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PURPOSE To prospectively determine the rate of radial artery occlusion (RAO) in patients undergoing transradial access for intra-arterial interventions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-seven patients undergoing transradial access from August 2019 to March 2021 for 120 intra-arterial procedures (yttrium-90 mapping [n = 39] and radioembolization [n = 38], uterine artery embolization [n = 19], transarterial chemoembolization [n = 10], active bleed embolization [n = 8], angiomyolipoma embolization [n = 4], and other [n = 2]) were enrolled. The average patient age was 59 years ± 13.1 (range, 30-90 years), and 43 (55.8%) of the 77 patients were men. The patients underwent radial artery (RA) palpation, ultrasound evaluation, the Barbeau test, and the reverse Barbeau test prior to and following the intervention. Verapamil, nitroglycerin, and heparin were administered in a total of 114 (95%) of the 120 procedures prior to starting the procedure. The incidence of RAO and radial artery spasm (RAS) was calculated, and univariate logistic regression was performed to analyze the predictors of RAS. RESULTS The preprocedural RA diameter (3.0 mm ± 0.67) was not significantly different from the postprocedural RA diameter (3.0 mm ± 0.65, P = .904). The RAO rate was determined to be 0.8% (1/120), and this artery recanalized within 1 week. Due to the small number of occlusions, statistical analysis of predictors of RAO was not performed. The rate of RAS was 22.7% (27/119). None of the variables tested-including age, sex, RA diameter, initial versus repeat access, operator experience, and artery puncture technique-showed significant prediction for RAS. Patients were seen for follow-up after 111 (92.5%) of the 120 procedures. CONCLUSIONS Transradial access resulted in a

Background : To evaluate seroma complications, two techniques were carried out in breast reconstruction: conventional latissimus dorsi flap (CLD) and muscle-sparing latissimus dorsi flap (MSLD) after cancer-related mastectomy. Methods : A total of 108 postmastectomy procedures were performed with autologous tissue reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flaps (LDs) between January 2016 and May 2020. The patients were divided into two groups. The first group was reconstruction with the CLD, and the second group was reconstruction with the MSLD. Forty (40) patients in the first group and 68 patients in the second group were analyzed. Seroma formation was evaluated as the primary outcome. Results : The total number of seromas found in the donor area was 27, of which 45% (n = 18) were found with the CLD and 13.24% (n = 9) with the MSLD, with a difference of 31.76% in favor of the MSLD, with an 95% CI of 14-49 (p Conclusions : We found a significantly lower incidence of seroma as a complication in patients who underwent MSLD breast reconstruction compared with those who underwent CLD breast reconstruction.

Therapeutic strategies are needed for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). One potential target is matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which is expressed only by fast motor neurons (MNs) that are selectively vulnerable to various ALS-relevant triggers. Previous studies have shown that reduction of MMP-9 function delayed motor dysfunction in a mouse model of familial ALS. However, given that the majority of ALS cases are sporadic, we propose preclinical testing in a mouse model which may be more clinically translatable: rNLS8 mice. In rNLS8 mice, neurodegeneration is triggered by the major pathological hallmark of ALS, TDP-43 mislocalization and aggregation. MMP-9 was targeted in 3 different ways in rNLS8 mice: by AAV9-mediated knockdown, using antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) technology, and by genetic modification. All 3 strategies preserved the motor unit during disease, as measured by MN counts, tibialis anterior (TA) muscle innervation, and physiological recordings from muscle. However, the strategies that reduced MMP-9 beyond the motor unit lead to premature deaths in a subset of rNLS8 mice. Therefore, selective targeting of MMP-9 in MNs could be beneficial in ALS, but side effects outside of the motor circuit may limit the most commonly used clinical targeting strategies.

