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1. Development of an automatic characterisation system for silicon detectors

Author

Thomas Bergauer, J. Hacker, R. Wedenig, and Manfred Krammer

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Silicon, business.industry, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, STRIPS, law.invention, Software, chemistry, Homogeneous, law, Fully automatic, business, Central database, Instrumentation, Computer hardware
Abstract

The CMS experiment will be equipped with the largest silicon tracker in the world. The tracker will consist of about 25,000 silicon sensors which will cover an area of more than 200 m 2 . Four quality test centres will carry out various checks on a representative sample of sensors to assure a homogeneous quality throughout the 2 1 2 years of production. One of these centres is based in Vienna. To cope with the large number of sensors a fast and fully automatic characterisation system has been realised. We developed the software in LabView and built a cost-efficient probe station in house by assembling individual components and commercial instruments. Both the global properties of a sensor and the characteristic quantities of the individual strips can be measured. The measured data are immediately analysed and sent to a central database. The mechanical and electrical set-up will be explained and results from CMS prototype sensors are presented.

Published
2002
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2. CVD diamond sensors for charged particle detection

Author

S. Han, S. Sala, Wolfgang Adam, P. D'Angelo, Harald Joerg Stelzer, H. Kagan, A. Brambilla, Fred Hartjes, E. Berdermann, Shaun Roe, R. Tesarek, B. Van Eijk, Robert Stone, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, Timothy Koeth, A. Logiudice, C. Colledani, Dominique Tromson, J. Conway, B. Suter, Lionel Rousseau, Marco Sampietro, Wolfram Dietrich Zeuner, Steve Schnetzer, A. Peitz, K. K. Gan, Giuseppe Bertuccio, F. Fizzotti, A. Rudge, F. Foulon, S. Pirollo, R. Wedenig, J.L. Riester, Manfred Krammer, Etienne Gheeraert, Mara Bruzzi, A. Deneuville, L. S. Pan, Dirk Meier, D. Husson, Franco Bogani, P. Weilhammer, J. Kaplon, M. Mishina, E. Borchi, Markus Friedl, M. Wetstein, R. Lu, P. Delpierre, D. Kania, R. J. Tapper, M. Procario, Christopher G. White, M. M. Zoeller, Ettore Vittone, Philippe Bergonzo, Josef Hrubec, Gregory David Hallewell, R. D. Kass, Silvio Sciortino, William Trischuk, A. M. Walsh, James Russ, A. Fallou, A. Oh, L. Perera, Luigi Moroni, M. Pernicka, W. Dulinski, L. MacLynne, and C. Manfredotti

Subjects
Materials science, Pixel, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Detector, CVD diamond detector, Radiation damage, pixel detectors, General Chemistry, STRIPS, Chemical vapor deposition, Fluence, Charged particle, Particle detector, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Optics, law, Materials Chemistry, Optoelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Radiation hardening
Abstract

CVD diamond material was used to build position-sensitive detectors for single-charged particles to be employed in high-intensity physics experiments. To obtain position information, metal contacts shaped as strips or pixels are applied to the detector surface for one- or two-dimensional coordinate measurement. Strip detectors 2×4 cm2 in size with a strip distance of 50 μm were tested. Pixel detectors of various pixel sizes were bump bonded to electronics chips and investigated. A key issue for the use of these sensors in high intensity experiments is the radiation hardness. Several irradiation experiments were carried out with pions, protons and neutrons exceeding a fluence of 1015 particles/cm2. The paper presents an overview of the results obtained with strip and pixel detectors in high-energy test beams and summarises the irradiation studies.

Published
2001
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3. Diamond pixel detectors

Author

C. Colledani, Manfred Krammer, Giuseppe Bertuccio, E. Borchi, D. Kania, R. J. Tapper, R. Tesarek, Josef Hrubec, Dirk Meier, Alain Deneuville, M. Procario, J. Conway, Robert Stone, Timothy Koeth, Wolfram Dietrich Zeuner, L. S. Pan, Philippe Bergonzo, P. D'Angelo, M. Mishina, B. Van Eijk, D. Husson, Etienne Gheeraert, Harald Joerg Stelzer, James Russ, A. Fallou, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, Dominique Tromson, B. Suter, S. Sala, A. Brambilla, Christopher G. White, R. L. Lander, Mara Bruzzi, C. Manfredotti, Luigi Moroni, F. Fizzotti, R. D. Kass, G.P. Grim, A. Logiudice, M. Pernicka, K. K. Gan, J.L. Riester, A. Rudge, Silvio Sciortino, F. Foulon, Markus Friedl, E. Berdermann, S. Pirollo, Marco Sampietro, B. Gobbi, J. Foster, Shaun Roe, Lionel Rousseau, R.J. Plano, Carsten Rott, Gregory David Hallewell, Alexander Oh, L. Mac Lynne, P A. Delpierre, Franco Bogani, William Trischuk, P. Weilhammer, M. M. Zoeller, R. Wedenig, Fred Hartjes, J. Doroshenko, J. Kaplon, R. Lu, Harris Kagan, Steve Schnetzer, S. Han, Wolfgang Adam, W. Dulinski, Ettore Vittone, L. Perera, and ATLAS (IHEF, IoP, FNWI)

Subjects
Physics, Radiation hardness, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Pixel, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, CVD DIAMOND, pixel detectors, Diamond, Chemical vapor deposition, Electron, engineering.material, Computer Science::Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science::Multimedia, engineering, Optoelectronics, business, Spectroscopy, Instrumentation, Radiation hardening
Abstract

Diamond based pixel detectors are a promising radiation-hard technology for use at the LHC. We present first results on a CMS diamond pixel sensor. With a threshold setting of 2000 electrons, an average pixel efficiency of 78% was obtained for normally incident minimum ionizing particles.

