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Summary Introduction Squamous cell carcinoma arising on the auricle is believed to metastasise to the regional lymph nodes more frequently than comparable tumours at other sites. Metastatic spread of these tumours is associated with a poor outcome but there is no clear consensus of opinion on how to identify patients at risk of metastatic spread and treat them. Materials and methods A systematic review database search of Medline and Embase was conducted with cross referencing of articles. Results The metastatic rate is 11.2% with spread to the parotid and upper deep cervical chain most common. Eighty-five per cent of metastases develop within 12 months and 98% within 24 months, although follow up was limited to 12 to 36 months in most cases. Death occurs in 6.2% of cases (about half of the patients who develop metastases) usually due to failure of loco-regional control. Depth of invasion, tumour size, degree of cellular differentiation and incomplete primary excision margins may be useful in identifying lesions most at risk of metastasising but there is insufficient evidence at present to allow targeted neck dissections.

A network of 15 northern hemisphere radars has been used to measure horizontal winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere during the PSMOS campaign of Summer 1999. The radars are sited at latitudes ranging from 21°N to 75°N and longitudes from 142°E to 157°W. The data were examined to investigate the Northern Hemisphere structure of the quasi-2-day planetary wave during the interval June–August. The amplitude of the 2-day wave was found to exhibit great day-to-day variability. In particular, significant periodic fluctuations in amplitude occurred with periods of 8–10 and 14–17 days. These modulations were strongest in July and largely absent in June and August. In July, the wave activity can be resolved into three westward-propagating waves with zonal wave numbers of 2, 3 and 4. The periods associated with these wave numbers were 53–56, 48–50 and 42– 43 h , respectively. The simultaneous presence of at least two spectral components with periods close to each other may serve to explain the observed amplitude modulations as a result of a beating between different spectral components. An earlier analysis of the planetary-wave field during this interval has revealed a westward propagating ∼16-day wave with zonal wave number 1 (Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 64 (2002b) 1865–1896). A non-linear interaction between this ∼16-day planetary wave and the (3,0) Rossby-gravity mode (the 2-day-wave) provides a possible mechanism to generate the above ∼42 h /wavenumber 4 wave and the ∼55 h /wavenumber 2 waves as sum and difference secondary waves. A bispectral analysis was used to further investigate non-linear interactions between members of the planetary-wave field and suggested a number of interactions occur within the planetary-wave field, but that some of the interactions also involve the non-migrating diurnal tide with zonal wavenumber 6.

Long period variations in the mesosphere wind have been observed for some time by ground-based radars. These planetary scale disturbances have reoccurring periods at or near 5–7, 10, and 16 days and at times dominate the wind field at mesospheric heights. Recently, due to the continuous operation of several of the MLT radars and the availability of measurements from the UARS satellite, it has been possible to compare observations during periods of large planetary wave activity. Wind measurements from four MLT radars; the meteor radars at Durham, NH (43°N,71°W) and Sheffield, UK (53°N,2°W) and MF radars at Urbana, IL (40°N,88°W) and Saskatoon, Canada (52°N,107°W) were compared with the HRDI measurements during intervals when 7-d planetary waves were present. Wind data from the HRDI instrument on UARS has been processed to show the latitudinal structure and the seasonal variation of the planetary scale wind variation. The phases and amplitudes of the waves as determined by both the satellite and the radars are in good agreement. The ground-based measurements show large modulation of tides by these long period components, and also show comparable responses of these low frequency components over thousands of kilometers. The satellite and the ground-based results both indicate a preponderance of wave occurrence during the equinoxes and at preferred latitudes.

Observations of mean winds and semidiurnal and diurnal tides in the mesosphere/lower-thermosphere (MLT) region were made during the 3-month Planetary-Scale Mesopause Observing System Summer 1999 campaign. Data from 22 ground-based radars (and from two other instruments with measurements for the same period but in 1998) allow us to investigate the ability of the GSWM-00 to simulate the solar tides in the mesopause region (90-95 km). Here we have found that the GSWM-00 provides an increasingly reasonable estimate of most of the tidal characteristics in the MLT region. However, the representation of the 24 h tide appears superior to that of the 12 h tide. Some of these discrepancies are studied in detail. In particular, the observations reveal significant 12 h tidal amplitudes at high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere summer. There is evidence for relation between the longitudinal variability of the mean zonal wind and the tidal characteristics seen from the radar wind measurements in the summer middle latitudes and a quasi-stationary planetary wave with zonal wave number one.