espanolEn este trabajo se presenta el desarrollo de una aplicacion computacional que permite determinar la configuracion de un generador de estados de polarizacion en funcion de los parametros de una elipse de polarizacion deseada. La manera mas general de describir la polarizacion de la luz es una elipse, sin embargo, este estado rara vez se aborda en un curso practico en los cuales las aplicaciones se limitan al caso de la polarizacion lineal o circular. Para generar una elipse de polarizacion deseada se puede utilizar un polarizador y un par de retardadores de λ/2 y λ/4, el problema esta en determinar a que angulo deben estar ubicados los retardadores. Se presenta un algoritmo de acceso libre que calcula estos angulos mediante un metodo de minimizacion aplicado al calculo de Jones. Este desarrollo va dirigido a actividades de investigacion y educacion, para promover una comprension practica de las propiedades polarimetricas de la luz. EnglishThis paper describes the development of a computational application that calculates the configuration of a polarization state generator, according to the parameters of a desired polarization ellipse. The most general way to describe the polarization state of light is an ellipse, however, it is rarely used in practical courses in which applications are limited to the case of linear or circular polarization. To generate a desired polarization ellipse, a polarizer and a pair of retarders of λ/2 and λ/4 can be used, the problem is to determine the angle of rotation of the retarders. We present an open source algorithm to calculate these angles by using a minimization method applied to the Jones calculus description of polarizing elements. This development aims to help research and education activities to promote a more practical understanding of the polarimetric properties of light.

Heavy oil hydroprocessing requires catalysts with enhanced mesoporosity and moderate acidity. Mesostructured aluminum modified SBA-15 have been identified as suitable catalytic supports for sulfided phases employed in this process. In this work, a series of SBA-15 based materials were synthesized using hexane as a micellar swelling agent for pore widening. Particularly, the effect of the hexane to Pluronic P123 mass ratio on key properties was assessed. Among the synthesized materials, the one prepared with a hexane: P123 mass ratio of 3.5 showed the best textural properties: BET surface area = 499 m2 × g−1, total pore volume = 1.8 cm3 × g−1, and average pore diameter = 27 nm. The acidity of this material was further modified by grafting aluminum over it. The resulting materials were employed as supports for sulfided Fe–W tested in the hydroprocessing of phenanthrene at 11 MPa and 623 K. Catalysts activity was found to related to the dispersion of the oxide precursor of the active metals which in turn was dependent on Al/Si molar ratio of the supports. Catalysts promoted the formation of 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, a reaction intermediary in phenanthrene hydroprocessing. The catalyst with an Al/Si molar ratio of 0.04 showed the highest selectivity to this compound. The latter was correlated to a higher content of tetrahedral aluminum in the support. In general, the modifications performed over the SBA-15 support enhanced their pore size distributions and acidity and promoted the selective partial hydrogenation for the central ring of phenanthrene. The findings are important for the search of new catalysts in heavy oil hydroprocessing.

