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The aim of this paper is to assess the views of market participants concerning the institutional investors’ role in implementing book-building pricing of IPOs as Nepal seeks to implement it. A total of 125 market participants were approached for data collection using a structured questionnaire that took a six-month period from January to June 2020. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze the collected data. The study found that the role of institutional investors in the prevailing stock market is brutally meager because of the restrained regulatory provisions. Market participants opined that institutional investors play a vital role in developing the stock market and executing book building. Implementation of book building demands a rigorous amendment in the existing regulations that allow institutional investors to enter and play in the market. A precise classification and definition of the potential roles of institutional investors are essential so that the application of the building pricing mechanism could be expected to be more effective. Market participants believed that the active participation of institutional investors will help lure manufacturing and real sector companies, trading houses and hotels into the capital market for public offerings. Issue managers, portfolio managers, share registrars, and stockbrokers agree that the role of institutional investors is inevitable in implementing book-building pricing.

This research aims to analyze whether mudharabah and murabaha financing have an impact on maximizing real sector growth in Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam. The method used in this research is quantitative with a descriptive-associative approach. The data used in this research comes from secondary data and time series data obtained from the Financial Services Authority (FSA) Islamic banking statistics report, Indonesian economic and financial statistics report, Kuwait Finance House annual report, Malaysian economy in Figures 2022 report, report annual Islamic bank Brunei Darussalam, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) report. This research uses panel data regression analysis. The research results show that partial mudharabah and murabaha financing does not impact real sector growth. Simultaneously, mudharabah and murabaha financing significantly impact real sector growth. This research provides a new contribution to scientific development, stating that mudharabah and murabaha financing do not impact real sector growth. Practically, this research proves that there must be improvements related to mudharabah and murabaha financing so that they can have an impact on real sector growth.

This study aims to analyze the wage gap between natives and immigrants currently working in the real sector in Indonesia. This study uses survey data with a sample of individuals aged between 20 and 55 years. This study uses a quantitative approach, utilizing segmentation analysis techniques. The conclusion of the study shows that immigrants earn higher average wages than natives, this difference is caused by several factors that can be directly identified such as education level, worker bargaining power and the capacity or skills possessed by the workforce. This gap is more pronounced in the middle of the income spectrum, where factors such as discrimination that generally occur in other countries do not occur in Indonesia and immigrant skills are considered better than local citizens. Companies in Indonesia generally still view foreign citizens working in Indonesia as having above average abilities. The suggestion from the study is that it is necessary to review the regulations governing wage policies and improve the protection of workers' rights, especially at the middle-income level, to address this gap. Policies should be focused on increasing local citizens' access to quality jobs, reducing informality in the labor market, and the government should provide active and proactive permission to develop the quality of local human resources by building education and training systems and facilities. This approach aims to create a more qualified and competitive local labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research paper is to investigate whether there are non-linearities in the relationship between fiscal consolidation and investment. To achieve this, we take into account the overall state of the economy, as represented by the level of uncertainty. We analyzed a sample of 27 OECD countries from 1996 to 2019 and identified two different regimes of low and high uncertainty. We found that the relationship between fiscal policy and investment is significantly different in these two regimes. In the low uncertainty regime, fiscal tightening has no significant effect on investment. In contrast, in the high uncertainty regime, fiscal tightening has a negative impact on investment, which is three times larger than in the low uncertainty regime. Our results are robust, and have been confirmed through a range of sensitivity tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Economic & Social Research is the property of Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates the relative importance of internal and external shocks for macroeconomic performance (both real and nominal sectors) of a small open economy, namely Pakistan. The study used various external sector shocks (world oil price shocks, world commodity price shocks, and world interest rate shocks) to assess the relative importance of each shock in determining macroeconomic performance of Pakistan. Moreover, the study considered stock market volatility to measure the impact of internal sector shocks on macroeconomic performance of the country. The findings portray that the impact of external sector shocks significantly differ in the real and nominal sectors. Specifically, oil-price shocks and commodity-price shocks remain the dominant source of external sector shocks for both nominal and real sectors, whereas stock market volatility appears prevailing source of fluctuations for both industrial production index and nominal money supply. The study suggests that to minimize the severity of shocks, Pakistan needs to build up a solid shock absorptive capacity, which can be obtained by improving valueadded exports capacities, strengthening the financial sector, and reducing dependence on oil imports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between information technology and the real sector in sub-Saharan Africa during the period 1995–2019. The study proxied the real sector by industrial value-added, agriculture value-added and total factor productivity, while technological progress is proxied by fixed telephone, mobile phone and internet penetration. To achieve the objective of this study, dynamic models were estimated. The study found that the fixed telephone enhances industrial value-added and total factor productivity, while the mobile phone promotes all the proxies of the real sector. The study found that the internet does not contribute to industrial value-added or agriculture value-added, but it enhances total factor productivity. Sub-Saharan African countries can further benefit from technological advancement by providing infrastructure facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the economic contribution and financial performance of the real sector in Turkey. Using the real sector company accounts published by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT), seventeen sectors were analysed with the CRITIC-based MAIRCA method. The economic contribution was evaluated with sub-indicators to economic growth, employment, and entrepreneurship; financial performance was evaluated with liquidity, financial structure, turnover and profitability indicators. The findings revealed that manufacturing sector provided the highest contribution to total economy and in all sub-indicators. While the sectors with the lowest contribution in the sub-indicators differed, it was determined that the sub-sector with the lowest total contribution was real estate activities sector. In terms of total financial performance and liquidity, financial structure, and profitability sub-indicators, human health and social work activities, and according to turnover ratios energy supply sector have the highest performance. The study revealed that the sectors with an increased contribution to the economy and those with high financial performance differentiate. Lastly, it has been seen that sectors with high economic contribution exhibit weak financial performance. The findings were checked by sensitivity analysis and proposed method produces consistent results against weight changes and the model is reliable.

