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Thermogenesis by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is one of the primary mechanisms by which brown adipose tissue (BAT) increases energy expenditure. UCP1 resides in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), where it dissipates membrane potential independent of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase. Here, we provide evidence that phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) modulates UCP1-dependent proton conductance across the IMM to modulate thermogenesis. Mitochondrial lipidomic analyses revealed PE as a signature molecule whose abundance bidirectionally responds to changes in thermogenic burden. Reduction in mitochondrial PE by deletion of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (PSD) made mice cold intolerant and insensitive to β3 adrenergic receptor agonist-induced increase in whole-body oxygen consumption. High-resolution respirometry and fluorometry of BAT mitochondria showed that loss of mitochondrial PE specifically lowers UCP1-dependent respiration without compromising electron transfer efficiency or ATP synthesis. These findings were confirmed by a reduction in UCP1 proton current in PE-deficient mitoplasts. Thus, PE performs a previously unknown role as a temperature-responsive rheostat that regulates UCP1-dependent thermogenesis.

The cave bear is one of the best known extinct large mammals that inhabited Europe during the "Ice Age," becoming extinct ≈24,000 years ago along with other members of the Pleistocene megafauna. Long-standing hypotheses speculate that many cave bears died during their long hibernation periods, which were necessary to overcome the severe and prolonged winters of the Last Glacial. Here, we investigate how long hibernation periods in cave bears would have directly affected their feeding biomechanics using CT-based biomechanical simulations of skulls of cave and extant bears. Our results demonstrate that although large paranasal sinuses were necessary for, and consistent with, long hibernation periods, trade-offs in sinus-associated cranial biomechanical traits restricted cave bears to feed exclusively on low energetic vegetal resources during the predormancy period. This biomechanical trade-off constitutes a new key factor to mechanistically explain the demise of this dominant Pleistocene megafaunal species as a direct consequence of climate cooling.

Abstract The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic also affected the electoral agenda of political action between 2020 and 2021. With the health emergency, the governments of Latin America faced challenges to guarantee the right to vote. Among the substantial changes, atypical campaigns were carried out through digital platforms, such as the social network Facebook. Seta investigation focuses on analyzing the communication of Andrés Arauz and Guillermo Lasso, presidential candidates of Ecuador, through their official Facebook accounts; during the last week prior to the voting of the second round. The methodology used has a quantitative approach, under the compound week technique and with the support of a validated technical sheet for data recording. The results point to being able to exercise adequate management of online content with specific schedules and themes to be positioned during campaign times, with the aim of - among other things - achieving the objectives. Well, it was found that a higher generation of posts in a high-trend social network such as Facebook does not mean precisely reaching the proposed goals. In the same way, that a “negative” or “mixed” campaign does not always penetrate the population, it all depends on the context and the strategy.

Objective Materials and Methods Results Conclusions Clinical Significance To evaluate the effect of polishing and bleaching on the recovery of lightness, color, whiteness, and relative translucency parameter (RTP) in CAD/CAM materials and changes in these properties when another staining in coffee was conducted after the treatments.Disks of Lava Ultimate (LU), Vita Enamic (VE), IPS Empress CAD (EMP), IPS e.max CAD (EMAX), and Vita Suprinity (VS) were (1) not treated (control), (2) polished with Proxyt or (3) Ceramisté, (4) bleached with Opalescence PF or (5) Whiteness HP Blue, and (6) air polished with Clinpro Prophy Powder. CIE L*a*b* color coordinates were registered at baseline (R0), after staining with coffee for 30 min daily for 36.5 days and treatment (R1), and after another staining (R2). Differences (R1–R0 and R2–R0) in lightness (ΔL00), color (ΔE00), RTP (ΔRTP00), and whiteness (ΔWID) were evaluated by mixed repeated measures ANOVA and 95% confidence intervals (α = 0.05) and interpreted in function of their respective 50:50% PT and AT thresholds. Topography was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).In LU, Opalescence PF and Proxyt decreased ΔL00R1–R0$$ {\Delta L}_{00\left({R}_1\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$, ΔE00R1–R0$$ {\Delta E}_{00\left({R}_1\hbox{--} {\mathrm{R}}_0\right)} $$, and ΔWIDR1–R0$$ {\Delta \mathrm{WI}}_{\mathrm{D}\left({R}_1\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ and showed lower ΔL00R2–R0$$ {\Delta L}_{00\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$, ΔE00R2–R0$$ {\Delta E}_{00\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$, and ΔWIDR2–R0$$ {\Delta \mathrm{WI}}_{\mathrm{D}\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$. In VE, all treatments decreased ΔL00R1–R0$$ {\Delta L}_{00\left({R}_1\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$, ΔE00R1–R0$$ {\Delta