espanolEl contexto actual en el que las empresas comerciales necesitan alcanzar mayor competitividad en sus procesos, demanda eficiencia en la gestion de la electricidad. Los edificios del sector comercial soluciones acordes con su entorno y que garanticen beneficios economicos. En un escenario en que un edificio comercial autogenere electricidad a partir de fuentes de energia renovables (RES, en ingles), se requieren metodos que permitan evaluar las alternativas de generacion, teniendo en cuenta la incertidumbre caracteristica de las RES y de los metodos involucrados en el proceso de seleccion de las tecnologias. Este articulo propone un metodo hibrido, conformado por las tecnicas Proceso de Analisis Jerarquico, Tecnica para el Orden de preferencia por similitud con la solucion ideal, Analisis de Opciones de Reales, Simulacion de Monte Carlo y Metodo Binomial para seleccionar las tecnologias mas adecuadas para la autogeneracion de electricidad en Centros Comerciales (SCs), considerando criterios tecnicos, tecnologicos, ambientales y economicos y, dentro del marco normativo colombiano. El caso de estudio se realizo con base en datos reales de SCs y en tres ciudades colombianas con diferentes condiciones meteorologicas. Se demostro que aplicando las opciones reales, las tecnologias fotovoltaicas son viables para ser implementadas en el sector comercial. El trabajo es una contribucion conceptual y metodologica para mejorar la comprension de los complejos procesos de toma de decisiones y su aplicacion en la evaluacion de tecnologias RES, considerando las opciones reales implicitas e incentivos presentes en el marco normativo de un pais o region EnglishIn the actual context in which commercial industries need to achieve greater competitiveness through their processes, efficiency is required in the management of electricity. Commercial buildings need solutions that are adequate to their environment and that would mean economic benefits. Given the case in which a commercial building self-generates electricity from renewable energy sources (RES), methods are required for allowing evaluation of alternative sources for generation, taking into account both the RES and methods characteristic uncertainties, which are involved in the process of technology selection. This paper proposes a hybrid method composed by technics of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), the Theory Real Option Analysis (ROA), the Monte Carlo Simulation(MCS), and the Binomial Method (BM), to select the most adequate technologies for electricity self-generation in Shopping Centers (SCs); it takes into account economic, environmental, technological and technical criteria, within the Colombian regulatory framework. The case study was based on real data for SCs in three different Colombian cities with different meteorological conditions. It was demonstrated that taken into account the real options, the photovoltaic technologies are viable projects to be implemented in the commercial sector. The study is a conceptual contribution and it proposes a methodology for improving the understanding of the complex process of decision making with its application in the evaluation of RES technologies, considering the incentives and the implicit real options in the regulatory framework of a region or a country

The use of management strategy evaluation (MSE) to design and test candidate fisheries management approaches is expanding globally. Participation of managers, scientists, and stakeholders should be an integral component of the MSE process. Open and effective communication among these groups is essential for the success of the MSE and the adoption of the management approach based on it. The highly technical nature of MSE and newness of the approach to many audiences present considerable communication challenges and have, unfortunately, slowed progress in some cases. We draw on diverse experiences with MSE to identify two areas in which the implementation of MSE in multinational fora may be improved: (i) the use of formally constituted “intermediary groups” as a forum for exchange at the management–science interface and (ii) the development of engaging, yet uncomplicated, visual communication tools for conveying key results to different audiences at each stage. While our focus is the MSE processes underway in the regional fisheries management organizations for tunas and tuna-like species, the advice provided is also pertinent for other fisheries, international and domestic alike, pursuing MSE.

Motor neurons (MNs) are the neuronal class that is principally affected in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but it is widely known that individual motor pools do not succumb to degeneration simultaneously. Because >90% of ALS patients have an accumulation of cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregates in postmortem brain and spinal cord (SC), it has been suggested that these inclusions in a given population may trigger its death. We investigated seven MN pools in our new inducible rNLS8 transgenic (Tg) mouse model of TDP-43 proteinopathy and found striking differences in MN responses to TDP-43 pathology. Despite widespread neuronal expression of cytoplasmic human TDP-43, only MNs in the hypoglossal nucleus and the SC are lost after 8 weeks of transgene expression, whereas those in the oculomotor, trigeminal, and facial nuclei are spared. Within the SC, slow MNs survive to end stage, whereas fast fatigable MNs are lost. Correspondingly, axonal dieback occurs first from fast-twitch muscle fibers, whereas slow-twitch fibers remain innervated. Individual pools show differences in the downregulation of endogenous nuclear TDP-43, but this does not fully account for vulnerability to degenerate. After transgene suppression, resistant MNs sprout collaterals to reinnervate previously denervated neuromuscular junctions concurrently with expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), a marker of fast MNs. Therefore, although pathological TDP-43 is linked to MN degeneration, the process is not stochastic and mirrors the highly selective patterns of MN degeneration observed in ALS patients. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Because TDP-43 is the major pathological hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we generated mice in which mutant human TDP-43 expression causes progressive neuron loss. We show that these rNLS8 mice have a pattern of axonal dieback and cell death that mirrors that often observed in human patients. This finding demonstrates the diversity of motor neuron (MN) populations in their response to pathological TDP-43. Furthermore, we demonstrate that resistant MNs are able to compensate for the loss of their more vulnerable counterparts and change their phenotype in the process. These findings are important because using a mouse model that closely models human ALS in both the disease pathology and the pattern of degeneration is critical to studying and eventually treating progressive paralysis in ALS patients.