Published
2001

4. Micro-strip sensors based on CVD Diamond

Author

Marco Sampietro, K. K. Gan, J.L. Riester, Dominique Tromson, B. Van Eijk, A. Oh, P. D'Angelo, Gregory David Hallewell, J. Kaplon, L. S. Pan, D. Kania, R. J. Tapper, Timothy Koeth, Etienne Gheeraert, Wolfgang Adam, Josef Hrubec, L. Rousseau, Steve Schnetzer, F. Fizzotti, A. Logiudice, R. Tesarek, R. Wedenig, M. Wetstein, S. Pirollo, E. Berdermann, C. Colledani, C. Manfredotti, Fred Hartjes, J. Conway, D. Husson, Manfred Krammer, Silvio Sciortino, A. Deneuville, Wolfram Dietrich Zeuner, L. Mac Lynne, P A. Delpierre, Robert Stone, Giuseppe Bertuccio, B. Suter, A. Peitz, M. M. Zoeller, Harald Joerg Stelzer, Franco Bogani, P. Weilhammer, A. Brambilla, Shaun Roe, S. Sala, A. Rudge, F. Foulon, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, Ettore Vittone, Mara Bruzzi, E. Borchi, R. Lu, M. Procario, Philippe Bergonzo, James Russ, William Trischuk, A. Fallou, A. M. Walsh, Luigi Moroni, M. Pernicka, W. Dulinski, L. Perera, Dirk Meier, M. Mishina, Markus Friedl, R. D. Kass, Harris Kagan, S. Han, Christopher G. White, and ATLAS (IHEF, IoP, FNWI)

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, CVD DIAMOND, Radiation Detector, microstrip sensor, Proton, Diamond, Nanotechnology, Chemical vapor deposition, engineering.material, Particle detector, engineering, Irradiation, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Instrumentation, Radiation hardening, Beam (structure)
Abstract

In this article we present the performance of recent chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond micro-strip sensors in beam tests. In addition, we present the first comparison of a CVD diamond micro-strip sensor before and after proton irradiation.

Published
2000
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5. Tracking with CVD diamond radiation sensors at high luminosity colliders

Author

Steven Prawer, Franco Bogani, Shaun Roe, P. Weilhammer, Gregory David Hallewell, D. Kania, R. J. Tapper, Markus Friedl, C. Karl, Richard Hall-Wilton, M. Procario, E. Berdermann, V. Speziali, Josef Hrubec, A. Peitz, Christopher G. White, M. Pernicka, K. K. Gan, Steve Schnetzer, H. Kagan, Hans Ziock, Dirk Meier, R. Wedenig, Wolfgang Adam, S. Han, Fred Hartjes, Mara Bruzzi, A. Logiudice, J. DaGraca, P. Polesello, E. Grigoriev, Philippe Bergonzo, Claudio Manfredotti, J.L. Riester, A. Rudge, DG Roff, Silvio Sciortino, P.F. Manfredi, O. Runolfsson, F. Foulon, R. D. Kass, James Russ, A. Fallou, R. Marshall, M. Mishina, P A. Delpierre, S. Pirollo, R. Tesarek, F. Fizzotti, Ettore Vittone, Christian Bauer, E. Borchi, R.J. Plano, R. Lu, B. Van Eijk, Valerio Re, J. Conway, Robert Stone, William Trischuk, A. M. Walsh, M. Trawick, B. Suter, L. S. Pan, W. Dulinski, Gordon Thomson, Etienne Gheeraert, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, K. Pretzl, Alain Deneuville, A. Oh, C. Colledani, D. Husson, Manfred Krammer, Sunil Somalwar, David N. Jamieson, Harald Joerg Stelzer, A. Brambilla, M. M. Zoeller, K. T. Knoepfle, J. Kaplon, V.G. Palmieri, and ATLAS (IHEF, IoP, FNWI)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Chemical vapor deposition, Radiation, engineering.material, Particle detector, law.invention, law, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, CVD DIAMOND, Physics, Radiation Detector, Large Hadron Collider, Interaction point, business.industry, Diamond, Particle accelerator, CVD diamond detector, READOUT, Semiconductor detector, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, engineering, Optoelectronics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, business
Abstract

Recent progress on developing diamond-based sensors for vertex detection at high luminosity hadron colliders is described. Measurements of the performance of diamond sensors after irradiation to fluences of up to 5/spl times/10/sup 15/ hadrons/cm/sup 2/ are shown. These indicate that diamond sensors will operate at distances as close as 5 cm from the interaction point at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) for many years at full luminosity without significant degradation in performance. Measurements of the quality of the signals from diamond sensors as well as spatial uniformity are presented. Test beam results on measurements of diamond-based microstrip and pixels devices are described.