Two common volume experiments were conducted in August 1996 and July 1997 between the Durham meteor wind radar (43.1°N, 70.9°W) and the Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar, (42.6°N, 71.5°W) to compare the techniques in measuring neutral winds at an altitude of 100 km. For this comparison the vertical winds are assumed to be zero and only the horizontal components of the radar line of sight velocities are used. Analysis of the data reveals overall general agreement, but some large deviations in the wind components are observed at specific times and these are examined closely. Error analysis of the radar measurements is presented here, and emphasis is placed on the careful delineation of the effect of spatial variations in the wind field observed by the two radars. Since the spatial resolution of both radars is

The Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar (42.6°N, 71.5°W) and the nearby Durham meteor wind radar (43.1°N, 70.9°W) have been used to study the structure of the winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere and to investigate the propagation of tidal components from the mesosphere into the lower thermosphere. In general, good agreement is found between the tidal wind amplitudes and phases determined by the two radars, but occasionally, some discontinuities have been observed in the vertical structure of the tidal components in the 90–110 km region. In order to validate the accuracy of the two techniques and the methodologies used in determining neutral winds, two common-volume experiments were conducted in 1996 and 1997 in which the two radar beams were overlayed at an altitude of 100 km. The horizontal components of the measured radar line-of-sight velocities during day-time periods were then compared at the overlapping altitudes of 95–100 km. Night-time measurements were also made using a Fabry–Perot Interferometer co-located with the radar at Millstone Hill which observed the Doppler shift of the atomic oxygen green line emission in the mesosphere. Good overall agreement is found between the instruments within the statistical uncertainties of the measurement techniques, although some differences have been found that are explained by consideration of the data statistics, the exact overlap of common volume within the different beam sizes, and the presence of altitude gradients and small scale irregularities in the sampled volumes of the atmosphere.

A multi-instrument global campaign involving incoherent scatter, medium frequency, and meteor wind radars was conducted during the period of January 20–30, 1993, to study the dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Data obtained from 15 radar stations covering a wide latitude range have been used to determine the global distribution of planetary and tidal waves during this 10-day campaign. Spectral analysis of the neutral winds measured by the radars in the altitude range from 80 to 130 km indicates the existence of a strong 48-hour wave near 90 km at latitudes between 40°N and 40°S that is present up to 108 km at 18°N. The semidiurnal tide is large at middle and high latitudes near 90 km and is predominant above 110 km, while the diurnal tide is observed to be particularly important in the upper mesosphere near 40° latitude. A least squares fit to the radar data is performed to obtain the amplitudes and phases of the tidal and 48-hour waves. Comparison with National Center for Atmospheric Research thermosphere-ionosphere-mesosphere general circulation model shows that the predictions from the model agree reasonably well with the observed global morphology of tidal wave amplitudes.

Spectral components exist in the measured winds whose presence is not easily explained through known production mechanisms. Since the atmosphere is non-linear it is likely that non-linear interactions between tides and planetary waves will result in modulation of the tides with the associated production of new spectral components, possibly at the sum and/or difference frequency of the original components. This process has been suggested in the literature and spectral analysis of mesosphere winds has produced spectral components with this sum and difference relation. In an effort to show that these spectral components have properties that are consistent with this non-linear production process, meteor winds measured with the UNH Meteor radar at Durham (71 °W, 43 °N) were subjected to bispectral analysis. Results which involve interactions between tidal components only are expected and easily explained. However, other results are surprising and it is shown that some interactions that are known to occur do not show up in the analysis.