This study was motivated by Nigerian banks' inability to provide enough credit towards the real economy sector. The paper investigated the connection between bank financial intermediaries and Nigerian economic growth. The main objective is to evaluate the effect of financial intermediaries on the expansion of Nigeria's economy. The specific objectives are to determine the significant relationship between the deposit money banks credit and overall economic output in Nigeria and to explore the significant connection with both Micro finance bank credit and overall economic output in Nigeria. To accomplish the intended goal, regression analysis was applied in the study. The Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Report was used as the data source. According to results there was a substantial association between deposit money bank credit and Nigeria's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) over the analysis period. Additionally, there was a strong correlation in Credit Efficiency between Microfinance bank credit and overall economic output. In order to expand their capacity to pay for customer withdrawals and to enhance the credit facilities they make to customers for commercial purposes in effort to expand the economic output, the study advises deposit money institutions to promote a higher degree of liquidity. In order to boost GDP, the report also suggests that microfinance banks provide enough credit to the real sector for useful purposes.

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The shadow economy, along with macroeconomic imbalances and limited resources, will become a key global risk for the next decade. Withdrawing cash flows from the shadow sector and directing them to the legal economy solves numerous political, social, and economic problems of a country. That's why assessing the level of the shadow economy and solving problems of legalizing cashflows in any country has theoretical and practical significance. The purpose of this study is to assess the level of the shadow economy in Ukraine and to identify the problems, which give rise to it in the context of new challenges of the crisis phenomena both in Ukraine and around the world. The paper presents a comprehensive study of the shadow economy phenomenon, examines the root causes of its occurrence. The specificity of the study consists in assessing the level of the shadow economy in Ukraine according to the existing methods, namely: the unprofitableness of enterprises “household expenses – retail sales and services”, electrical and monetary. According to the review of scientific works, it is necessary to use a comprehensive indicator of the shadow economy assessment. Thus, considerable attention is paid to deepening the methodological aspects of assessing the shadow economy based on multi-criteria methods. The result of the study is the calculation of the shadow economy's level, considering the shadow currency turnover, based on the fact that Ukraine is a dollar-dependent country. A large proportion of the capital withdrawal into the shadow circulation is associated precisely with currency fraud. The obtained results confirm that the legalization of currency cash turnover should be mandatory in the process of foreign exchange regulation's transformation in Ukraine. Achieving this goal is associated with the deregulation of the foreign exchange market and the banking sector on the basis of moderate liberalization, warning the country's economy against the deployment of credit booms, improving the institutional provision of financial intermediation, developing a full-fledged market for derivatives, harmonizing national legislation with the best world experience and international standards of regulation, supervision and reporting, continuous monitoring of public opinion on the actions of monetary authorities and the consequences of these actions for the welfare and economic stability of corporate business and households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shadow economy, along with macroeconomic imbalances and limited resources, will become a key global risk for the next decade. Withdrawing cash flows from the shadow sector and directing them to the legal economy solves numerous political, social, and economic problems of a country. That's why assessing the level of the shadow economy and solving problems of legalizing cashflows in any country has theoretical and practical significance. The purpose of this study is to assess the level of the shadow economy in Ukraine and to identify the problems, which give rise to it in the context of new challenges of the crisis phenomena both in Ukraine and around the world. The paper presents a comprehensive study of the shadow economy phenomenon, examines the root causes of its occurrence. The specificity of the study consists in assessing the level of the shadow economy in Ukraine according to the existing methods, namely: the unprofitableness of enterprises “household expenses – retail sales and services”, electrical and monetary. According to the review of scientific works, it is necessary to use a comprehensive indicator of the shadow economy assessment. Thus, considerable attention is paid to deepening the methodological aspects of assessing the shadow economy based on multi-criteria methods. The result of the study is the calculation of the shadow economy's level, considering the shadow currency turnover, based on the fact that Ukraine is a dollar-dependent country. A large proportion of the capital withdrawal into the shadow circulation is associated precisely with currency fraud. The obtained results confirm that the legalization of currency cash turnover should be mandatory in the process of foreign exchange regulation's transformation in Ukraine. Achieving this goal is associated with the deregulation of the foreign exchange market and the banking sector on the basis of moderate liberalization, warning the country's economy against the deployment of credit booms, improving the institutional provision of financial intermediation, developing a full-fledged market for derivatives, harmonizing national legislation with the best world experience and international standards of regulation, supervision and reporting, continuous monitoring of public opinion on the actions of monetary authorities and the consequences of these actions for the welfare and economic stability of corporate business and households.

