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Aim. To study the prevalence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders in a repre - sentative sample of the working-age population of the Krasnoyarsk Krai aged 25-64 years and to identify the association of these disorders with cardiovascular pathology.Material and methods. A random representative sample within the all-Russian epidemiological study ESSE-RF included 1603 residents of the Krasnoyarsk Krai aged 25 to 64 years. The gradation of carbohydrate metabolism disorders was carried out on the basis of fasting plasma glucose level in accordance with the criteria of the American Diabetes Association (ADA). Hypertension (HTN) was defined as office BP ≥140/90 mm Hg or an indication of previous use of antihypertensive drugs. The presence of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, coronary artery disease (CAD) was detected by anamnesis collection. Statistical processing was carried out using IBM SPSS v 22 and Microsoft Excel 2021 programs. When comparing differences by sex, age, level of education, and type of residence, differences was assessed by chi-squared test and considered significant at p≤0,05.Results. In total representative sample of Krasnoyarsk Krai population, 3,6% of participants indicated prior diabetes, while its prevalence naturally increased with age. The detection rate of fasting glucose of 5,6-6,9 mmol/l among individuals without prior diabetes (impaired fasting glycemia (IFG), as one of the criteria for prediabetes, according to ADA guidelines) was 22,5% of the general population. Fasting hyperglycemia (HG) ≥7,0 mmol/l without prior diabetes was registered in 3,8%. This figure can be roughly considered as the proportion of people with newly diagnosed diabetes. IFG and HG were significantly more common among men, as well as among those with primary and secondary education compared with higher education. In rural residents, all types of carbohydrate metabolism disorders were more common than in urban ones. Compared with the normoglycemic group, the presence of prior diabetes, IFG and GH was associated with a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension, CAD and stroke.Conclusion. The prevalence of IFG, fasting HG ≥7,0 mmol/l and diagnosed diabetes in a representative sample of the Krasnoyarsk Krai aged 25-64 years exceeds the national average, although it is consistent with the data of a number of other Siberian regions. The prevalence of both carbohydrate metabolism disorders in general and the percentage of possible undiagnosed diabetes increases with age. At the same time, there are more such individuals among those with primary and secondary education, as well as among rural residents. The approximate proportion of undiagnosed diabetes in the study population reaches 50%. Timely detection of carbohydrate metabolism disorders can contribute to the earlier implementation of active preventive measures and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.

Aim. Using a representative sample of the Krasnoyarsk Krai population, to evaluate the distribution of the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), logarithmically transformed ratio of molar concentrations of triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and to identify possible associations between AIP, various cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic parameters.Material and methods. The study included a random representative sample of 1603 residents of the Krasnoyarsk and Berezovsky rural district aged 25-64 years as part of the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation (ESSE-RF) study. Statistical processing was performed using IBM SPSS v22 and Microsoft Excel 2021 programs. We assessed the prevalence of hypertension (HTN), coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke and renal dysfunction in the whole sample and in groups with different risk depending on AIP. Differences between groups were tested by Yates’s chi-squared test and were considered significant at p≤0,05.Results. Depending on AIP value, 73,5% of participants were in the low-risk group (AIP 0,24). The prevalence of prior MI or stroke in the moderate and high-risk group for AIP was significantly higher than in the low-risk group (p=0,024). A regular increase in HTN prevalence was registered from 42,6% in the lowrisk group to 71,4% in the high-risk group for AIP (p

Aim. To study the prevalence of a combination of two major cardiovascular risk factors, hypertension (HTN) and lipid metabolism disorders, among the Krasnoyarsk Krai population as a whole, as well as among men and women in different age groups.Material and methods. We analyzed the data from a random representative sample of 1603 residents of the Krasnoyarsk city and Berezovsky district aged 25-64 years within the ESSE-RF epidemiological study. Statistical processing was performed using IBMSPSS 22 and Microsoft Office Excel 2007. The proportion of people with hypertension and dyslipidemia and 95% confidence intervals was calculated. The significance of differences in the prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia was tested using the chi-squared test with Yates’ correction. Differences were considered significant at p≤0,05.Results. The prevalence of a combination of HTN and any dyslipidemia was 40%, HTN + hypercholesterolemia — 31,6%, HTN + high low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) — 32,3%, HTN + hypertriglyceridemia — 16,4%, HTN + reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) — 10,8%. This characteristic increased with age. The prevalence of a combination of HTN with hypercholesterolemia, with an increased LDL-C level, as well as HTN with any dyslipidemia in women aged 55-64 years was significantly higher than in men.Conclusion. The prevalence of a combination of HTN with any dyslipidemia in the Krasnoyarsk Krai among the adult population aged 25-64 years was 40% and increased with age. In women aged 55-64 years, the prevalence of a combination of HTN with hypercholesterolemia, with an increased LDL-C level, as well as HTN with any dyslipidemia was significantly higher than in men.