Catalysts for heavy oil hydrocracking require an enhanced mesoporosity (higher pore diameters) and a moderate acidic function (mild acidity) to treat the bulky molecules present in this kind of feedstock and to yield middle distillates (MD). In this work, we have synthesized five different kinds of mesoporous silica based on SBA-15 by modifying some of the variables of their synthesis with the aim at enhancing mesoporosity. NH4F and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB) were used to modify the mesostructured arrangement in SBA-15. TMB modified SBA-15 materials exhibited the highest textural properties (2.16 cm3 g−1 and 17 nm) in comparison to NH4F modified silica (1.90 cm3 g−1 and 10.8 nm) and pristine SBA-15 silica (1.03 cm3 g−1 and 12 nm). The acidity of the SBA-15 based materials was modified by a post-synthesis “grafting procedure” to Si/Al molar ratios of 10, 25, and 40. SBA-15 based materials modified with both Al and TMB were used as supports for Fe–W sulfides. These catalysts were tested in the hydrocracking of phenanthrene. In general, all of the catalysts supported on Al-SBA-15 based materials were selective to the ring opening reaction of phenanthrene in contrast to the results obtained over a commercial Ni–Mo/ɤ-Al2O3 catalyst. Such trend was associated to the presence of Bronsted acid sites on the surface of the Al modified supports as shown 27Al MAS NMR analysis.

El objetivo de este trabajo es conformar un portafolio óptimo para la auto-generación de electricidad con fuentes de energía renovables (FER) en edificios comerciales con base en la caracterización del consumidor, la incertidumbre de las FER, la normatividad de Colombia y las opciones reales del proyecto. Se diseñó una metodología de optimización que comienza con la selección de las alternativas FER, utilizando métodos multicriterio. La evaluación económica de las alternativas se realizó con el método flujo de caja descontado. La flexibilidad del valor presente del proyecto se definió con la Teoría de Opciones Reales y el portafolio óptimo se calculó a través de la maximización del valor presente del proyecto. El caso de estudio se desarrolló en un centro comercial concluyéndose que las energías renovables son viables cuando se incluyen las opciones reales. Los retornos se incrementan con la optimización hasta en un dos mil trescientos por ciento.

Advances in immunotherapy have changed the landscape of oncology over the past decade. Still, most patients with solid organ tumors do not derive a durable benefit from immunotherapies. How these tumors evade treatment has not been fully elucidated, but several studies are seeking ways to stimulate treatment response in these immunologically quiescent tumors. Of these, the combination of locoregional therapy with immune checkpoint inhibition is of interest to the interventional radiologist. This brief report provides an overview of current trials testing the effectiveness of locoregional therapy in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors and identifies future research goals.

Portfolio optimization under a risk measure consists of finding the efficient curve of the given measure in the plane of expected return vs risk. The portfolios corresponding to points of this curve are portfolios which minimize the risk under the given measure and whose expected total return is greater than a pre-specificied level (benchmark). The optimization problems involved are mostly non-convex and therefore cumbersome. In this paper, we provide a method to approximate the efficient frontier under a law-invariant coherent risk measure by relaxing these optimization problems involved to a finite-dimensional linear model. Our method is based on three tools: the Kusuokas’s representation of the risk measure, the properties of the conditional value at risk functions and the finite elements theory. Finally, we mention the strong connection that the former kind of optimization have with problems in statistical mechanics following the classic framework of simulating annealing.