Published
1999
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6. Parameterisation of radiation effects on CVD diamond for proton irradiation

Author

R. Tesarek, L. S. Pan, J. Conway, P. Polesello, J. Kaplon, Wolfram Dietrich Zeuner, Christopher G. White, S. Pirollo, A. Logiudice, P.F. Manfredi, R. D. Kass, Ettore Vittone, Dirk Meier, Richard Hall-Wilton, C. Colledani, Gregory David Hallewell, C. Manfredotti, Markus Friedl, D. Kania, R. J. Tapper, O. Runolfsson, William Trischuk, Robert Stone, A. M. Walsh, C. Karl, Steve Schnetzer, A. Peitz, P A. Delpierre, Josef Hrubec, A. Rudge, A. P. Wagner, F. Hartjes, M. Trawick, W. Dulinski, Manfred Krammer, F. Fizzotti, Christian Bauer, B. Suter, V. Speziali, F. Foulon, Harris Kagan, S. Han, A. Oh, D. Husson, R. Wedenig, Etienne Gheeraert, Mara Bruzzi, R. Marshall, M. M. Zoeller, Hans-Joachim Ziock, V. G. Palmieri, DG Roff, Silvio Sciortino, Wolfgang Adam, Franco Bogani, P. Weilhammer, M. Mishina, J.L. Riester, A. Deneuville, Harald Joerg Stelzer, E. Grigoriev, Shaun Roe, A. Brambilla, Valerio Re, K. K. Gan, E. Berdermann, B. Van Eijk, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, K. Pretzl, E. Borchi, M. Procario, Philippe Bergonzo, James Russ, A. Fallou, M. Pernicka, R. Lu, K. T. Knöpfle, and ATLAS (IHEF, IoP, FNWI)

Subjects
Radiation hardness, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Radiation Detector, Materials science, Proton, business.industry, CVD diamond detector, Chemical vapor deposition, Radiation, CVD DIAMOND, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Particle detector, Surface coating, Radiation damage, Optoelectronics, Irradiation, Atomic physics, business, Radiation hardening
Abstract

The paper reviews measurements of the radiation hardness of CVD diamond for 24 GeV/c proton irradiation at fluences up to 5 ∗ 10 15 protons/cm 2 . The results not only show radiation damage but also an annealing effect that is dominant at levels around 10 15 protons/cm 2 . A model describing both effects is introduced, enabling a prediction of the distribution curve of the charge signal for other levels.

Published
1999

7. CVD diamond detectors for ionizing radiation

Author

Ettore Vittone, Alain Deneuville, Hans Ziock, A. Oh, Harris Kagan, S. Han, Dirk Meier, Gregory David Hallewell, Heinz Pernegger, L. S. Pan, R. Tesarek, M. Mishina, William Trischuk, A. M. Walsh, Silvio Sciortino, C. Karl, Markus Friedl, J. Conway, Robert Stone, Wolfgang Adam, R. Wedenig, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, Steve Schnetzer, V. Speziali, C. Colledani, Fred Hartjes, W. Dulinski, K. Pretzl, C. Manfredotti, Gordon Thomson, DG Roff, A. Logiudice, A. Rudge, F. Foulon, Manfred Krammer, P. Polesello, K. K. Gan, Richard Hall-Wilton, A. Peitz, J.L. Riester, F. Fizzotti, P.F. Manfredi, Shaun Roe, Christian Bauer, R. Lu, S. Pirollo, K. T. Knöpfle, R. Marshall, R. D. Kass, M. M. Zoeller, E. Grigoriev, D. Husson, Franco Bogani, P. Weilhammer, V.G. Palmieri, Harald Joerg Stelzer, J. Kaplon, E. Berdermann, A. Brambilla, Valerio Re, P A. Delpierre, Mara Bruzzi, M. Trawick, B. Van Eijk, Etienne Gheeraert, D. Kania, R. J. Tapper, Josef Hrubec, M. Pernicka, E. Borchi, Philippe Bergonzo, A. Fallou, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), RD42, and ATLAS (IHEF, IoP, FNWI)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 02 engineering and technology, Radiation, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Particle detector, Nuclear electronics, 0103 physical sciences, Irradiation, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Instrumentation, Radiation hardening, CVD DIAMOND, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Diamond, CVD diamond detector, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, READOUT, engineering, Optoelectronics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

In future HEP accelerators, such as the LHC (CERN), detectors and electronics in the vertex region of the experiments will suffer from extreme radiation. Thus radiation hardness is required for both detectors and electronics to survive in this harsh environment. CVD diamond, which is investigated by the RD42 Collaboration at CERN, can meet these requirements. Samples of up to 2×4 cm 2 have been grown and refined for better charge collection properties, which are measured with a β source or in a testbeam. A large number of diamond samples has been irradiated with hadrons to fluences of up to 5×10 15 cm −2 to study the effects of radiation. Both strip and pixel detectors were prepared in various geometries. Samples with strip metallization have been tested with both slow and fast readout electronics, and the first diamond pixel detector proved fully functional with LHC electronics.