Aim. To evaluate the prevalence of prehypertension and its interrelations with other cardiovascular risk factors in Krasnoyarsk Region population.Material and methods. The present study, conducted in the framework of epidemiological research ESSE-RF, included 1603 people (age 25-64 years) of urban and rural population of the Krasnoyarsk Region. All participants underwent the questionnaire test, office blood pressure measurement, anthropometry, and biochemical blood analysis. Persons with 120-139/80-89 mm Hg blood pressure was subsumed to the prehypertension group. Statistical processing of the results was performed in IBM SPSS v. 22. Differences in prehypertension prevalence were assessed for statistical significance using the Pearson’s chi-squared test. The influence of sociodemographic factors and laboratory parameters was evaluated using logistic regression with the gradual elimination of insignificant factors. Statistical significance was taken into account at p

Aim. To study the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components, as well as their relationship with hyperuricemia (HU) in a representative sample of the Krasnoyarsk Krai.Material and methods. As part of a multicenter epidemiological study ESSE-RF, a representative sample of 1603 residents of the Krasnoyarsk Krai aged 25-64 was randomized. All subjects underwent a questionnaire survey, anthropometry, office blood pressure (BP) measurement, determining the levels of blood lipids, plasma glucose and serum uric acid. MS was diagnosed according to the modified NCEP ATP III criteria (2005). Statistical processing was carried out using the software package IBM SPSS v 22.Results. The total prevalence of MS was 26,8%; higher in women than in men (29,4% vs 22,9%). With age, the prevalence of MS significantly increased — from 6,9% in subjects aged 25-34 years to 45,2% in people 55-64 years old. The prevalence of MS was significantly higher among rural residents compared with urban ones (36,8% vs 23,1%). Education level significantly affected prevalence of MS: in people with basic education, MS was found in 35,7%, with secondary — in 30,3%, with higher — in 17,8%. Regression analysis showed that hypertriglyceridemia, blood pressure >130/85 mm Hg and glucose ≥5,6 mmol/l were a significant predictors of HU in all subjects. For men, significant predictors of HU were hypertriglyceridemia and abdominal obesity, and for women — glucose ≥5,6 mmol/l and lipid-lowering therapy.Conclusion. The prevalence of MS in the Krasnoyarsk Krai, according to the modified NCEP ATP III criteria (2005), is 26,8%. MS is more often recorded in women than in men and in rural residents than in urban ones. With an increase in the education level, MS is less common. With age, the prevalence of MS significantly increases. The correlation of HU is not revealed with all the components of MS and has sex differences.

Aim. To investigate on the prevalence of hyperuricaemia (HU) among citizens and rural areas inhabitants of Krasnoyarsk region, and to assess possible relation of HU with arterial hypertansion (AH), HU and renal function.Material and methods. The study was done under the framework of ESSE-RF, included 1603 persons of age 25-64, had been selected by the random three-stage stratified selection. All participants underwent questionning, office BP measurement. Uric acid level (UA) was measured with urease method on Architect 8000 (USA) equipment. Statistics was done on IBM SPSS v. 22, StatSoft STATISTICA v. 10 and LibreOffice v. 5. Significance of differences by quantitative criteria was checked with Mann-Whitney criteria, by qualitative criteria — by hi-square. Differences were significant at p