espanolEn este trabajo se determinan los beneficios economicos del funcionamiento de un sistema de autogeneracion electrica con tecnologias de energias renovables. El sistema esta conectado a la red tradicional y, tiene las opciones de participar en programas de respuesta a la demanda y exportar excedentes de generacion. Las variables del modelo de gestion, fueron identificadas a partir de las leyes y lineamientos establecidos por las entidades del sector electrico colombiano. Se demuestra que el modelo puede ser aplicado a empresas de diferentes sectores economicos y con diferentes curvas de carga. La incertidumbre de la generacion y del calculo de los beneficios se aborda mediante Simulacion de Monte Carlo. Se presenta un caso de estudio en el que, utilizando un sistema de generacion fotovoltaico se aplica el modelo propuesto a los sectores industriales y de servicios. Esto permite analizar los beneficios que pueden tener los inversionistas variando su capacidad de energia autogenerada. EnglishIn this paper the economic benefits of the operation of an electric self-generation system with renewable energy sources are determined. The system is connected to the traditional grid and, it has the options to participating in the programs of demand response and to export its surpluses of generation. The variables of the management model were identified based on the Colombians laws and guidelines, established by the government entities of the electricity sector. The results show that the model can be applied to companies from different economic sectors using different curves of load. The uncertainty of the generation and the calculation of the profits were approached with Monte Carlo Simulation. A case of study is presented where a photovoltaic generation system was included, and the proposed model was applied to the industrial and service sectors. This allows analyzing the different benefits that investors can receive varying the capacity of self-generation.

Though motor neurons selectively degenerate in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, other cell types are likely involved in this disease. We recently generated rNLS8 mice in which human TDP-43 (hTDP-43) pathology could be reversibly induced in neurons and expected that microglia would contribute to neurodegeneration. However, only subtle microglial changes were detected during disease in the spinal cord, despite progressive motor neuron loss; microglia still reacted to inflammatory triggers in these mice. Notably, after hTDP-43 expression was suppressed, microglia dramatically proliferated and changed their morphology and gene expression profiles. These abundant, reactive microglia selectively cleared neuronal hTDP-43. Finally, when microgliosis was blocked during the early recovery phase using PLX3397, a CSF1R and c-kit inhibitor, rNLS8 mice failed to regain full motor function, revealing an important neuroprotective role for microglia. Therefore, reactive microglia exert neuroprotective functions in this amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model, and definition of the underlying mechanism could point toward novel therapeutic strategies.

Continual improvements in diagnostic modalities used for shoulder imaging have led to better resolution, sensitivity, and specificity. There is no consensus about whether conventional MRI, direct MR arthrography, indirect MR arthrography, or CT arthrography is the best method. Many publications from very diverse origins propose different criteria for selecting the technique to apply in different patients. However, the application of rigid protocols that do not include all the imaging options does not help patients. Moreover, this approach also restricts radiologists' creativity, especially in countries in which resources are more limited. It is important to ensure the rational use of the techniques depending on the patient and the place, considering the patient's age, associated diseases, surgical possibilities, complications, and available equipment. This article reviews the state of the art in imaging rotator cuff and superior labral anterior and posterior lesions, considering the indications, advantages, and advantages of the different techniques in different cases.

Resumen La evolucion constante de las modalidades diagnosticas para el hombro han mejorado la resolucion, la sensibilidad y la especificidad. No hay consenso sobre cual es el mejor metodo entre la resonancia magnetica simple, artroRM directa, indirecta y artrotomografia computarizada. Las publicaciones, de origenes muy diversos, plantean diferentes criterios para seleccionar la tecnica a emplear. La aplicacion de protocolos de estudio rigidos que no incluyan todas las alternativas de imagenes no ayudan a los pacientes y restringen la creatividad, particularmente en nuestros paises donde la limitacion de los recursos es una constante. Es importante usar racionalmente las tecnicas dependiendo del paciente y del lugar, teniendo en cuenta la edad, las enfermedades relacionadas, la posibilidad quirurgica, las complicaciones y los equipos disponibles. En este articulo se revisa el estado actual de las imagenes para las lesiones del manguito de los rotadores y del labrum, considerando sus indicaciones, ventajas y desventajas.