E}_{00\left({R}_1\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$, and ΔWIDR1–R0$$ {\Delta \mathrm{WI}}_{\mathrm{D}\left({R}_1\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$, whereas ΔL00R2–R0$$ {\Delta L}_{00\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$, ΔE00R2–R0$$ {\Delta E}_{00\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$, and ΔWIDR2–R0$$ {\Delta \mathrm{WI}}_{\mathrm{D}\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ were lower in Opalescence PF than in the control group. In both moments, ΔE00 and ΔWID in EMP (also ΔL00) and EMAX were higher in Opalescence PF than in the control group, from which the other treatments did not differ in R1–R0. In EMP, ΔE00R2–R0$$ {\Delta E}_{00\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ in Whiteness HP Blue (also ΔL00R2–R0$$ {\Delta L}_{00\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$) and Proxyt were also higher in comparison to the control group and in VS, Ceramisté decreased ΔL00R1–R0$$ {\Delta L}_{00\left({R}_1\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$, ΔE00R1–R0$$ {\Delta E}_{00\left({R}_1\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$, and ΔRTP00R1–R0$$ \varDelta RT{P}_{00\left({R}_1\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$, whereas Opalescence PF increased ΔRTP00R1–R0$$ {\Delta \mathrm{RTP}}_{00\left({R}_1\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$. ΔE00R2–R0$$ {\Delta E}_{00\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ of Ceramisté and ΔWIDR2–R0$$ {\Delta \mathrm{WI}}_{\mathrm{D}\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ and ΔRTP00R2–R0$$ \varDelta RT{P}_{00\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ of Proxyt were lower than those of the control group.The most suitable treatment to recover the lightness, color, whiteness, and RTP without changing these properties after another coffee exposure is material‐dependent.Although the effectiveness of the treatment was material‐dependent, Proxyt was the only treatment that promoted clinically acceptable changes for both LU and VE, while for purely ceramic materials, this condition was observed with Ceramisté and Clinpro Prophy Powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the variability in nasal airflow patterns among different sexes and populations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). We focused on evaluating the universality and applicability of dimensionless parameters R (bilateral nasal resistance) and ϕ (nasal flow asymmetry), initially established in a Caucasian Spanish cohort, across a broader spectrum of human populations to assess normal breathing function in healthy airways. In this retrospective study, CT scans from Cambodia (20 males, 20 females), Russia (20 males, 18 females), and Spain (19 males, 19 females) were analyzed. A standardized CFD workflow was implemented to calculate R‐ϕ parameters from these scans. Statistical analyses were conducted to assess and compare these parameters across different sexes and populations, emphasizing their distribution and variances. Our results indicated no significant sex‐based differences in the R parameter across the populations. However, moderate sexual dimorphism in the ϕ parameter was observed in the Cambodian group. Notably, no geographical differences were found in either R or ϕ parameters, suggesting consistent nasal airflow characteristics across the diverse human groups studied. The study also emphasized the importance of using dimensionless variables to effectively analyze the relationships between form and function in nasal airflow. The observed consistency of R‐ϕ parameters across various populations highlights their potential as reliable indicators in both medical practice and further CFD research, particularly in diverse human populations. Our findings suggest the potential applicability of dimensionless CFD parameters in analyzing nasal airflow, highlighting their utility across diverse demographic and geographic contexts. This research advances our understanding of nasal airflow dynamics and underscores the need for additional studies to validate these parameters in broader population cohorts. The approach of employing dimensionless parameters paves the way for future research that eliminates confounding size effects, enabling more accurate comparisons across different populations and sexes. The implications of this study are significant for the advancement of personalized medicine and the development of diagnostic tools that accommodate individual variations in nasal airflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Ecogeographic variation in human nasal anatomy has historically been analyzed on skeletal morphology and interpreted in the context of climatic adaptations to respiratory air‐conditioning. Only a few studies have analyzed nasal soft tissue morphology, actively involved in air‐conditioning physiology. Materials and Methods: We used in vivo computer tomographic scans of (N = 146) adult individuals from Cambodia, Chile, Russia, and Spain. We conducted (N = 438) airflow simulations during inspiration using computational fluid dynamics to analyze the air‐conditioning capacities of the nasal soft tissue in the inflow, functional, and outflow tract, under three different environmental conditions: cold–dry; hot–dry; and hot–humid. We performed statistical comparisons between populations and sexes. Results: Subjects from hot–humid regions showed significantly lower air‐conditioning capacities than subjects from colder regions in all the three conditions, specifically within the isthmus region in the inflow tract, and the anterior part of the internal functional tract. Posterior to