The CEDAR storm study is a cooperative effort to study specific storm intervals with particularly good data coverage. The aim is to involve interested scientists with F-region/thermosphere data or modelling capabilities in coordinated efforts to understand the coupled upper atmosphere regions at different heights and on a global scale. The major storms studied to date occurred in March 1990, June 1991, November 1993, and May 1995. In this paper the objectives and organization of the CEDAR Storm Study are described, and results from several recent projects are reported. These include attempts at a global description of high latitude ion convection related to magnetosphere changes, Joule and particle heating, neutral winds, temperatures, and composition; plasmaspheric irregularity imaging; ionospheric model validation; the relationship between SAR arcs, subauroral ion drift (SAID) events, and the ionospheric trough; high latitude patches and blobs; ionospheric storm effects observed by radio and optical tomographic techniques; upper thermosphere neutral winds at high and middle latitudes; and effects of energy transfer into the lower thermosphere and mesosphere on neutral winds.

We attempt to find the northern hemisphere zonal wavenumber for a striking quasi-2-day wave “event” or “burst” observed near 90 km altitude in the summer of 1992. A unique set of data on the upper atmosphere from nine radar sites is analysed (spacings ∼400– ∼ 12,000 km), and compared with expectations from models. The 2-day wave phase comparison, which finds zonal wavenumber m = 4, is conclusive. Determination of n, which defines the meridional wave amplitude structure, is not attempted, as the sites here have only a small latitude spread (21°N to 55°N). Also the amplitude seems to be unstable showing some sort of modulation which is not simultaneous at all sites. Finally, the radars have not been “calibrated” against each other in terms of wind speed. This calibration would have to be done before small differences in wave amplitude could be believed. A similar event in 1991 for which fewer sites are available is also discussed. Here the choice between m = 3 and 4 is not as clear.

The HWM90 thermospheric wind model has been revised in the lower thermosphere and extended into the mesosphere, stratosphere and lower atmosphere to provide a single analytic model for calculating zonal and meridional wind profiles representative of the climatological average for various geophysical conditions. Gradient winds from CIRA-86 plus rocket soundings, incoherent scatter radar, MF radar, and meteor radar provide the data base and are supplemented by previous data driven model summaries. Low-order spherical harmonics and Fourier series are used to describe the major variations throughout the atmosphere including latitude, annual, semiannual, local time (tides), and longitude (stationary wave 1), with a cubic spline interpolation in altitude. The model represents a smoothed compromise between the original data sources. Although agreement between various data sources is generally good, some systematic differences are noted, particularly near the mesopause. Overall root mean square differences between dar.a and model values are on the order of 15 m/s in the mesosphere and 10 m/s in the stratosphere for zonal winds, and 10 m/s and 5 m/s respectively for meridional winds.

In response to a geomagnetic storm alert in early June 1991, the incoherent scatter radar at Millstone Hill and the meteor wind radar at nearby Durham, both located at 43°N, 71°W, were activated to observe the effects of the storm on the earth's mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The storm is characterized by Kp indices of 6–8 during the first three days of observations which spanned June 11–14. Winds as large as 120–150 m/s in the zonal component and 100 m/s in the meridional component were measured at 109–115 km altitude, and the maximum zonal wind component on the most disturbed day was roughly twice as large as that observed during relatively more quiet geomagnetic conditions in June 1989. The semidiurnal tidal structure that generally characterizes this region of the upper atmosphere appears to be preserved while the amplitudes are greatly enhanced. The observed winds in the mesophere do not reveal a reaction to the geomagnetic storm, and when combined with the incoherent scatter radar data, show excellent continuity with altitude. The large winds observed at 105–120 km contrast with predictions from general circulation models of the thermosphere.

Co-ordinated ground-based radar measurements carried out during the 15 January–15 March 1990 DYANA campaign at 14 different geographical sites have provided a good opportunity to investigate the characteristics of semi-diurnal tidal variations in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere over a wide spectrum of space/time scales. It is pointed out that significant differences of monthly mean tidal parameters observed at the various sites may be explained by latitudinal and longitudinal effects. Well-defined 2–3-week oscillations of the tidal parameters are found to be typical of all observational sites. Their estimated space scales do not contradict the hypothesis about a possible coupling between these oscillations and the low wave-number processes in the stratosphere. Tidal parameter oscillations with 2–5-day periods may be explained to be effects of the nonstationary processes with longitudinal wave numbers S > 3.