Abstract Background To estimate the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of arterial hypertension among adult inhabitants of Krasnoyarsk Krai using the data from Russian multicenter epidemiological study ESSE-RF (Epidemiological Survey of cardiovascular diSEases in different regions of the Russian Federation). Methods The study included 1603 subjects 25 to 64 years old selected by means of systemic multistage stratified randomization among urban and rural inhabitants of Krasnoyarsk Krai recruited between February 2014 and June 2014. Office blood pressure (BP) was measured twice with “Omron” automated BP device on the right arm in the sitting position in presence of medical personnel. Arterial hypertension (HTN) was defined as systolic BP of at least 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP of at least 90 mmHg or self-reported previous elevated BP registration or use of antihypertensive treatment. Treatment efficacy was defined as percentage of patients achieved the target BP level among those who received antihypertensive medications, and HTN control as percentage of people achieved the target BP level among all hypertensives. Results The gender distribution was 652 males (39.4%) and 951 females (60.6%). The average level of systolic BP was 133.4 ± 0.5 mmHg, diastolic BP – 82.9 ± 0.3 mmHg. The average prevalence of HTN was estimated at 49.4% and appeared to be higher than similar parameter based on the data of 10 regions from the ESSE-RF study (44%). The average prevalence of HTN was estimated at 56.3% in males and 43.7% in females. The HTN prevalence in rural community was significantly higher in comparison with urban community (63.4 ± 2.4 vs. 44.2 ± 1.5%, p

Objective. To assess the frequency of prescribing of different groups of antihypertensive drugs (AHD) in the treatment of patients with arterial hypertension (AH) among patients of the Krasnoyarsk territory according to the Russian epidemiological studies ESSE-RF.Materials and methods. 1,603 persons aged 25–64 years, selected through systematic stratified multistage randomization among the population attached to the four outpatient clinics of Krasnoyarsk and Berezovsky district hospital were studied. All included subjects were subjected to a detailed survey of office blood pressure measurements. Results. The proportion of those on monotherapy was 53.4%. The most commonly accepted AHD, including in the combination therapy, were angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) – in 51% of cases, beta-blockers – 28.9 percent, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBS) – 25,2%, diuretics – 23,2%, calcium channel blockers (CCB) – 11.9%, central action drugs – 2.0% and alpha-blockers – 0.4 percent. Beta-blockers often were taken by those of younger age – 38.1 per cent, mainly men aged 25–34 years (50.0 per cent). Among the combinations of AHD the most frequently encountered combination was ACEI + diuretic (6,8%), followed by rthe frequency of prescription by ARBS + diuretic, beta-blocker + diuretics, ARBS + CCB, ACE-I + CCB.Conclusion. The frequent prescription of ACE inhibitors and insignificant use of central action is noted. The high level of violence of use of AHD monotherapy in patients with hypertension (53,4%) is alarming, which may be one of the reason for the relatively low efficiency of antihypertensive therapy (31.6 percent). Beta-blockers were indicated unreasonably often for young men with hypertension aged 25–34 years.

Life quality (LQ) is an integrated parameter of the health, applied for integral characterization of population health, and as the parameter of healthcare interventions effectiveness.Aim. To assess LQ in Russian population at the age 25-64 y. o. in general and in various socio-economical groups using EQ-5D, by the results of ESSE-RF (2012-2013) study.Material and methods. LQ was assessed on representative selections of inhabitants of 13 Russian Federation regions, aged 25-64 (males 8327, females 13497) with response 80%. LQ was assessed via international questionnaire EUROQOL — EQ-5D: 1) no decline; 2) mild decline; 3) significant decline; scoring also performed with visualanalogue scale (VAS). Integral LQ by EUROQOL performed with Shaw JW et al. method (ranging from 0,0 (death) to 1,0 (perfect health)).Result. EQ-5D index of Russian population was 0,87 with no gender difference. By the increase of the age LQ declines. Educational gradient of LQ was significant only in VAS (p

