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Summary Objective Morel-Lavallee lesions are posttraumatic soft tissue closed degloving injuries in which the subcutaneous tissue is torn away from the underlying fascia, creating a cavity filled with a hematoma and liquefied fat. The lesion goes undetected unless high index of suspicion and MRI is the gold standard for diagnosis. We present our experiences while managing 10 cases. Methods Study includes ten cases of Morel-Lavallee lesions involving knee, hip and thigh. After confirming on MRI each patient was managed by incision and drainage of hematomas. Results Nine patients were improved without any morbidity; one patient who presented late because of late diagnosis developed fever and skin necrosis and managed by debridement and flap cover. Conclusion Morel-Lavallee lesions are post-traumatic usually following contact sports, closed degloving injuries occurring in the subcutaneous plane due to disruption of capillaries resulting in an effusion containing hemolymph and necrotic fat. There should be high index of suspicion in order to diagnose such cases and MRI is the modality of choice. Early diagnosis and management is vital. Involvement of joint capsule indicates surgery intervention over conservative management of such lesion.

In this study, the effects of different type of mulches viz., Green fern foliage, Mixed forest litter (Alnus nepalensis leaves and Rhododendron leaves), Dry walnut litter and without mulching (control), Manures viz., Goat manure and FYM, and bio-fertilizers namely Trichoderma asperellium, and Pseudomonas fluorescence on the growth and yield characters of garlic were observed in a field experiment. Mixed forest litter, FYM and Pseudomonas fluorescence and Mixed forest litter, FYM and Trichoderma asperellium increased the bulb yield and yield components, irrespective of their duration. The treatment Mixed forest litter, FYM and Pseudomonas fluorescence performed better than other treatment in respect of fresh weight of bulb, dry weight of bulb, fresh weight of individual clove, dry weight of individual clove, width of bulb, width of individual cloves and numbers of cloves per bulb. Mixed forest litter, FYM and Pseudomonas fluorescence is recommended for the garlic production based on better performance than the others and also for being cheaper and abundant in the nature

We present low-diversity acritarch assemblages, including Alliumella baltica , Bavlinella faveolata , Brocholaminaria nigrita , Brocholaminaria sp., Eliasum sp., Leiosphaeridia minutissima , Leiosphaeridia spp., Lophosphaeridium sp., Pterospermella solida , Satka colonialica , Siphonophycus sp., and Synsphaeridium sp., as well as filamentous algae and cryptospore-like microfossils recorded from 45 rock samples around the Oryctocephalus indicus Zone (Cambrian Series 3) in the Cambrian Kunzam La (Parahio) Formation at the Kaltarbo locality in the Parahio valley, Northwest Himalaya. One new species Synsphaeridium parahioense was established. The acritarch assemblages at the basal part of the Cambrian Series 3 in the Kunzam La (Parahio) Formation were dependent on the local marine environment. The new discovery of cryptospore-like microfossils from the Cambrian Kunzam La (Parahio) Formation supports the extensive distribution of possible cryptospores in the Cambrian stratigraphic sequences.

Additional Cambrian Series 3, Stage 5, trilobite fauna comprising Peronopsis sp., Eosoptychoparia cf. Spinosa Gaotanaspis cf. pingzhaiensis and Gaotanaspis cf. transversa have been recorded just immediately above the known Oryctocephalus indicus biozone (Cambrian Series 3, Stage 5) in the Parahio valley section (Spiti region). The FAD of Peronopsis and LAD of Gaotanaspis are used to establish a Peronopsis–Gaotanaspis concurrent biozone immediately above the Oryctocephalus indicus biozone. The first records of Gaotanaspis cf. pingzhaiensis and G. transversa from the Cambrian of Spiti region and the other faunal elements are correlated with the Peronopsis taijiangensis biozone of the Kaili Formation (South China). The stratigraphic thickness from the base of the O. indicus biozone to the top of the Peronopsis–Gaotanaspis concurrent biozone in the Kunzam La (=Parahio) Formation and its comparison to the Kaili Formation (South China) indicate a possible stratigraphic condensation in the basal part of the Cambrian Series 3, Stage 5 of the Parahio valley (Spiti). Sedimentological and sequence stratigraphic analysis supports this contention.