Published
1999

8. RF transmission line for cryogenic applications

Author

R. Wedenig, Ch. Knoblauch, and T. O. Niinikoski

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, General Physics and Astronomy, Thermal conduction, Signal, Line (electrical engineering), Optics, Thermal conductivity, Transmission line, Attenuation coefficient, Heat transfer, Figure of merit, General Materials Science, business
Abstract

We have fabricated a miniature coaxial transmission line with characteristics suitable for cryogenic applications. The materials were chosen for reduced thermal conduction and improved high-frequency signal transmission, and for mechanical properties allowing easy connector assembly and forming into complicated cryogenic structures. Comparing with the best commercial line, made with stainless steel outer conductor of twice larger diameter, the heat conduction integral of our line at 100 K temperature is slightly lower, while the signal attenuation is reduced by an factor of 1.34. Defining the figure of merit as a product of the signal attenuation per unit length and the heat conduction integral, our line is superior to all commercial cryogenic lines above 80 K by a factor varying from 1 to more than 20, and allows much easier soldering and bending. Further improvements of the line are also briefly discussed.

Published
1998
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9. Assembly studies for silicon detector modules

Author

R. Wedenig

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Silicon, business.industry, Track (disk drive), Frame (networking), Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, Tracking (particle physics), law.invention, chemistry, law, Micrometer, Silicon detector, business, Instrumentation, Image resolution, Computer hardware
Abstract

The search for new phenomena in particle physics requires tracking detectors with very high accuracy. The precise mechanical implementation of the detector components will contribute significantly to the spatial resolution of the tracker and thus determine the track finding capability. The precise assembly of each single detector module is therefore an important requirement. Each of the 14 prototype detector modules we assembled consists of two silicon sensors with dimensions of 63×64 mm 2 , which are glued into a carbon fibre frame. For these modules, we developed special assembly and gluing procedures in order to achieve a positioning accuracy in the micrometer range.

Published
2002
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10. Radiation tolerance of CVD diamond detectors for pions and protons

Author

P. D'Angelo, R. Tesarek, J. Conway, Silvio Sciortino, C. Manfredotti, L. S. Pan, Wolfram Dietrich Zeuner, M. M. Zoeller, C. Colledani, K. K. Gan, J.L. Riester, H. Kagan, Manfred Krammer, A. Rudge, R. Wedenig, Franco Bogani, Gregory David Hallewell, Dominique Tromson, F. Foulon, Alain Deneuville, J. Kaplon, P. Weilhammer, A. Oh, Fred Hartjes, Shaun Roe, M. Wetstein, D. Husson, Lionel Rousseau, F. Fizzotti, Giuseppe Bertuccio, E. Berdermann, Wolfgang Adam, Steve Schnetzer, S. Pirollo, S. Sala, Timothy Koeth, S. Han, W. Dulinski, Robert Stone, A. Logiudice, Harald Joerg Stelzer, Etienne Gheeraert, B. Suter, A. Brambilla, D. Kania, R. J. Tapper, L. Perera, Josef Hrubec, Ettore Vittone, William Trischuk, A. M. Walsh, A. Peitz, B. Van Eijk, M. Procario, Philippe Bergonzo, James Russ, A. Fallou, Luigi Moroni, Marco Sampietro, M. Pernicka, E. Borchi, Dirk Meier, M. Mishina, Mara Bruzzi, L. Mac Lynne, P A. Delpierre, R. Lu, Christopher G. White, R. D. Kass, J. Noomen, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, and Markus Friedl

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, diamond, Radiation damage, charge signal distribution, Detector, Diamond, Charge (physics), Chemical vapor deposition, engineering.material, Signal, Nuclear physics, Pion, engineering, Irradiation, Atomic physics, Instrumentation
Abstract

The paper gives new results on the radiation tolerance of CVD diamond for irradiation with 300 MeV/c pions and 24 GeV/c protons. The measured charge signal spectrum is compared at several irradiation levels with the spectrum calculated by a model. Irradiation by particles causes damage leading to a decrease of the charge signal. However, both the measurements and the outcome from the model show that for tracker applications this drawback is at least partly counterbalanced by a narrowing of the distribution curve of the charge signal. As a result, the efficiency of a CVD diamond tracker is less affected by irradiation than the mean charge signal.