This study aims to find empirical evidence for the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the Indonesia real and monetary sectors. The real sector condition is represented by fluctuations in the farmer exchange rate in ten provinces; this rate has direct and indirect effects on farmers’ welfare. On the other hand, the condition of the monetary sector is illustrated by shifts in the consumer confidence index due to fluctuations in Islamic and conventional financial system indicators. We used a panel regression model to examine the farmer exchange rate and a binary logistic regression model to examine the consumer confidence index. The results statistically demonstrate that the pandemic conditions have affected both the real sector and the consumer confidence index of the Islamic financial sector. However, the pandemic has not affected the consumer confidence index of the conventional financial sector. This phenomenon exists because of the speculative action from conventional investors in taking risks and opportunities, which are forbidden in the Islamic context. The indicator which shifts the conventional consumer confidence index is the composite stock index (IHSG), while the Islamic consumer confidence index is shifted by changes in the Islamic money market rate, the Jakarta Islamic index and the Islamic banking capital ratio. Our empirical findings conclude that, in such a critical situation, the behaviour of conventional and Islamic consumers is totally different, thus influencing consumer confidence in each sector.

This paper examines the effects of fiscal and monetary policies on the real sector under globalization by using the dynamic panel System-Generalized Method of Moments estimator technique with a sample of 79 countries during the 1998–2018 period. The paper primarily aimed to evaluate the roles of fiscal and monetary policies on the real sector by considering aspects of globalization. The results demonstrate that globalization has significantly distorted the role of expansionary fiscal policy on the real sector. Further, the role of monetary policy on the real sector has remained reliable under globalization in developing countries but not in developed countries. Moreover, the effects of economic globalization through trade and financial liberalization on the reliability of fiscal and monetary policies were also investigated. In accordance with the effects of globalization, trade and financial liberalization were found to distort the role of fiscal policy on the real sector; however, under trade liberalization, monetary policy was more effective for the industrial and service sectors than fiscal policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Oil price volatility and economic growth relation have been well established in the extant literature without reference to divergent across the countries and sectors. The underlying problem of how the effects of volatility in oil prices vary across economic sectors and how they may have evolved is of particular importance. This paper therefore discusses, using the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL), the effects of volatility in oil prices on the growth of the real sector in Nigeria. The results show that oil price volatility has a positive effect on the selected three real economic sectors (agriculture, manufacturing, and transport) in both the short and long term. Results demonstrate that changes in the real sector are subject to changes in oil prices and that shifts in crude oil prices have a positive and insignificant impact on the drive of each sector. Besides, the supply of money has an adverse and significant impact on the agriculture and transport sectors. Accordingly, the paper offers that the Nigerian government should employ the monetary and fiscal policies policy framework aiming at providing foreign investors with special offers to invest in agriculture; and need to offer interest-free loans and subsidies to the manufacturers, transporters, and farmers.