Observations of the atmospheric neutral winds in the altitude region between 80 and 130 km have been made at 43°N during the Lower Thermosphere Coupling Study campaigns, using the incoherent scatter radar at Millstone Hill and the meteor wind radar at Durham. The observations, covering three multi-day campaigns in September 1987, December 1988 and February 1990, have been used to deduce the characteristics of the semidiurnal tide, which show a general consistency with altitude as measured by the two techniques. Comparisons are made with current numerical model predictions, and while there is general overall agreement between the measurements and the model, the observations reveal a larger variation amongst the data sets than predicted by the model. Such variation is also inherent in the mesospheric tidal winds observed by other mesosphere-lower thermosphere radars at middle latitudes, with which the Millstone Hill observations are compared.

Measurements of the pseudo 2-day wave have been made at many of the mesosphere-lower-thermosphere radars. Comparisons are made here between measurements taken at Saskatoon MF radar (52°N, 107°W) and two meteor radars, one at Christmas Island (2°N, 157°W) and the other at Durham (43°N, 71°W). Although results averaged for 10 days or longer agree with previous measurements (i.e. larger amplitudes and more phase stability in late summer), when the wave is analyzed over 2–4 days as a 48 h component, interesting phase properties emerge and the wave is seen over more of the year. The wave is amplitude and phase modulated, making the interpretation of results obtained over long time frames (20 days or more) difficult. There is strong evidence of solar influence on the 2-day wave.

The influence of geomagnetic storms on the wind field of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere was investigated by means of ground-based observations with two MF radars, four meteor radars and two LF wind profilers in middle and high latitudes of the northern hemisphere. As the wind field in the height range between about 70 and 110 km is markedly controlled by internal atmospheric processes (e.g. stratospheric warming events, seasonal transitions, atmospheric waves), the individual geomagnetic effects were often masked by such atmospheric variations. Superposed-epoch analyses demonstrate that there were enhanced westward directed winds at middle latitudes and an eastward directed component at higher latitudes (Saskatoon, Canada), whereas the effects in the meridional component as well as in the amplitudes of the tidal waves were markedly smaller.

A set of tabulated functions called ‘Hough Mode Extensions’ (HMEs), which represent numerical extensions of classical Hough modes into the viscous regime of the thermosphere, are used to least-squares fit a climatological data base of tidal measurements. The data base consists of monthly average vertical profiles of semidiurnal amplitudes and phases at 17 radar sites accessing some part of the 80–150 km height region. The radars are distributed between 78 S and 70 N latitude, and each one provides measurements of one or more of the following: eastward wind, southward wind, perturbation temperature. As a result of the fitting process, a single complex normalizing coefficient is derived for each month and for each of the four HMEs, designated (2,2), (2,3), (2,4) and (2,5) after their classical Hough function designations. Once the complex coefficients are derived, reconstruction by weighted superposition of the HMEs results in globally continuous specifications of semidiurnal horizontal and vertical wind, temperature, pressure, and density throughout the 80–150 km height region. The tidal variations in density, in particular, provide greater accuracy for several aerospace applications. The methodology developed here can also be utilized to derive tidal lower boundary conditions for Thermospheric General Circulation Models (TGCMs), or as a basis for future empirical model development. Comparisons are also made with HME coefficients and global tidal fields from the Forbes and Vial [(1989) J. atmos. terr. Phys. 51 , 649] numerical tidal model.

Three types of radars have demonstrated, during the 1980's, the capibility of measuring winds with useful resolution (2–3 km in the vertical, sampling rates, 1–12 hr−1): medium frequency (MF) using the spaced antenna method, LF systems using similar techniques, and meteor radars, some associated with S.T. radars. The techniques used, assumptions and examples of winds data are shown for each major type of system. The MLT network is now active in the WITS/ CEDAR and STEP (1990–1995) programs, for the latter the project is called MLTCS ( M esosphere, L ower T hermosphere C oupling S tudy). It involves climatologies of mean winds, tides and planetary waves, interactions between these waves, and solar, magnetospheric influences. Some examples of these data are shown.