Published
2002

11. Performance of irradiated CVD diamond micro-strip sensors

Author

J. Kaplon, A. Logiudice, S. Sala, R. Wedenig, M. M. Zoeller, Fred Hartjes, L. Perera, D. Kania, Christopher G. White, M. Mishina, Robert Stone, Harris Kagan, R. J. Tapper, Alain Deneuville, F. Fizzotti, P. D'Angelo, S. Han, R. D. Kass, Lionel Rousseau, D. Husson, Josef Hrubec, W. Trischuk, B. Suter, C. Colledani, A. Oh, Etienne Gheeraert, Markus Friedl, Silvio Sciortino, W. Dulinski, E. Borchi, A. Peitz, Steve Schnetzer, Dominique Tromson, Manfred Krammer, K. K. Gan, Gregory David Hallewell, J.L. Riester, L. S. Pan, M. Procario, Shaun Roe, L. Mac Lynne, P A. Delpierre, R. Tesarek, Wolfgang Adam, J. Noomen, M. Wetstein, Philippe Bergonzo, Giuseppe Bertuccio, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, Sunil Somalwar, James Russ, A. Fallou, Dirk Meier, Franco Bogani, C. Manfredotti, P. Weilhammer, Ettore Vittone, S. Pirollo, R.J. Plano, Gordon Thomson, Luigi Moroni, A. M. Walsh, Timothy Koeth, J. Conway, M. Pernicka, Mara Bruzzi, R. Lu, Wolfram Dietrich Zeuner, A. Rudge, F. Foulon, E. Berdermann, Harald Joerg Stelzer, A. Brambilla, Marco Sampietro, B. Van Eijk, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), RD42, and ATLAS (IHEF, IoP, FNWI)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Chemical vapor deposition, engineering.material, radiation hardness, 01 natural sciences, Particle detector, 0103 physical sciences, Radiation damage, Irradiation, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Radiation hardening, CVD DIAMOND, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Diamond, charged particle tracking, CVD diamond detector, Charged particle, Surface coating, engineering, Optoelectronics, Atomic physics, business, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract

CVD diamond detectors are of interest for charged particle detection and tracking due to their high radiation tolerance. In this article, we present, for the first time, beam test results from recently manufactured CVD diamond strip detectors and their behavior under low doses of electrons from a β-source and the performance before and after intense (>10 15 /cm 2 ) proton- and pion-irradiations. We find that low dose irradiation increase the signal-to-noise ratio (pumping of the signal) and slightly deteriorate the spatial resolution. Intense irradiation with protons 2.2×10 15 p / cm 2 lowers the signal-to-noise ratio slightly. Intense irradiation with pions 2.9×10 15 π / cm 2 lowers the signal-to-noise ratio more. The spatial resolution of the diamond sensors improves after irradiations.

Published
2000

12. Pulse height distribution and radiation tolerance of CVD diamond detectors

Author

Wladyslaw Dabrowski, A. Logiudice, C. Colledani, R. D. Kass, Markus Friedl, Marco Sampietro, Jozsef Molnar, D. Kania, R. J. Tapper, L. S. Pan, Giuseppe Bertuccio, Robert Stone, András Fenyvesi, P. Delpierre, C. Karl, K. K. Gan, Josef Hrubec, E. Borchi, R. Wedenig, B. Van Eijk, J.L. Riester, A. Oh, A. Deneuville, Dominique Tromson, P. Polesello, Harald Joerg Stelzer, M. Procario, D. Sohler, A. Rudge, Philippe Bergonzo, F. Foulon, A. Peitz, J. Kaplon, B. Suter, M. Trawick, R. Lu, James Russ, A. Brambilla, A. Fallou, Mara Bruzzi, Wolfgang Adam, Shaun Roe, Etienne Gheeraert, Silvio Sciortino, Luigi Moroni, Lionel Rousseau, E. Berdermann, M. Pernicka, M. M. Zoeller, Claudio Manfredotti, R. Tesarek, Christopher G. White, Fred Hartjes, Harris Kagan, F. Fizzotti, S. Han, Dirk Meier, E. Grigoriev, P. D'Angelo, J. Conway, S. Pirollo, Wolfram Dietrich Zeuner, S. Sala, D. Husson, Steve Schnetzer, W. Dulinski, Manfred Krammer, Ettore Vittone, Gregory David Hallewell, William Trischuk, A. M. Walsh, Franco Bogani, P. Weilhammer, M. Mishina, ATLAS (IHEF, IoP, FNWI), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), de Jong S. Koffeman E., and RD42

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Proton, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Theory, Chemical vapor deposition, 01 natural sciences, Signal, Spectral line, Particle detector, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Nuclear magnetic resonance, 0103 physical sciences, Radiation damage, Neutron, Irradiation, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation, CVD DIAMOND, PROTON IRRADIATION, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, CVD diamond detector, Atomic physics
Abstract

The paper reviews measurements of the radiation tolerance of CVD diamond for irradiation with 24 GeV/c protons, 300 MeV/c pions and 1 MeV neutrons. For proton and neutron irradiation, the measured charge signal spectrum is compared with the spectrum calculated by a model. Irradiation by particles causes radiation damage leading to a decrease of the charge signal. However, both the measurements and the outcome from the model shows that for tracker applications this drawback is at least partly counterbalanced by a narrowing of the distribution curve of the charge signal. In addition, we observed after proton irradiation at the charge signal spectrum a decrease of the number of small signals. As a result, the efficiency of a CVD diamond tracker is less affected by irradiation than the mean charge signal. (11 refs).