Aim. To assess rate of familiarity and specifics of treatment with statins among the citizens of economically active age with various cardiovascular risk by the data from epidemiological study ESSE-RF (Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases in Different Russian Federation Regions). Material and methods. In the work the data from ESSE-RF study was used, of representative selection of non-organized male and female inhabitants aged 25-64 y.o. from 13 regions, investigated during 2012-2014. Responded ~80%. The study included questionning by standard scale that included data on the anamnesis, etc. Lipid profile, including total cholesterol (TC), cholesterol of lipoproteids low and high density were measured at SSRCPM and RSPCC.Results. Analysis of the whole selection showed that 20% of men and 32% of women knew their TC, and 13,6% and 18,2% were even familiar having increased level of TC. Part of those with high and very high risk was 31,3%, incl. men — 42,2%, women — 30,9%. Statins took ~7,0% of patients from this risk category. Effectiveness of treatment (target levels reached of low density cholesterol) in these groups of men and women was 14,4% and 4,8%, respectively.Conclusion. The data obtained in populational study points on insufficient knowledge and low rate of statin treatment of the persons with high and very high cardiovascular risk in RF, which confirms the anxiety provoking data of registries and other studies. The data dictates necessity of development and implementation of specific educational programs for citizens, of physician improvement and availability of cheap but effective lipid-lowering medications.

Aim. To study the prevalence of ischemic heart disease as one of the most common cardiovascular disorders, together with arterial hypertension (AH), diabetes mellitus (DM) and liver diseases (LD) in adult (25-64 y.o.) population of selected RF regions, the variance of those with gender and age, and association of cardiovascular risk factors (FR).Material and methods. Into analysis we included the results of representative selections studies from 13 RF regions, studied according to the program of multicenter study ESSE-RF during the years 2012­2014; totally 21923 patients studied. Investigation included standard questioning, including anamnesis. For statistics we used applied software SAS.Results. In men the prevalence of IHD is associated with the growth of comorbidity from 0 in the age group 25-34 y. to 77% in the age 55-64 y., almost duplicating every decade. For women there is analogic tendency, less prominent. In men there are significant associations only with AH, which increases the risk of IHD 2,5 times, though in women together with AH the associations are significant for LD. Comorbidities with DM do not influence the prevalence of IHD in men and women. At the same time, any association with two diseases increases the risk of IHD >304 times. The most negative is the association of all three diseases, with which IHD is 8,7 times more prevalent, than in their absence. Using multidimensional logistic regression after correction for the age and comorbidity in the patients with IHD of both genders, there are associations revealed of high density cholesterol lipoproteids (HDL) in blood and abdominal obesity. In men there are also positive associations with smoking and negative — with increased cholesterol.Conclusion. Comorbidities of IHD with AH, DM and LD in adult population are common, are associated with the general FR, are increasing with the age. Taking modern tendencies of population ageing, it is plausible to expect an increase of the prevalence of comorbidities, that requires a necessity of the healthcare services to these changes.

Aim. To study social and economic gradients — educational and occupational statuses, wealth level, behavioral risk factors (FR) in Russian population by the ESSE-RF data.Material and methods. The data for the analysis consisted of representative selections of 13 regions of RF (n=22906) participants of the study, incl. men (n=8353) and women (n=13553) of 25-64 y.o., with response 80%. We calculated the odds ratios for the presence of behavioral FR: smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, insufficient physical activity (IPA), nonrational food consumption, anxiety and depressive disorders, — in persons from different social and economic groups by education level, type of inhabitation, professional status, wealth level.Results. Higher education was associated with better FR profile, except IPA (negative association) and alcohol consumption (absence of association). "White in general had less FR probability than Blue, excl. IPA and psychoemotional deviations (in men). As for the wealth association with the FR there is backward gradient, i.e. lesser the income, higher the risk of FR presence, excl. IPA and excessive alcohol intake in women. For example, in very wealthy men the odds ratio for depressive states was 3,09 [95% CI 2,08-4,57] comparing to the persons with low income. The type of territory of inhabitance was associated with less behavioral FR in Russian population, as significant associations are found only for depression and excessive salt consumption in both genders and IPA in men. Conclusion. The significant social and economic gradients of behavioral FR prevalence are found, the direction of those is not necessary the same as in European countries. The analysis of association with social and economic parameters would help to develop the directed preventive interventions.