In order to treat progressive paralysis in ALS patients, it is critical to develop a mouse that closely models human ALS in both pathology and also in the timing of these events. We have recently generated new TDP-43 bigenic mice (called rNLS8) with doxycycline (Dox)-suppressible expression of human TDP-43 (hTDP-43) harboring a defective nuclear localization signal (hTDP-43∆NLS) under the control of the NEFH promoter. Our previous studies characterized the pathology and disease course in young rNLS8 mice following induction of neuronal hTDP-43ΔNLS. We now seek to examine if the order and timing of pathologic events are changed in aged mice. We found that the expression of hTDP-43∆NLS in 12+ month old mice did not accelerate the appearance of neuromuscular abnormalities or motor neuron (MN) death in the lumbar spinal cord (SC), though disease progression was accelerated. However, following suppression of the transgene, important differences between young and aged rNLS8 mice emerged in functional motor recovery. We found that recovery was incomplete in aged mice relative to their younger treatment matched counterparts based on gross behavioral measures and physiological recordings from the animals’ gastrocnemius (GC) muscles, despite muscle reinnervation by surviving MNs. This is likely because the reinnervation most often only resulted in partial nerve and endplate connections and the muscle’s junctional folds were much more disorganized in aged rNLS8 mice. We believe that these studies will be an important basis for the future design and evaluation of therapies designed to slow denervation and promote re-innervation in adult ALS patients.

This paper presents a methodology for an autoclave sterilization process stages estimation using logistic regression models. The Autoclave sterilization process has four stages Pre-Vacuum, Rising Temperature, Sterilizing and Vacuum-Drying, which are classified employing the one vs all algorithm. The logistic regression model employed as variables the Autoclave absolute temperature and pressure. Data from 35 sterilization process were employed to find the logistic regression coefficients. As performance indexes, the precision, coverage and harmonic mean were employed. Results shown that the classification algorithm reached an efficiency of 81% to estimate the sterilization process stages.

Resumen Introduccion La infeccion de injerto vascular es una entidad que tiene alta mortalidad y morbilidad entre los pacientes con enfermedad arterial periferica sometidos a estos procedimientos. Debido a la poca informacion sobre el comportamiento de las infecciones de injerto vascular en nuestro medio, es importante identificar los factores de riesgo que se asocian a las infecciones de injerto protesico vascular en reconstrucciones infrainguinales. Metodos Estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles en pacientes sometidos a reconstruccion infrainguinal en el Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paul, Medellin, con injerto protesico, tomando como caso a quienes desarrollan infeccion, y como control a quienes no, segun la clasificacion de Szilagyi. Resultados Se obtuvo un total de 34 casos y 34 controles, con una tasa de infeccion en reconstruccion infrainguinal protesica del 25,75%. No hubo diferencias significativas en la distribucion por sexo, edad y clasificacion de ASA. La mayoria de los casos se clasificaron como Szilagyi II y III (19,5 y 23,5%). La mayoria de los diagnosticos de infeccion se realizaron en los primeros 30 dias del postoperatorio, siendo los microorganismos mas aislados S. aureus y E. Coli. Se constituyeron como factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de infecciones la presencia de complicaciones en la herida quirurgica (OR: 77,5; IC: 93,4-99,73), reintervenciones (OR: 7,23; IC: 1,82 - 28,4), el habito de fumar (OR: 4,04 IC: 1,37-11,86) y el tiempo operatorio (p = 0,002; IC: 21,74-91,25). Variables como comorbilidades, tipo de injerto o cirugias concomitantes no tuvieron influencia sobre la aparicion de infecciones en la poblacion estudiada. Conclusion Las complicaciones en la herida quirurgica, las reintervenciones, el tiempo operatorio prolongado y el habito de fumar se relacionan con un riesgo elevado de sufrir infeccion de injerto vascular en la poblacion estudiada.