Published
2000

13. Superconducting NbN microstrip detectors

Author

T. O. Niinikoski, L. Costa, Riku Linna, I. Suni, Martti Valtonen, Jorma Salmi, P. Berglund, J. Kyynäräinen, R. Wedenig, and H. Seppa

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, business.industry, Isolator, Biasing, STRIPS, Microstrip, law.invention, law, Transmission line, Optoelectronics, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, business, Instrumentation, Stripline, Microwave, Electronic circuit
Abstract

Superconducting NbN strip transmission line counters and coupling circuits were processed on silicon wafers using thin-film techniques, and they were characterized with several methods to verify the design principles. The stripline circuits, designed using microwave design rules, were simulated using a circuit design tool enhanced to include modelling of the superconducting lines. The strips, etched out of the 282 nm thick top NbN film with resistivity 284 μΩ cm at 20 K, have critical temperatures in the range 12–13 K and a critical current density approximately Jc(0)=3.3×105 A/cm2. The linearized heat transfer coefficient between the strip and the substrate is approximately 1.1×105 W/m2 K and the healing length is about 1.6 μm between 3 and 5 K temperatures. Traversing 5 MeV α-particles caused the strips to quench. No events due to electrons could be detected in agreement with the predicted signal amplitude which is below the noise threshold of our wideband circuitry. The strip bias current and hence the signal amplitude were limited due to a microbridge at the isolator step of the impedance transformer.

Published
1999

14. The first bump-bonded pixel detectors on CVD diamond

Author

Valerio Re, A. Wagner, D. Fasching, E. Berdermann, P.K. Sinervo, Philippe Bergonzo, Steve Schnetzer, A. Fallou, S. Pirollo, Manfred Krammer, J. Steuerer, M. M. Zoeller, Robert Stone, J. Kaplon, L. S. Pan, J. Richardson, P. Delpierre, M. Trawick, W. Dulinski, M. Mishina, C. Colledani, A. Joshi, G. Zizka, E. Charles, R. D. Kass, Etienne Gheeraert, Harris Kagan, D. Husson, K. Dao, F. Fizzotti, Christian Bauer, Hans-Joachim Ziock, K. K. Gan, J.L. Riester, S. Kleinfelder, S. Han, Murdock Gilchriese, A. Oh, Shaun Roe, E. Grigoriev, Franco Bogani, P. Weilhammer, Ettore Vittone, E. Borchi, Gregory David Hallewell, A. M. Walsh, A. Deneuville, V.G. Palmieri, A. Rudge, R. Marshall, F. Foulon, Mara Bruzzi, M. Pernicka, William Trischuk, R. Tesarek, Kevin Einsweiler, Harald Joerg Stelzer, J. Conway, Dirk Meier, A. Brambilla, Silvio Sciortino, Wolfram Dietrich Zeuner, D. Kania, R. J. Tapper, R. Wedenig, Fred Hartjes, C. Karl, DG Roff, Richard Hall-Wilton, A. Peitz, N. Palaio, Josef Hrubec, P. Polesello, Claudio Manfredotti, O. Milgrome, P.F. Manfredi, Markus Friedl, Renato Turchetta, V. Speziali, Wolfgang Adam, R. Lu, B. Van Eijk, A. Logiudice, Alessandra Ciocio, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, and K. Pretzl

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, CVD DIAMOND, CVD diamond detector, RADIATION DETECTORS, Pixel, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Diamond, engineering.material, Particle detector, law.invention, Telescope, Surface coating, Optics, law, Nuclear electronics, engineering, Optoelectronics, business, Instrumentation, Radiation hardening
Abstract

Diamond is a nearly ideal material for detecting ionising radiation. Its outstanding radiation hardness, fast charge collection and low leakage current allow it to be used in high radiation environments. These characteristics make diamond sensors particularly appealing for use in the next generation of pixel detectors. Over the last year, the RD42 collaboration has worked with several groups that have developed pixel readout electronics in order to optimise diamond sensors for bump-bonding. This effort resulted in an operational diamond pixel sensor that was tested in a pion beam. We demonstrate that greater than 98% of the channels were successfully bump-bonded and functioning. The device shows good overall hit efficiency as well as clear spatial hit correlation to tracks measured in a silicon reference telescope. A position resolution of 14.8 μm was observed, consistent with expectations given the detector pitch.