The article describes political changes, unstable economic development and the difficult social situation in the country after the fall of the apartheid regime. South Africa’s raw materials orientation in the international division of labor and the weak development of manufacturing industries due to the narrow domestic market and lack of investment are shown. The factors that reduce economic growth rates have been identified: low investment activity in the country, declining volumes of foreign investment, a backward structure of industrial production in which extractive industries dominate, rising unemployment, low levels of education, and health care. The characteristic of the catastrophic stratification of South African society, the position of the white minority is given. The place of the country in the international division of labor is shown. Considered the main sectors of the economy of South Africa, among them: industry, agriculture, financial sector and transport network. After the abolition of the apartheid regime, South Africa retained in its foreign trade an emphasis on the export of mineral raw materials, coal and metallurgy products. Today, South Africa faces a number of serious socio-economic problems, generated both by the legacy of apartheid and by the influence of modern factors, both internal and external, that directly affect the country's economy and mutually aggravate each other. Second, a low level of education is a major socio-economic problem in South Africa. It takes a countdown from the days of apartheid, when the broad masses of a non-full population were either completely illiterate or received an education of poor quality. Thirdly, a serious problem is the glaring level of social stratification and poverty, which has been preserved since the days of apartheid.

Çalışmanın amacı, Basel II Kriterlerinin ülkemizdeki reel sektöre muhtemel etkileri ile Basel III Kriterlerinin bankalar üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmaktır. İstanbul Sanayi Odası’nın yayınladığı ilk 1000 firma arasındaki Kayseri’deki 30 firmanın soru formu ve birebir görüşme yoluyla 17’sinden elde edilen veriler SPSS programı kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Reel sektörün Basel II’ye bakış açısı konusunda firmaların Basel II’den beklentilerinin, kısa vadede %82,4’ünün olumlu, Orta ve uzun vadede ise bütün firmaların olumlu beklentileri olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Basel II Kriterlerinde risk yönetimi önemli bir konudur. Firmaların %23,5’i risk yönetimi bölümünün olduğunu, %76,5’i risk yönetimi bölümünün olmadığını belirtmiştir. Bankacılık sektörünün Basel III Kriterlerinden Sermaye Yeterlilik Oranı, Likidite ve Kârlılık oranları konularında etkilendiği belirlenmiştir. Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren aktif büyüklüğü sıralamasındaki ilk beş bankanın finansal tablolarından yararlanılarak analizler yapılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda Basel III’ün oran kriterlerine bankaların uyumlu olduğu ve sektör ortalamalarının genellikle üzerinde oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Bu bankaların Basel III’e hazır oldukları görülmüştür.

As early as the dawn of modern age, Benjamin Constant (1819) wrote that the current democracy, unlike the ancient one, based on slavery and perpetual wars, is based on capital, while Braudel (1979) shows that capitalism as a concept could not exist without the other concepts preceding it in the sequence they occur in society, i.e. capital and capitalist. Therefore, I regarded capital, meaning the foundation of both democracy and capitalism, as a particularly challenging object of study from the standpoint of its formation, development, location in the economy and ownership in post-communist Romania. I deem the amount, quality, origin and behaviour of capital are pivotal for a solid democracy and an efficient functioning of capitalist market economy in our country. The book Capital in post-communist Romania, based on long data series, may cast a historical perspective on the economic and social phenomena and processes under scrutiny. They are meant to help devise and implement public policies for making the objectively necessary corrections to the Romanian society after such an intricate transition, as well as to prepare the actions for securing Romania’s future development. I viewed this scientific endeavour as useful after identifying a shortage of information and, against this backdrop, of analysis on economic and social results of Romania’s transition, also by comparison with other former communist countries.