Malignant cutaneous tumors of the auricle are known to have a high rate of spread to the regional lymph nodes, and, for this reason, removal of the lymph nodes, for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, is often required. Recent experience with sentinel node biopsy in cutaneous tumors of the head and neck has questioned the traditional lymphatic pathways and prompted a new study. Lymphatic pathways from the auricle were demonstrated by India ink injection of five auricles in three cadavers followed by block dissection and Spalteholz clearing of en bloc specimens. Lymphatics descend adjacent to the mastoid bone periosteum and lie deep to the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. There are five different locations for sentinel nodes: superficial parotid, anterior mastoid, infra-auricular parotid, deep to sternocleidomastoid, and lateral mastoid. Two of these nodal locations (anterior and lateral mastoid) may be bypassed by anastomotic pathways. We conclude that, first, echelon lymph nodes lie in five different sites, some bypassed by anastomotic lymphatics. Lymphatics from the ear lie close to the mastoid bone and pass deep to the insertion of sternocleidomastoid where they may be difficult to follow. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for cutaneous tumors of the auricle is possible, but the presence of skip metastases should be considered. Clin. Anat. 23:792–797, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Winds and tides were measured by nine MLT (mesosphere, lower thermosphere) radars with locations between 70°N and 78°S, including an equatorial station at Christmas Island, 2°N (Avery et al., 1990). The mean winds were eastward (westward) in the northern (southern) hemisphere mesosphere, consistent with midwinter circulations. For the 12-hour (semidiurnal) tide, observations and the model of Forbes and Vial (1989) were in generally good agreement: in both cases northward components were closer to being in phase in the two hemispheres, and winter wavelengths were shorter than those of the mid-latitude summer. Major differences were large (small) amplitudes at 70°N for model (observations); and poor agreement of equatorial tidal profiles. For the 24-hour (diurnal tide), the radar observations and model of Forbes and Hagan (1988) were in useful agreement in the summer hemisphere. However, the short (long) wavelengths at mid (high) latitudes of the model's winter hemisphere were not observed during LTCS (Lower Thermosphere Coupling Study) 2, nor in climatologies for December. Suggestions as to the reasons for this disparity are presented.

Winds and tides were measured by a number of MLT (Mesosphere, Lower Thermosphere) radars with locations varying from 43–70°N, 35–68°S, during the first LTCS (Lower Thermosphere Coupling Study) Campaign, 21–25 September 1987. The mean winds were globally westerly, consistent with early winter-like (NH) and late winter (SH) circulations. The semi-diurnal tide had vertical wavelengths near or less than 100 km at most locations, with some latitudinal variation (longer/shorter at lower latitudes in the NH/SH)—amplitudes decreased at high latitudes. The global tide was closer to anti-symmetric, with northward components being in phase at 90 km. Numerical model calculations [ Forbes and Vial (1989), J. atmos. lerr. Phys . 51 , 649] for September have rather similar wavelengths and amplitudes; however, the global tide was closer to symmetric, and detailed latitudinal trends differed from observed. The diurnal tide had similar wavelengths in each hemisphere, with short values (~30 km) at 35°, long (evanescence) at 68–70°, and irregular phase structures at mid-latitudes. The tide was neither symmetric nor anti-symmetric. Model calculations for the equinox [ Forbes. S and Hagan (1988), Planet. Space Sci . 36 , 579] were by nature symmetric, and showed the short wavelengths extending to mid-latitudes (43–52°). Southern hemisphere phases were significantly (6–8 h) different from observations. Amplitudes decreased at high latitudes in model and observation profiles.

We present our experience of two cases in which we carried out pollicisation of the index metacarpal based on the first dorsal metacarpal artery and venae comitans. Both cases were complex severe hand injuries where the initial injury was the result of a firework exploding while held in the hand. In both cases the radial side of the superficial palmar arch was destroyed by the injury. In both cases there was virtually complete loss of the thumb ray and amputation of the index through the base of the proximal phalanx. A useful opposition post has been created from vascularised index metacarpal with free flap soft tissue reconstruction.