The Cambrian trilobite fauna, illustrated for the first time from the Pin Valley (Spiti, Northwest Himalaya, India), comprises Oryctocephalus indicus, Pagetia significans, Kunmingaspis pervulgata, and Bhargavia prakritika and they ranges from the top part of the Cambrian Series 2 (Stage 4) to the basal most part of the Series 3 (Stage 5). On the basis of the trilobite fauna and their stratigraphic order of occurrence we recognize the Oryctocephalus indicus Zone (5.4 m), interval 1 of no zonation, and the Bhargavia prakritika Level (Cambrian Series 3, Stage 5). The Oryctocephalus indicus Zone is based on the FAD and LAD (local range) of the eponymous species in the Pin Valley section. The occurrence of fossiliferous section immediately below the Cambro-Ordovician angular unconformity in the Pin Valley indicates, in comparison to the Parahio Valley, nearly 1160 m of the Cambrian strata (deposited within about 2 Ma, i.e., 509 to 507 Ma) further eroded prior to the deposition of the Thango Formation.

Present study is an attempt to analyse nutritional health status by the use of age and sex specific Body Mass Index thresholds of Bhotia tribal children of Garhwal Himalayas. BMI cut-off points for thinness grades 1, 2, 3 age and sex wise percentile curves passing through BMI of 16, 17, and 18.5 and for normal range of BMI of 18.5 to 23 kg/m2 have been used to evaluate the status of children as thin, normal, overweight and obese. A total of 643 children (336 boys and 307 girls) aged 6 – 18 years had participated in the present study. Bhotia tribe is one of the oldest inhabitants of mountains region of Garhwal and Kumaun, Central Himalaya. Rice and millets is the staple food of Bhotias and salty butter tea or namkeen chai (Jya) is also consumed very frequently by them, wild herbs and medicinal plants also contribute into their diets. Present study revealed that prevalence of grade-one thinness was 13.02 percent among girls and 6.84 percent among boys, Boys also having grade two and three thinness (0.29%), 88.69 percent boys and 75.24 percent girls were having normal BMI. The frequency of overweight individuals was 3.86 percent among the boys and 11.72 percent among girls, No child has been identified as obese. This is probably because the Bhotias lived in high altitude mountainous region where supplies of nutritious and surplus food through out the year is very difficult, but the girls makes a better use of food provided to them and manage to put subcutaneous fat on their body whereas boys has maintained normal health.

We precisely demarcate the Hayden level 2 in the Kunzam La (Parahio) Formation, exposed on a steep hill on the left bank of the Parahio River in Spiti (India), which brackets the (local) stratigraphic range of Oryctocephalus indicus , a key taxon for establishing the base of the Cambrian Series 3 (Stage 5) and perhaps the Cambrian Series 2–Series 3 boundary interval globally. The FAD and LAD of O. indicus are observed at 7.74 and 14.61 m respectively, indicating 6.87 m stratigraphic range of the taxon along the Parahio valley section. The O. indicus Zone is demarcated with precise stratigraphic range of the eponymous species. The FADs of Pagetia and Kunmingaspis together at 7.34 m predate the FAD of O. indicus 7.74 m. Pagetia ranges from the Cambrian Series 2 (Stage 4) to the Cambrian Series 3 (Stage 5) and its occurrence is consistent with the global occurrences. Eosoptychoparia ( Danzhaina ) sp. is recorded for the first time from the Indian Himalaya. The base of the Cambrian Series 3 is considered to be placed at the FAD of the O. indicus.

Typhoid fever is a major public health problem in South East Asia and has multiple complications involving almost every major organ system of the body. Abscess of the spleen is an uncommon complication of typhoid fever in the present era due to effective use of antibiotics. It is often fatal if not recognized in time. The conventional treatment is surgical drainage of the abscess which is associated with significant morbidity. We present a case of splenic abscess due to Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, in a previously healthy individual which was managed conservatively by percutaneous aspiration

Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects muscle coordination. It is the most common genetic cause of abnormal involuntary writhing movements called chorea and becomes noticeable in the middle age. The disease is caused by an autosomal dominant mutation on either of an individual's two copies of genes called Huntington. We present neuroimaging findings in a middle aged case of Huntington's disease.

Osteopoikilosis is an asymptomatic, autosomal dominant, sclerosing dysplasia characterized by multiple, discrete round or ovoid radio densities in cancellous bones. Initially described by Albers-Schonberg in 1915 it is occasionally associated with cutaneous lesions as well as other osteosclerotic skeletal disorders.