This study used a threshold regression model to examine the existence of real sector threshold effects in the relationship between financial development and economic development in 38 sub-Saharan African countries from the period 1986–2015. The study identified threshold values of 31.1860, 33.8982% and 1.2241% for industrial value-added, agricultural value-added and total factor productivity respectively in sub-Saharan Africa. The study found that only when the real sector is proxied by industrial value-added that financial development has a significant impact on economic growth. The conclusion drawn from this empirical study is that financial development will only have a positive and significant impact on economic development when the growth in the real sector accompanies the growth in the financial sector. This study, therefore, recommended that the government of sub-Saharan African countries should ensure that the real sector is not below the threshold value so that financial development can bring development to the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a developing concern among developed, developing, and emerging economies in relevance to increasing real sector expenditure across the world. As a result, all countries have started to increase their real sector expenditure by increasing the share of finance. Hence, this study aims to examine the effects of both financial development and real sector on economic growth; we choose five emerging market economies to explain the economic growth process between 2000 and 2016. The results of long‐run elasticities document that real sector and financial development play a significant role in promoting economic growth. The results also suggest that money supply, exchange rate and inflation have a considerable positive effect on economic growth, respectively. Given these findings, we suggest that both governments and policy makers of the BRICS nations to initiate more effective policies to increase the real sector expenditure and develop financial sector. The increasing real sector will allow the economies to grow further by ensuring sustainable economic development across the BRICS member countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Turkey, the development and internationalization of the real sector are expressed as complementary industrialization strategies defining inward-oriented industrialization as "import substitution" and outward-oriented industrialization as "export-based industrialization". Inward-oriented industrialization period can be conceptually considered the period in which the industrialization process is realized towards the domestic market; the export led industrialism process, on the other hand, can be considered the period in which the industrialization process takes place by integrating into the total circulation of the world industry and markets. The inward-oriented (domestic market) industrialization period should not be considered a period in which it is isolated from international power and industrialization dynamics. On the contrary, it should be taken into account that this period is shaped by the effects of international real sector as well, especially in Turkey. On the other hand, although the sectors which are effective in import substitution are in different forms, the outwardoriented industrialization process is basically the period in which the development and transformation of the same actors and sectors with financial, commercial, and industrial equipment has been observed since the establishment of the Republic. Although it is considered that both periods contain different policies along with the outward move since the beginning of this process which is the inward-oriented industrialization process, the process corresponds to different phases of industrialization as a whole. For this reason, government incentives in the formation and internationalization processes of the real sector have also altered and transformed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As early as the dawn of modern age, Benjamin Constant (1819) wrote that the current democracy, unlike the ancient one, based on slavery and perpetual wars, is based on capital, while Braudel (1979) shows that capitalism as a concept could not exist without the other concepts preceding it in the sequence they occur in society, i.e. capital and capitalist. Therefore, I regarded capital, meaning the foundation of both democracy and capitalism, as a particularly challenging object of study from the standpoint of its formation, development, location in the economy and ownership in post-communist Romania. I deem the amount, quality, origin and behaviour of capital are pivotal for a solid democracy and an efficient functioning of capitalist market economy in our country. The book Capital in post-communist Romania, based on long data series, may cast a historical perspective on the economic and social phenomena and processes under scrutiny. They are meant to help devise and implement public policies for making the objectively necessary corrections to the Romanian society after such an intricate transition, as well as to prepare the actions for securing Romania’s future development. I viewed this scientific endeavour as useful after identifying a shortage of information and, against this backdrop, of analysis on economic and social results of Romania’s transition, also by comparison with other former communist countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transition: Journal of Economic & Politics of Transition / Tranzicija: Časopis za Ekonomiju i Politiku Tranzicije is the property of Ekonomski Institut Tuzla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transition: Journal of Economic & Politics of Transition / Tranzicija: Časopis za Ekonomiju i Politiku Tranzicije is the property of Ekonomski Institut Tuzla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examined the impact of financial development on the real sector in sub-Saharan Africa. The study used industrial value-added, productivity and agriculture value-added to proxy the real sector whilst domestic credit to the private sector, domestic credit by the bank and broad money are used as financial development indicators. Using panel data for 38 sub-Saharan countries over the period 1986 to 2015, this study found an inverse relationship between financial development and two out of the three indicators of the real sector used in this study. Based on countries' classification by income, the study also found that financial development hurts the real sector in all the various income groups when the real sector is proxied by industrial value-added and productivity but produces contrary results when the real sector is proxied by agriculture value-added. Government expenditure and trade openness contributed to the development of the real sector. Corruption, as one of the institutional variables, harms the real sector. This study concluded by emphasising the need for the government to ensure balanced growth between financial development and the real sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined the effect of commercial bank sectorial credit to the manufacturing and agricultural sub-sectors on economic growth in Nigeria with time series data from 1981 to 2015, using co-integration and error correction mechanism for the empirical work. A three equation model was specified to analyze this study, and the variables include; real GDP, bank sectorial credit to manufacturing and agriculture subsectors, monetary policy rate, financial market development, sourced from CBN statistical bulletin and also the interaction variables,. The variables were tested for unit root using the Augmented Dickey Fuller approach and were found to be stationary. The empirical result revealed that commercial bank credit to the manufacturing and agricultural subsectors significantly affects economic growth in Nigeria both in the short run and in the long run. Furthermore, development of the financial sector enhances the growth effects of commercial banks credit to the manufacturing and agricultural subsectors of the economy. It was therefore recommended that the Nigerian apex financial authorities should encourage banks via deliberate policy to increase credits to these subsectors of the economy.