Abstract Assess the state of public green areas, their importance and influence on environmental quality and living in urban centers is an arduous task considering the conceptual and scientific regarding quantification and data analysis methods divergence. In this study, we aimed to determine two indicators of public green areas relative to the percentage of public green areas (PPGA) and the public green areas index (PGAI) in the urban area of São Carlos, SP. The study area was organized into administrative regions (ARs), using satellite images, topographical maps of 1:10,000 Geographic and Cartographic Institute (1990) and data provided by the Municipality of São Carlos. The results show that public green areas comprise 6.55% of the municipality, with a public green areas index (PGAI) of 18.85 m2/inhabitant, indicating good urban environmental quality when compared to rates of 15 m2/capita for public green areas for recreation, suggested by the Brazilian Society of Urban Forestry. The differences between the administrative regions are concern with situations from 4.16 to 36.30 m2/inhabitant. In this context, it is recommend specific public policies and popular participation in the process of continuous improvement for increasing public green areas in the less favored regions. The Genebrino method applied to indicators of public green areas (GPGA – amount of public green areas divided by population density), showed a commendable goal above 40% for urban environmental quality.

A new automated on-line GC-flame ionization detection system for long-term stationary measurements of atmospheric C2-C8 hydrocarbons in the lower ppt range is described. The system is operated at the Global Atmosphere Watch Observatory Hohenpeissenberg (47 degrees 48'N, 11 degrees 01'E) in rural south Germany. Atmospheric mixing ratios of more than 40 different hydrocarbons can be continuously measured in 80 min time intervals. Corresponding detection limits are below 3 ppt, except for propene, butenes and benzene (about 10 ppt). Detailed quality assurance and quality control protocols are described which are applied to routine operation and data analysis. The various error contributions, overall precision, and accuracy for all measured compounds are discussed in detail. Typical ambient air mixing ratios are in the range of a few ppt to a few ppb, and corresponding measurement accuracies are below 10% or 10 ppt. For less than 20% of the analyzed compounds measurement accuracies are worse, mainly because of insufficient peak separation, blank values or reduced reproducibilities. The present system was tested in international intercomparison experiments (NOMHICE, AMOHA). For most of the C2-C8 hydrocarbons analyzed, our results agreed better than +/- 10% (20% NOMHICE phase 5) or +/- 10 ppt with the corresponding reference values.

Glomerulopathy with fibronectin deposits (GFND, MIM 601894) is an autosomal dominant kidney disease that leads to terminal renal failure at a median age of 47 years. It represents a distinct entity of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) type III and is characterized by the unique feature of massive glomerular deposits of fibronectin. We have recently localized a gene locus for GFND to human chromosome 1q32 by total genome linkage analysis in a large kindred, within a 4.1-cM critical interval between markers D1S2872 and D1S2891. This interval contains a cluster of genes for "regulators of complement activation" (RCA), which represent strong candidates for GFND. To identify positional candidate genes for GFND within the critical genetic interval, we here report the cloning of the entire critical GFND region in a complete YAC and partial PAC contig. We constructed a high-resolution transcriptional map, thereby defining positional and functional candidate genes for the disease. To evaluate their role in GFND, we performed functional studies on RCA proteins in GFND patients from the large kindred, as well as mutational analysis of the genes for complement receptor-2 (CR2), membrane cofactor protein (MCP), and decay accelerating factor (DAF). Although no loss-of-function mutation has been identified as yet, these data provide a basis for the examination of candidate genes for GFND and other genes for MPGN, which localize to the vicinity of the GFND region., (Copyright 2000 Academic Press.)

Mutations in the gene encoding the renal epithelial K(+) channel ROMK1 (Kir 1.1) is one of the causes for Bartter's syndrome, an autosomal recessive disease. It results in defective renal tubular transport in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle that leads to hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis and loss of salt. Two novel ROMK1 mutations, L220F/A156V, have been described recently in a compound heterozygote patient demonstrating typical manifestations of Bartter's syndrome. Functional properties of these ROMK1 mutants were studied by coexpressing in Xenopus oocytes and by means of double electrode voltage clamp experiments. When both ROMK1 mutants were coexpressed no K(+) conductance could be detected. The same was found in oocytes expressing A156V-ROMK1 only or coexpressing wild type (wt) ROMK1 together with A156V-ROMK1. In contrast, K(+) conductances were indistinguishable from that of wt-ROMK1 when L220F-ROMK1 was expressed alone. Activation of protein kinase C signaling inhibited the conductance in both L220F-ROMK1 and wt-ROMK1 expressing oocytes. These effects were not seen in A156V-ROMK1 expressing oocytes. Because no further abnormalities in the properties or regulation of L220F-ROMK1 were detected, we conclude that A156V-ROMK1 has a dominant negative effect on L220F-ROMK1 thereby causing Bartter's syndrome type two in this patient.

