin melanophores. Temperature-induced melanosome aggregation is mimicked by the Trpm8 agonist menthol (WS12) and blocked by a Trpm8 antagonist. The degree of skin lightening induced by cooling is correlated with locomotor performance, and both responses are rapidly regulated in a dose-dependent and correlated manner by the WS12 Trpm8 agonist. We propose that TRPM8 serves as a cool thermosensor in poikilotherms that helps coordinate skin lightening and behavioural locomotor performance as adaptive thermoregulatory responses to cold.