Resumen Objetivos Describir las caracteristicas y metodologia del estudio IBEAS: prevalencia de efectos adversos en hospitales de Latinoamerica, que persigue realizar una aproximacion a la magnitud, trascendencia e impacto de los eventos adversos (EA); identificar areas y problemas prioritarios de la seguridad del paciente; incrementar la masa critica de profesionales involucrados en la seguridad del paciente e incorporar a la agenda de los paises objetivos y actividades para mejorar la seguridad del paciente. Metodo Estudio sobre la seguridad de los pacientes. Ambito: 35 hospitales de 5 paises: Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico y Peru, a traves del analisis de los efectos adversos identificados. Diseno de prevalencia utilizando la revision de la historia clinica. Resultados Se describen las implicaciones en el uso del diseno transversal en el estudio de EA, tanto en los recursos necesarios como en la validez interna y en la utilidad para la gestion de riesgos sanitarios. Conclusiones El diseno transversal es eficiente en tiempo y recursos y facil de realizar, y aunque no permite estudiar la totalidad del episodio de hospitalizacion, ha demostrado ser capaz para sostener un sistema de vigilancia. Debido a un posible sesgo de supervivencia, los EA que ocasionen un ingreso se veran sobrerrepresentados, y tambien aquellos relacionados con la infeccion nosocomial o los que sean dificilmente identificables si no se ve al paciente. La comunicacion con el personal de planta (mientras el paciente esta hospitalizado) favorece el juicio de la causalidad del efecto adverso y de su evitabilidad.

The curve used until recently by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) to represent the growth of western Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, was estimated using tagging information and modal sizes that corresponded primarily to very young fish (ages 1–3, primarily). The estimated maximum average size from this curve is very large (382 cm), which could be a result of the scarcity of large bluefin in the data used. Recently, scientists have developed techniques for reading ages from bluefin ear bones (otoliths); the accuracy of the age readings has been validated with bomb radiocarbon dating. These age readings are primarily for large bluefin (ages 5 and older), and indicate slower growth and older ages than was previously assumed. However, an analysis of these data resulted in growth curves that predicted very small mean sizes for the youngest age group, which could be a result of the lack of small fish in the data used. In this study, we combine the otolith-based age readings with the size frequency distributions of small (ages 1–3) bluefin caught by purse seiners in the 1970s where the age groups are distinctly statistically as well as visible to the eye. We analyzed the two datasets jointly using a maximum likelihood approach and assumed that variability in length-at-age increases with age. The resulting growth curve predicts sizes at young and old ages that are very consistent with observed data such as the maximum sizes observed in the catch and the modal sizes for very young bluefin. The resulting curve is also very similar to the curve used by ICCAT for eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean bluefin.