The development of advanced integrated circuit processes requires a methodology for efficient reduction of defect density. Our methodology integrates standard electrical tests, novel test data analyses, and stripback to determine the physical causes for electrical faults. The process of observing defects with an optical microscope or SEM was made accurate and rapid by a computer controlled stage. This paper describes application of this environment using selected examples from the development of a 0.6 um CMOS process.

[1] An intense space storm occurred on 17–20 April, 2002. The effects of this storm on the mesospheric wind system were observed by two meteor wind radars at Andenes (69N, 16E) and Esrange (68N, 21E). At those locations, neutral winds showed a pattern similar to the ion convection pattern on 17 April for several hours at altitudes of 94–97 km. It is the first time that this kind of wind pattern is detected at such low altitudes. In contrast, winds by a medium frequency radar at Poker Flat (65N, 213E) showed no obvious storm effect, reflecting different responses of the dayside atmosphere and the nightside atmosphere. The ion convection wind pattern at Andenes and Esrange only appeared on the first day of the storm. We hypothesize that this behaviour may be related to a short-lived but prominent electron density enhancement in the local thermosphere on the same day observed by an incoherent scatter radar at Svalbard (78N, 16E).

During the PSMOS Global-scale tidal variability experiment campaign of June 1-August 31, 1999, a network of radars made measurements of winds, waves and tides in the mesosphere/lower-thermosphere region over a wide range of latitudes. Clear evidence was found that fluctuations in tidal amplitudes occur on a global scale in both hemispheres, and that at least some of these fluctuations are periodic in nature. Modulation of the amplitude of the 12 h tide was particularly evident at periods of 10 and 16 days, suggesting a non-linear interaction with planetary waves of those periods to be responsible. In selected cases, the secondary waves predicted from non-linear theory could be identified and their zonal wave numbers determined. In some, but not all, cases the longitudinal structure of the secondary waves supports the theory of planetary-wave/tidal interaction being responsible for the observed tidal modulation. It was noted also that beating between a 12.4-lunar and the solar tide could produce a near 16-day modulation of the 12 h tide amplitude that is frequently observed in late summer. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

The radars utilized are meteor (2), medium-frequency (2) and the new low-frequency (1) systems: analysis techniques have been exhaustively studied internally and comparatively and are not thought to affect the results. Emphasis is placed upon the new height-time contours of 24, 12 h tidal amplitudes and phases which best display height and seasonal structures; where possible high resolution (10 d) is used (Saskatoon) but all stations provide monthly mean resolution. At these latitudes the semi-diurnal tide is generally larger than the diurnal (10–30 m s−1 vs.

Meteor wind data obtained during the years 1977–1979 have been processed to obtain prevailing 12h, 24h, and pseudo 2 day components. These results are presented and compared with winds measured at other sites. Monthly wind values at various heights show regularity for the semi diurnal tide in both amplitude and phase. The average properties of the semi diurnal tide agree well with classical tidal theory. There is considerable energy present in the diurnal and pseudo 2 day components, their amplitudes and phases are quiteirregular. The prevailing wind is consistent with that observed at other locations. During the summer, the meridional component is equatorward at all levels (4–12 ms−1) and the zonal component is eastward at all levels (15–30 ms−1).

An analysis procedure for small digital computers was developed to study heart sounds and heart murmurs in the frequency, time, and envelope domains. Signal processing techniques which can aid positive diagnosis are described and plots are presented to demonstrate their effectiveness. It is shown that heart sounds taken at the same respiration phase are nearly periodic in the systole. This property can be used to compute statistically reliable averaged envelograms, power spectra, and wavelets. The algorithms developed are applicable to may heart diseases, but the initial study is being conducted on pulmonic stenosis, aortic stenosis, and normal patients.