Published
1999

15. CVD diamond pixel detectors for LHC experiments

Author

R. Wedenig, W. Adam, C. Bauer, E. Berdermann, P. Bergonzo, F. Bogani, E. Borchi, A. Brambilla, M. Bruzzi, C. Colledani, J. Conway, W. Dabrowski, P. Delpierre, A. Deneuville, W. Dulinski, B. van Eijk, A. Fallou, F. Fizzotti, F. Foulon, M. Friedl, K.K. Gan, E. Gheeraert, E. Grigoriev, G. Hallewell, R. Hall-Wilton, S. Han, F. Hartjes, J. Hrubec, D. Husson, H. Kagan, D. Kania, J. Kaplon, C. Karl, R. Kass, K.T. Knöpfle, M. Krammer, A. Logiudice, R. Lu, P.F. Manfredi, C. Manfredotti, R.D. Marshall, D. Meier, M. Mishina, A. Oh, L.S. Pan, V.G. Palmieri, M. Pernicka, A. Peitz, S. Pirollo, P. Polesello, K. Pretzl, M. Procario, V. Re, J.L. Riester, S. Roe, D. Roff, A. Rudge, O. Runolfsson, J. Russ, S. Schnetzer, S. Sciortino, V. Speziali, H. Stelzer, R. Stone, B. Suter, R.J. Tapper, R. Tesarek, M. Trawick, W. Trischuk, E. Vittone, A. Wagner, A.M. Walsh, P. Weilhammer, C. White, W. Zeuner, H. Ziock, M. Zoeller, L. Blanquart, P. Breugnion, E. Charles, A. Ciocio, J.C. Clemens, K. Dao, K. Einsweiler, D. Fasching, P. Fischer, A. Joshi, M. Keil, V. Klasen, S. Kleinfelder, D. Laugier, S. Meuser, O. Milgrome, T. Mouthuy, J. Richardson, P. Sinervo, J. Treis, N. Wermes, ATLAS (IHEF, IoP, FNWI), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), RD42, and Damoiseaux, Magali

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Chemical vapor deposition, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Particle detector, pixel detectors, Computer Science::Multimedia, 0103 physical sciences, Electronic engineering, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, CVD DIAMOND, Radiation Detector, Large Hadron Collider, Pixel, CVD diamond detector, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Diamond, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Surface coating, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Computer Science::Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, engineering, Measuring instrument, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Optoelectronics, business
Abstract

This paper reviews the development of CVD diamond pixel detectors. The preparation of the diamond pixel sensors for bump-bonding to the pixel readout electronics for the LHC and the results from beam tests carried out at CERN are described.

Published
1999

16. Review of the development of diamond radiation sensors

Author

Shaun Roe, K. K. Gan, C. Karl, Alain Deneuville, J.L. Riester, Steve Schnetzer, P.F. Manfredi, Hans Ziock, A. Rudge, Wolfgang Adam, A. Oh, Harris Kagan, R. Tesarek, Harald Joerg Stelzer, E. Berdermann, F. Foulon, V.G. Palmieri, S. Pirollo, S. Han, M. Trawick, Dirk Meier, Gregory David Hallewell, J. Conway, B. Van Eijk, D. Kania, R. J. Tapper, A. Brambilla, D. Husson, V. Speziali, P A. Delpierre, M. Mishina, P. Polesello, Robert Stone, Franco Bogani, E. Grigoriev, Etienne Gheeraert, Markus Friedl, Valerio Re, C. Colledani, P. Weilhammer, Silvio Sciortino, C. Manfredotti, M. M. Zoeller, Josef Hrubec, Manfred Krammer, A. Logiudice, Gordon Thomson, W. Trischuk, Philippe Bergonzo, J. Kaplon, Mara Bruzzi, L. S. Pan, R. Marshall, A. Fallou, Ettore Vittone, E. Borchi, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, K. Pretzl, R. Lu, K. T. Knöpfle, A. M. Walsh, M. Pernicka, F. Fizzotti, W. Dulinski, Christian Bauer, Richard Hall-Wilton, A. Peitz, R. Wedenig, Fred Hartjes, DG Roff, R. D. Kass, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and RD42

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 02 engineering and technology, Chemical vapor deposition, Radiation, engineering.material, Tracking (particle physics), 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Instrumentation, Image resolution, Radiation hardening, 010302 applied physics, Physics, business.industry, Detector, Diamond, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Surface coating, engineering, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

Diamond radiation sensors produced by chemical vapour deposition are studied for the application as tracking detectors in high luminosity experiments. Sensors with a charge collection distance up to 250 μm have been manufactured. Their radiation hardness has been studied with pions, proton and neutrons up to fluences of 1.9×10 15 π cm −2 , 5×10 15 p cm −2 and 1.35×10 15 n cm −2 , respectively. Diamond micro-strip detectors with 50 μm pitch have been exposed in a high-energy test beam in order to investigate their charge collection properties. The measured spatial resolution using a centre-of-gravity position finding algorithm corresponds to the digital resolution for this strip pitch. First results from a strip tracker with a 2×4 cm 2 surface area are reported as well as the performance of a diamond tracker read out by radiation-hard electronics with 25 ns shaping time. Diamond pixel sensors have been prepared to match the geometries of the recently available read-out chip prototypes for ATLAS and CMS. Beam test results are shown from a diamond detector bump-bonded to an ATLAS prototype read-out. They demonstrate a 98% bump-bonding efficiency and a digital resolution in both dimensions.