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) causes progressive personality, behavior and/or language disturbances and represents the second most common form of dementia under the age of 65. Over half of all FTD cases are classified pathologically as frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) with TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) pathology (FTLD-TDP). In FTLD-TDP brains, TDP-43 is phosphorylated, C-terminally cleaved, lost from the nucleus and accumulates in the cytoplasm and processes of neurons and glia. However, the contribution of TDP-43 C-terminal fragments (CTFs) to pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Here, we developed transgenic (Tg) mice with forebrain Camk2a-controlled doxycycline-suppressible expression of a TDP-43 CTF (amino acids 208-414, designated 208 TDP-43 CTF), previously identified in FTLD-TDP brains. In these 208 TDP-43 Tg mice, detergent-insoluble 208 TDP-43 CTF was present in a diffuse punctate pattern in neuronal cytoplasm and dendrites without forming large cytoplasmic inclusions. Remarkably, the hippocampus showed progressive neuron loss and astrogliosis in the dentate gyrus (DG). This was accompanied by phosphorylated TDP-43 in the CA1 subfield, and ubiquitin and mitochondria accumulations in the stratum lacunosum moleculare (SLM) layer, without loss of endogenous nuclear TDP-43. Importantly, 208 TDP-43 CTF and phosphorylated TDP-43 were rapidly cleared when CTF expression was suppressed in aged Tg mice, which ameliorated neuron loss in the DG despite persistence of ubiquitin accumulation in the SLM. Our results demonstrate that Camk2a-directed 208 TDP-43 CTF overexpression is sufficient to cause hippocampal pathology and neurodegeneration in vivo, suggesting an active role for TDP-43 CTFs in the pathogenesis of FTLD-TDP and related TDP-43 proteinopathies.

TDP-43 pathology is a disease hallmark that characterizes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD-TDP). Although a critical role for TDP-43 as an RNA-binding protein has emerged, the regulation of TDP-43 function is poorly understood. Here, we identify lysine acetylation as a novel post-translational modification controlling TDP-43 function and aggregation. We provide evidence that TDP-43 acetylation impairs RNA binding and promotes accumulation of insoluble, hyper-phosphorylated TDP-43 species that largely resemble pathological inclusions in ALS and FTLD-TDP. Moreover, biochemical and cell-based assays identify oxidative stress as a signalling cue that promotes acetylated TDP-43 aggregates that are readily engaged by the cellular defense machinery. Importantly, acetylated TDP-43 lesions are found in ALS patient spinal cord, indicating that aberrant TDP-43 acetylation and loss of RNA binding are linked to TDP-43 proteinopathy. Thus, modulating TDP-43 acetylation represents a plausible strategy to fine-tune TDP-43 activity, which could provide new therapeutic avenues for TDP-43 proteinopathies.

Pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum) is an important commercial species in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, with annual landings between 2300 and 4500 metric tonnes during the past decade. The adults are exploited by a trawl fishery in the Dry Tortugas region, while juveniles inhabit Florida Bay. The onshore–offshore ontogenetic migrations create many opportunities for disruption of cohorts. Potential linkage between the abundance of juveniles in nursery areas and of recruits to the fishery was examined by relating recruitment success to juvenile density spanning 123 months of data. The fitted recruitment success model predicts well the general trend in the ratio of recruitment to juvenile density. However, the full magnitude of the expected trends is not fully explained by the model, and environmental variables on recruitment may have a sizeable effect. However, the density dependence of recruitment to the fishery on juvenile density is significant. 2001 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

A wide variety of modelling approaches have been developed over the past few decades to provide quantitative advice to fishery managers about the potential consequences of proposed alternative management actions and to improve the design of fishery- management systems. This article surveys these approaches to identify the main differences among them in their application of decision theory, particularly in the methods used to account for uncertainty, and to identify model structures that need to be considered. Six interlinked model structures are identified: population dynamics, data collection, data analysis and stock assessment, setting harvest controls, the harvest decision process, and imperfect implementation. Their inclusion and design will depend on the institutional arrangements for fishery management. For example, some evaluations have included the last two structures to account for the flexibility of fishery managers in their making of annual harvest decisions and limitations on their ability to implement management policy precisely. Other evaluations have excluded them because they have evaluated “management procedures” whereby all participants would be bound to strictly follow a preset protocol for data collection, data analysis, and a harvest decision rule. In addition, this article identifies some trade-offs that are often made when modelling methods are formulated that can strongly affect model results and the advice given. Partly as a result of these trade-offs, analysts have recently been combining some of the originally divergent aspects of different modelling approaches. Examples of this include combining the use of Bayesian statistical methods with the use of alternative operating models (rather than only one) to account for both parameter and model uncertainty.