A quasi 2-day oscillation has been observed in the meteor winds at Durham since 1970. On a four-day basis the oscillation occurs throughout the year with amplitudes of 10 m s −1 and standing wave or evanescent ( λ z > 150 km ) behavior with height. During late summer the oscillation increases in amplitude to ~30 m s −1 with increased phase coherence. When analyzed as a 48 h component the time of maximum of the North-South oscillation prefers the value 15 h LST implying some interaction with the solar tides. The amplitude of the 2-day component is correlated with the daily magnetic index A p indicating magnetic activity as a possible forcing for this oscillation.

During the last decade a large number of radars (∼12) have been developed, which have produced substantial quantities of tidally-corrected mean winds data. The distribution of the radars is not global, but many areas are well covered: the Americas with Poker Flat (65°N), Saskatoon (52°N), Durham (43°N), Atlanta (34°N), Puerto Rico (18°N); Europe with Kiruna (68°), Garchy (47°N) and Monpazier (44°N); and Oceania with Christchurch (44°S), Adelaide (35°S), Townsville (20°S), and Kyoto (35°N). Zonal and meridional wind height-time cross-sections from 60 80 km (MF/Meteor Radar) to ∼110 km have been prepared for the last 5–6 years. They are compared with cross-sections from CIRA-72 for zonal winds, and Groves (1969) for meridional winds. It is shown that while CIRA-72 is still a useful model for many purposes, significant differences exist between it and the new radar data. The latter demonstrate important seasonal, latitudinal, longitudinal and hemispheric variations. The new meridional cross-sections are of great value. The common features with Groves (1969) are the equatorward cells in summer near 85 km; however their strength (∼10 ms −1 ) and size are less. Systematic and somewhat different variations emerge at higher (⩾52°N) and middle (35–44°) latitudes.

A substantial quantity of wind data have been assembled from radar systems since CIRA-72 was formed: most of these radars include height ranging, and operate on a regular and even continuous basis. Systems include meteor and MF (medium frequency) Radars: an MST (mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere) Radar (meteor mode); and an LF (low frequency) drift system. Latitudes represented are near 20° N/S, 35° N/S, 45° N/S, 50°N, 65° N/S. In all cases tidal oscillations were calculated so that corrected mean winds (zonal, meridional) are available - the meridional was not included in CIRA-72. Means for groups of years near 1980 are available, as well as individual recent years (1983, 1984) to allow assessment of secular trends: revised and improved analysis has been completed for several stations. Height-time cross-sections have been formed for each observatory: heights are typically ∼75–110 km, with time resolution of 7–30 days. Such detailed cross-sections were almost unknown before 1972. Comparisons with CIRA-72 are shown, and these emphasize the differences between hemispheres (NH, SH) in the radar winds. Other new winds from rockets and satellite radiances are contrasted with the radar set. There are important differences with the satellite-derived geostrophic winds (1973–78): possible explanations involve secular trends, longitudinal variations, and ageostrophy.

The inter-annual variation in diurnal and semi-diurnal atmospheric tides between 85 and 95 km has been studied for various years between 1978 and 1988. Observations comprised wind measurements from the medium frequency SA mode wind radars at Adelaide (35°S), Christchurch (44°S) and Saskatoon (52°N) and the meteor wind radar at Durham (43°N). Although the observations include the interval between solar maximum and solar minimum, there is in general no correlation between tidal amplitudes and solar activity. In contrast with earlier studies there does appear to be a positive correlation between solar activity and the amplitude of the semi-diurnal tide, but only during the southern summer and simultaneous northern winter.

A brief history and description of the University of New Hampshire meteor wind radar, located at Durham (43°N, 71°W) is presented. Winds measured for the periods 10–15 August 1974, 13–17 October 1975 and 16–22 January 1976, are discussed. In addition to prevailing winds, diurnal and semidiurnal tides, and their variation with height, the presence of a 48 hour component is discussed.

Aliquots of term placentas were obtained at delivery for one year. Of 632 samples collected, 554 were from products of a normal gestation, 30 from a toxemic pregnancy, and 48 obtained at the deliveries of premature infants. The tissue levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, lead, copper, and iron were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A comparison of the resultant data of the three groups represented indicates that, in addition to differences in maternal, fetal, and placental weights, statistically significant differences were observed in the placental levels of sodium, calcium, and possibly potassium. Furthermore, a product-moment study between the monthly mean cation levels and the corresponding monthly incidence of toxemia indicates a positive correlation between toxemia and the placental levels of magnesium and iron, and a negative correlation with the placental levels of sodium, potassium, and lead.