Published
1998

17. Editorial

Author

M Jeitler, M Krammer, G Neuhofer, M Regler, and R Wedenig

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Instrumentation
Published
2002
Full Text
View/download PDF

18. Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001

Author

R. Wedenig, M. Jeitler, M. Krammer, M. Regler, and G. Neuhofer

Subjects
Ninth, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Wire chamber, Art history, Instrumentation (computer programming), Instrumentation, Engineering physics
Published
2002
Full Text
View/download PDF

19. Recent results with CVD diamond trackers

Author

W. Adam, C. Bauer, E. Berdermann, P. Bergonzo, F. Bogani, E. Borchi, A. Brambilla, M. Bruzzi, C. Colledani, J. Conway, W. Dabrowski, P. Delpierre, A. Deneuville, W. Dulinski, B. van Eijk, A. Fallou, F. Fizzotti, F. Foulon, M. Friedl, K.K. Gan, E. Gheeraert, E. Grigoriev, G. Hallewell, R. Hall-Wilton, S. Han, F. Hartjes, J. Hrubec, D. Husson, H. Kagan, D. Kania, J. Kaplon, C. Karl, R. Kass, K.T. Knöpfle, M. Krammer, A. Logiudice, R. Lu, P.F. Manfredi, C. Manfredotti, R.D. Marshall, D. Meier, M. Mishina, A. Oh, L.S. Pan, V.G. Palmieri, M. Pernicka, A. Peitz, S. Pirollo, P. Polesello, K. Pretzl, M. Procario, V. Re, J.L. Riester, S. Roe, D. Roff, A. Rudge, O. Runolfsson, J. Russ, S. Schnetzer, S. Sciortino, V. Speziali, H. Stelzer, R. Stone, B. Suter, R.J. Tapper, R. Tesarek, M. Trawick, W. Trischuk, E. Vittone, A.M. Walsh, R. Wedenig, P. Weilhammer, C. White, H. Ziock, M. Zoeller, and ATLAS (IHEF, IoP, FNWI)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Radiation Detector, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Diamond, Nanotechnology, Chemical vapor deposition, CVD diamond detector, engineering.material, READOUT, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Particle detector, Charged particle, Surface coating, CVD DIAMOND, Measuring instrument, engineering, Optoelectronics, business, Image resolution
Abstract

We present recent results on the use of Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) diamond microstrip detectors for charged particle tracking. A series of detectors was fabricated using 1 x 1 cm 2 diamonds. Good signal-to-noise ratios were observed using both slow and fast readout electronics. For slow readout electronics, 2 μs shaping time, the most probable signal-to-noise ratio was 50 to 1. For fast readout electronics, 25 ns peaking time, the most probable signal-to-noise ratio was 7 to 1. Using the first 2 x 4 cm 2 diamond from a production CVD reactor with slow readout electronics, the most probable signal-to-noise ratio was 23 to 1. The spatial resolution achieved for the detectors was consistent with the digital resolution expected from the detector pitch.

20. Proton irradiation of CVD diamond detectors for high-luminosity experiments at the LHC

Author

Renato Turchetta, V. Speziali, R. J. Tapper, F. Le Normand, Josef Hrubec, S. Pirollo, K. K. Gan, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, J.L. Riester, C. Colledani, K. Pretzl, Philippe Bergonzo, Manfred Krammer, Robert Stone, E. Grigoriev, Markus Friedl, A. Fallou, Wolfgang Adam, Gordon Thomson, M. Pernicka, P.F. Manfredi, Harris Kagan, Gregory David Hallewell, S. Han, D. Husson, Heinz Pernegger, Silvio Sciortino, D. R. Kania, Dirk Meier, Hans-Joachim Ziock, M. Mishina, E. Borchi, K. T. Knöpfle, R. D. Kass, L. S. Pan, R. Wedenig, Christian Bauer, Alain Deneuville, Fred Hartjes, Franco Bogani, M. M. Zoeller, M. Trawick, P A. Delpierre, DG Roff, J. Kaplon, P. Weilhammer, Richard Hall-Wilton, A. Peitz, R. Tesarek, V.G. Palmieri, Etienne Gheeraert, Steve Schnetzer, C. Jany, J. Conway, Mara Bruzzi, R. Marshall, A. Rudge, F. Foulon, William Trischuk, A. M. Walsh, W. Dulinski, Shaun Roe, Harald Joerg Stelzer, Valerio Re, E. Berdermann, B. Van Eijk, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), RD42, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), and ATLAS (IHEF, IoP, FNWI)

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Proton, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Diamond, Chemical vapor deposition, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Particle detector, Nuclear physics, Surface coating, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, engineering, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Irradiation, Electric current, Atomic physics, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation
Abstract

CVD diamond shows promising properties for use as a position sensitive detector for experiments in the highest radiation areas at the Large Hadron Collider. In order to study the radiation hardn ess of diamond we exposed CVD diamond detector samples to 24~GeV/$c$ and 500~MeV protons up to a fluence of $5\times 10^{15}~p/{\rm cm^2}$. We measured the charge collection distance, the ave rage distance electron hole pairs move apart in an external electric field, and leakage currents before, during, and after irradiation. The charge collection distance remains unchanged up to $1\ times 10^{15}~p/{\rm cm^2}$ and decreases by $\approx$40~\% at $5\times 10^{15}~p/{\rm cm^2}$. Leakage currents of diamond samples were below 1~pA before and after irradiation. The particle indu ced currents during irradiation correlate well with the proton flux. In contrast to diamond, a silicon diode, which was irradiated for comparison, shows the known large increase in leakage curren t. We conclude that CVD diamond detectors are radiation hard to 24~GeV/$c$ and 500~MeV protons up to at least $1\times 10^{15}~p/{\rm cm^2}$ without signal loss.

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