the functional tract, no differences were detected. No differences between sexes were found in any of the tracts and under any of the conditions. Discussion: Our statistical analyses support models of climatic adaptations of anterior nasal soft tissue morphology that fit with, and complement, previous research on dry skulls. However, our results challenge a morpho‐functional model that attributes air‐conditioning capacities exclusively to the functional tract located within the nasal cavity. Instead, our findings support studies that have suggested that both, the external nose and the intra‐facial soft tissue airways contribute to efficiently warming and humidifying air during inspiration. This supports functional interpretations in modern midfacial variation and evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The increase in the incidence of pathologies in which fungi appear as emerging pathogens is mainly associated with opportunistic fungi as well as susceptibility in patients with a certain degree of immunodeficiency because they present some risk factors such as neutropenia, diabetes, surgeries, abuse of antibiotic treatment, nosocomial diseases and transplant patients among others. To date, antifungal therapy is far from being ideal because in addition to resistance to antifungals, there is a limitation of their availability as a consequence of their toxicity, as well as the decrease in the effectiveness of the drug in free form, minimal restricted penetration. to tissues, decreased bioavailability, poor pharmacokinetics, lack of selectivity, severe side effects and low water solubility: Due to this situation, it is necessary to have new therapeutic measures that are efficient to combat mainly invasive mycoses, hence the objective of this review work to know the state of the art of the various antifungal delivery systems. Development of the topic: This bibliographic review addresses the following aspects related to: a) Types and structure of nanomaterials, b) Antifungal activity of nanoparticles and c) In vivo evaluation and cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. Conclusion: The development of new technologies and synthesis of nanomaterials emerges as a possible alternative for the treatment of fungal infections. In this work, the main advances related to nanomaterials designed as a possible delivery system for antifungals are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: To study the in vitro effect of lysozyme on six strains of Nocardia and to determine whether there is a growth inhibiting effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was carried out from March to December 2022 in the Immunobiology laboratory of the Metropolitan Autonomous University, Xochimilco campus, Mexico City, in which six strains of Nocardia were grown (5 clinical isolates provided by the Manuel Gea González General Hospital and the reference strain CETC 3032) in BHI broth; they were adjusted to tube 1 of the McFarland nephelometer, and were placed in the presence of the enzyme lysozyme of human neutrophils at different concentrations and times in acetate buffer to later perform the count of microorganisms. RESULTS: Lysozyme showed a growth inhibiting effect at concentrations of 500 and 1000 µg/mL in the Nocardia brasiliensis CETC 3032 strain at 48 hours. N. brasiliensis (clinical isolate 1) and N. farcinica and N. asteroides strains (clinical isolates 3 and 4) showed inhibition of bacterial growth at all three enzyme concentrations tested at 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: The enzyme lysozyme showed an inhibitory effect on bacterial growth on all strains of Nocardia studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The participation of immune components in inflammatory skin pathologies has brought about the possibility of intervening in the processes that trigger or perpetuate them, hence the importance of knowing the various biological therapies that target specific proteins that They are the result of dysfunction of the immune response in several skin diseases. In the present review work, various aspects related to the selection criteria of biological products (or biopharmaceuticals) are presented with particular interest in monoclonal antibodies (mAb) as well as the main dermatological pathologies in which they have been applied. This is due to the fact that the use of mAbs has been used mainly in the therapy of neoplasias and the possibility of their use in other skin conditions in addition to cancer is being explored. Development of the topic: This bibliographic review addresses the main aspects related to: a) Safety and immunogenicity of monoclonal antibodies, b) Therapeutic applications of mAbs in dermatology: Psoriasis, Atopic dermatitis, Hidrandenigtis suppurativa, Urticaria, Pemphigus, Alopecia areata, Pyoderma gangrenosum Pityriasis nubra pilaris, Cutaneous sarcoidosis, Behcet's syndrome and other pathologies, c) Biosimilars in dermatology and d) Skin lesions associated with the use of monoclonal antibodies. Discussion: mAb-based therapeutics is an area of constant growth and recombinant technology has allowed the obtaining of increasingly stable and less immunogenic molecules that will allow us to offer therapeutic options for various dermatological pathologies with characteristics of hyperinflammation or immunosuppression. Conclusion: The increase in clinical studies for the potential use of monoclonal antibodies in dermatology will allow their authorization by regulatory agencies and increase the therapeutic arsenal for conditions that are difficult to control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]