Blood samples were obtained from 244 pregnant teen-agers upon their initial visit to the prenatal clinic. The subjects sampled represented young women at varying stages of gestation from the tenth to fortieth week of pregnancy. The plasma levels of the metals iron, zinc, copper, calcium, and magnesium were determined; as well as the plasma levels of vitamins A, C, and the total carotenes. These changes were not altered significantly when the individual values were expressed as a ratio to their individual hematocrit value as an expression of hemodilution effect during pregnancy. A product-moment correlation study at all the measurements divided by the hematocrit disclosed statistical interrelationships with a very significant level of probability between plasma levels of copper, magnesium, and calcium; as well as lower levels of confidence in the statistical relationships between other minerals and vitamins.

Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, lead, copper, and iron levels were determined in human term placentas collected daily through one calendar year. All measurements were performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and expressed as moles per gram of dry tissue weight. The resultant data indicate a seasonal variation in the mean monthly placental levels of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and lead. Differences were not observed when the data were grouped according to race, maternal age, or gravidity.

Tissue levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide dinucleotide diphosphate (NAD) were determined by an orcinol colorimetric procedure in pooled samples representing 250 human term placentas collected during one calendar year. All concentrations were expressed as micromoles per gram of wet tissue weight and the mean monthly levels calculated and compared for seasonal variation. Seasonal changes were observed in the mean monthly values of both metabolites during the spring and fall months of the year.

The effect of the trace metals, cadmium, lead, and zinc, upon succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activities of mitochondria isolated from human term placentas was determined. Placentas were obtained from both toxemic and nontoxemic patients. All enzyme assays were spectrophotometric and the resultant activities expressed as a ratio to the mitochondrial protein content. The results indicate differences in enzyme activities associated with toxemia and due to the added metals.

The Global-Scale Wave Model (GSWM) is a steady-state two-dimensional linearized model capable of simulating the solar tides and planetary waves. In an effort to understand the capabilities and limitations of the GSWM throughout the upper mesosphere and thermosphere a comparative analysis with observational data is presented. A majority of the observational data used in this study was collected during the World Day campaign which ran from 20 January to 30 January 1993. During this campaign data from 18 ground-based observational sites across the globe and two instruments located on the UARS spacecraft were analyzed. Comparisons of these data with the simulations from the GSWM indicate that the GSWM results are in reasonable agreement with the observations. However, there are a number of cases where the agreement is not particularly good. One such instance is for the semidiurnal tide in the northern hemisphere, where the GSWM estimates may exceed observations by 50% . Through a number of numerical simulations, it appears that this discrepancy may be due to the eddy diffusivity profiles used by the GSWM. Other differences relating to the diurnal tide and the quasi-two-day wave are presented and discussed. Additionally, a discussion on the biases and aliasing difficulties which may arise in the observational data is also presented.

Data contained in the Tide Tables, Current Tables and navigation charts of National Ocean Survey pertaining to tidal entrances along the coasts of the continental United States are analyzed to obtain flow coefficients defined by a simple hydraulic equation. The evaluation of the published data indicates that the data are sufficiently accurate and representative, despite some unexplained anomalies, to permit determination of the approximate discharge coefficients and, more importantly, to identify categories of flow regimes of inlets. A few conclusions are: 1. The Keulegan approach and similar analyses of inlet hydraulics provide a useful qualitative framework for ordering data but they apply quantitatively only to small inlets and lagoons with simple inlet channel geometry. 2. The lag of slack water in the entrance channel after HW and LW is a powerful tool in the analysis of the hydraulic regime. It is easily measured in the field and should become an identifying characteristic of each entrance. 3. The resistance coefficient F represents the overall impedance and exit losses, reflections from the lagoon shore, fresh water discharge and the configuration of the channel between the inner and outer bars. It may be determined from measurements of lag and maximum velocity at the throat and the range of ocean tide.