Fibronectin glomerulopathy (GFND) is a newly recognized autosomal dominant disease of the kidney that results in albuminuria, microscopic hematuria, hypertension, renal tubular acidosis type IV, and end-stage renal disease in the 2d to 6th decade of life. The disease is characterized histologically by massive deposits of fibronectin (Fn) present in the subendothelial spaces of renal glomerular capillaries. The cause of human GFND is unknown. In order to localize a candidate gene for GFND, we performed linkage analysis of a large, 193-member pedigree containing 13 affected individuals. Since we had previously excluded the genes for Fn and uteroglobin as candidate genes for GFND, a total-genome search for linkage was performed. Examination of 306 microsatellite markers resulted in a maximum two-point LOD score of 4.17 at a recombination fraction of. 00 for marker D1S249, and a maximum multipoint LOD score of 4.41 for neighboring marker D1S2782. By detection of recombination events, a critical genetic interval of 4.1 cM was identified, which was flanked by markers D1S2872 and D1S2891. These findings confirm that GFND is a distinct disease entity among the fibrillary glomerulopathies. Gene identification will provide insights into the molecular interactions of Fn in GFND, as well as in genetically unaltered conditions.

Three cases treated by medical means are reported, and reports in the published literature briefly reviewed. --Anatomically the temporal styloid process is related to four main structures : the carotid artery and vein, and the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves. --Hypotheses as to the pathogenesis of these lesions are based on clinical findings. The anomalies may be discovered : 1) On radiological examination. 2) Present as pain in the tonsillar region radiating to the neck. 3) Fronto-orbital or temporo-occipital headaches. 4) Sudden repetitive bouts of syncope. --Therapy includes psychotherapy, local infiltration of an anesthetic, or removal of a fragment of the calcified styloid process by a cervical or pharyngeal approach.

Rapid regression of all symptoms was obtained after moderate chemotherapy in two women aged 69 and 77 years respectively with malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Cervico-facial locations of these tumors are discussed in relation to definition, etiology, geographic factors, genetic markers, and associated immunologic disorders. Diagnosis requires a series of explorations including, obviously as a last resort, exploratory cervicotomy. Other regions may be involved and must be investigated, but lesions not affecting lymph nodes occur in only approximately 2 p. cent of patients with cervico-facial malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (approximately 10 p. cent of all malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas). Other localizations include the hard palate, gums, sinuses, and salivary glands. Burkitt's lymphoma represents, on the contrary, 30 p. cent of malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma seen in European children. The different therapeutic modalities available are discussed.

Possible relationships between Moschcowitz's disease and acute systemic lupus erythematosus are analyzed based on findings in one case. Initial exclusively buccal symptoms suggested a diagnosis of lupus, and then of Moschcowitz's disease leading to a fatal outcome. The main points discussed relate to diagnostic difficulties to enable distinction between the two diseases. A thrombotic thrombopenic purpura during the second phase of the disease showed a characteristic microangiopathy associated with a non-autoimmune hemolytic anemia and a schizocytosis: two forms of the affection are recognized, one with a chronic and one with an acute course. The latter, which has a fulminating progression leading to death, was that described in the case reported.

A session of the "Société de Stomatologie et de Chirurgie maxillo-faciale de France" was devoted to a discussion of diagnostic difficulties in cases of mandibular bone tumors. Several case-reports were presented as a basis for comments on clinical and radiologic criteria of the benign or malignant nature of bone tumors, these being the foundation on which to establish the most effective surgical approach to adopt. Pre-operative biopsy is not considered essential when confirmation of diagnostic has been obtained.

Several cases are reported of cervico-facial suppuration of buccodental origin, the infection being due to Eikenella corrodens, a facultative anaerobic germ that is difficult to culture. Conditions appropriate to the growth of these germs are discussed with respect to etiological, bacteriological and clinical factors. Therapy is outlined and a selective bibliography proposed.