The perspective of financial and economic crisis is analyzed. Statistical data showed lack of growth of investment investments in development of the production capital. Relevance of modernization of the Russian engineering and administrative education for modernization of the Russian economy is revealed. It is offered to restore in system of the higher education training of engineers-economists (engineers managers) with a branch.

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of macroeconomic policies in the financial stability of Iran’s economy. Based on Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium models, a model capable of tracing interactions between the real and the financial sectors has been constructed. In the financial modeling, the characteristics of Iran banking system, such as NPLs and frozen assets, have been incorporated. The results of simulations based on quarterly data of Iran economy during 1990-2014 show that stabilization policies are able to restrict financial vulnerabilities by reducing the fluctuations of the real sector variables. As a result, the stability of the real sector is a prerequisite for the stability of the financial sectors. Also due to the financial and real sector communications, the effects of declining vulnerabilities of the financial sector enhance the impacts of stabilization policies in the real sector. These effects result in the improvement of macroeconomic environment and increase in social welfare.

In terms of national economies, the real sector and the banking sector are the two most important sectors in relation to each other. The banking sector plays a major role in deepening and developing fund relations in the country. The sector is the most important part of the financial system, especially in developing countries. The effect of alienation in the sector is a subject that has been frequently discussed in the literature in recent years. In this study, it has been investigated whether the entry of foreign banks into the country has an effect on the real sector. The sample of the study of foreign banks from developing countries, which often choose the BRICS countries and Turkey have been selected. The study covers the years 2006-2016 and analyzed by using the credits given to real sector, growth, foreign bank assets, inflation, bank deposits and net interest margin. In the study, the relationship between foreign bank assets and loans extended to the real sector was examined by using panel data analysis method. In the results of working; It is concluded that there is a significant relationship between the loans given to the real sector, which is the dependent variable, and the bank deposits and net interest margin among the control variables, whereas there is a meaningless relationship between the foreign banks' assets and loans to the real sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scientific article reflects the increase of the innovation opportunities and the directions of its use in the real sector and its important part- the construction materials industry, the level of digitalization and its role in increasing innovation opportunities, as well as the results of research of the current situation and problems existing in this field. At the same time, this article reflects the views on the development factors of the construction materials industry, the classification of construction materials and statistical indicator and their analysis. The article also highlights the elements of innovation activity and clustering policy in the development of the real sector, scientific research in this filed and the author's proposals in this direction. In this scientific article, modern trends that create base for innovation in the building materials industry are presented in the form of a model of Optimal Balancing of Factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The real sector which involves production of goods and services used in the economy has been the engine of economic transformation over the years. Since independence in 1960 Nigeria overall economic performance has not been encouraging. Despite the availability of large amount of foreign exchange mainly from its crude oil and huge expenditure, economic growth has been insignificant and the incidence of poverty has increased. This study identified few sectors that contributed most to economic growth in Nigeria. Ten years data (2009-2018) on contributions of real sector to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) were used for the study and Pareto analysis was used to analyse the data. The study reveal that to achieve 80% economic growth in Nigeria government should give preference to service, agriculture and industry sectors in formulation of policies for economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The Netherlands is the world's leading economic power. This fact is expressed in gross domestic product, "Doing business" indicators, competitiveness ratings. With a high market economy, the lion's share of which is occupied by small and medium enterprises. Institutions operating within the general monetary mechanism are played one of the most important roles. With this in mind, it should be noted that Standard & Poor's credit rating service has given the Netherlands the highest level on its scale - "AAA". All this is the reason for studying the support system of small and medium-sized businesses in this country, including financing and refinancing. Methods. The following general and special methods are used to achieve this goal: induction and deduction to draw conclusions about the state of development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Netherlands; logical for consistent generalization of theoretical and practical provisions; methods of statistical analysis for the analysis of basic indicators of small and medium business in the Netherlands; methods of synthesis and systematization in the formation of proposals to increase the development of small and medium-sized businesses in Ukraine. Results. The article examines the role of small and medium business in economic development, support for small and medium business in the Netherlands. The main factors influencing the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Netherlands are revealed, as well as the main principles that guide the government's authorized structures in matters of small and medium-sized business support policy. The conditions of banking institutions in the framework of real sector financing and support of the Central Bank are analysed. Discussion. The development of an integrated approach to the support of the real sector according to European models is substantiated. Incentives for the development of the real sector in Ukraine are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Knowledge: International Journal is the property of Institute for Knowledge Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)