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This study aimed to assess the efficacy, benefits, and prospective impact of sports massage education delivered through a blended learning framework for college students. This study involved 52 male students enrolled in a sports massage course. Using qualitative methodology, this study employed systematic content analysis augmented with numerical data, visually representing user responses to sports massage education combined with blended learning. Analysis of the findings shows that 84.29% of participants showed a positive perception of the overall media aspects, contribution, benefits and potential related to learning sports massage through the blended learning model. In conclusion, this study argues that the integration of blended learning models increases the contribution, benefits, and potential of sports massage education, thereby enriching students' learning experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bibliometric analysis was performed to examine global publication trends and patterns connected to the use of information technology in sports education. All articles from the Scopus database from 1996-2023, totaling 396 articles related to this theme, were taken and then analysed using the help of mapping engineering analysis software, namely VOSviewer. The research findings show that there have been fluctuations in the number of publications, but 2011 marked the beginning of the trend for publications to increase by double digits. Of the 186 documents, the document types "conference paper" and "article" were the largest among the other types, with 173, respectively. The well-known journal "Journal of Physics Conference Series," is the scientific source that has published the most articles with 32 documents. Other findings revealed that the "Computer Science" area, with 193 documents, was the one most studied by scholars to carry out their research. China is the country with the highest number of publications, namely 266 documents, and one of its universities, namely Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, is the top affiliate with ten published documents. The use of the keywords "information technology" (82 occurrences), and "physical education" with (81 occurrences), is the most popular compared to other phrases for this topic. Our research provides more comprehensive information about the rapid progress of technological literacy in facilitating the development of sports education as a basic ingredient in building a country's sporting success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to produce a volleyball learning model for disabled students aged 10-12 years by developing a model that is easily adapted to the physical form. This research is a type of development research used the Borg and Gall model. The subjects of this study are disabled students aged 10 - 12 of 7 specific or exclusive elementary schools grades 4, 5, and 6. Developing or validating model products in the field for physically disabled students is the product of this study. Evaluation by experts using two physical education experts and one learning expert, furthermore we conducted small-scale trials involving questionnaires, consultations, and evaluations. The development results show that the sitting volleyball game learning model is suitable for use and the t test results show that Sig 0,001 < 0.05. These results show that the volleyball model training method is effective in improving the physical fitness of disabled students when compared to conventional training. The conclusion obtained in this research is that the sitting volleyball for disabled students aged 10-12 years is a model that is easily adapted to the physical movement form of students with special needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the school learning system, which was initially done offline; now, it is done online. However, several problems arise related to the learning process carried out. This study wanted to find out about students' interest in online learning. This study aimed to determine how much middle school students are interested in learning sprinting online during the new normal. The study is quantitative descriptive research, and the method used in this study was a survey with a questionnaire data collection technique in the form of a questionnaire. The population in this study were students of middle schools Informatika Bina Generasi Ciomas Bogor in class VIII, totaling five classes of 150 people. The sample in this study was class VIII-B, with 30 students. The data analysis technique used quantitative descriptive analysis as outlined in the form of a percentage. This study's results indicate that the study's results suggest that the interest of middle school students in online-based sprinting learning during the Covid-19 New Normal period is included in the high category. Where out of 30 respondents, in the very high category were five students (17%); in the high category were 17 students (56%); in the medium category were three students (10%); the low category were three students (10%), and the very low category were two students (7%). This study concludes that middle school students' interest in online-based sprinting learning during the COVID-19 New Normal period is more dominant on intrinsic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to devise a tool named Vertical Jump Measurement Portable (VJMP) with the purpose of facilitating practical and efficient measurements of vertical jumps, offering portability for use in diverse settings; concurrently, the research aims to evaluate the precision of VJMP in measuring vertical jumps. Employing research and development methodologies, this study involved the comparison of Vertical Jump Measurement Portable (VJMP) research products with traditional vertical jump measuring instruments. The research enlisted 42 participants who were athletes representing diverse sports disciplines. Data analysis included the application of the Mann-Whitney test to discern any statistically significant differences between the two vertical jump measuring instruments, with a threshold for significance set at p>0.05. The study outcomes revealed no statistically significant distinctions in the data obtained from two vertical jump measuring instruments, as indicated by a p-value of 0.754. This underscores the accuracy of VJMP in gauging vertical jumps. Furthermore, the tool exhibited notable efficiency, requiring a mere 41 seconds for the measurement of an individual. In conclusion, VJMP stands as an accurate and efficient instrument for assessing vertical jumps, thereby making it a viable choice for measurements across diverse sports and facilitating ease of use in practical field settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the impact of using one of the Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) type cooperative learning models on mastery of basic basketball techniques in grade VII junior high school students. This study used an experimental method using a randomize pretest posttest control group design. A total of 75 students were involved in this study, and were divided into two groups, namely 37 experimental groups and 38 people as a control group. The number is obtained from the entire class VII taken using cluster random sampling. The data collection technique uses a type of skill test of basic passing, shooting and dribbling techniques in basketball games that emphasize assessing their movements. The data analysis technique uses with an independent sample t-test analysis type at a confidence level of 0.05. Based on the results of the analysis, the passing, shooting, and dribbling technique had p<0.05. The researchers concluded that there is a significant average difference between the STAD type cooperative model and the direct teaching model, where the STAD model has a greater influence on basic basketball technical skills. It is expected that physical education teachers pay more attention to the characteristics of students, so that they are able to apply models that are in accordance with their characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this instructional style is to help students become more proficient at the floor exercise roll by using a game-based approach and other forms of media. The purpose of this research is to provide evidence for the efficacy of a model for teaching the fundamentals of the floor exercise roll through the medium of a video game in junior high school. Three subject matter experts and three media specialists evaluated the research and validated the learning model using a set of established criteria. This study is occurring within the product development phase with ten stage. A questionnaire was utilised to obtain data for determining the model's accuracy. Descriptive percentages were used to assess the data. The average model validity ratings found in this research show that the material expert validator is 83.33 percent valid and the media expert validator is 89.4 percent valid. The validity score generated by the combination of the three validators is very high quality. Consequently, it is reasonable to infer that the floor exercise roll basic technique learning model based on a game is genuine and can be applied in the context of school-based sports education. Sports educators and curriculum designers can use the favourable feedback from material and media experts to inform the design of more effective learning models for students to become proficient in floor exercises and fundamental rolling technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of Manohra dance are delicate because of the high physical performance specific posture, which can communicate the meaning. The purpose of this study is to study the effects of exercise with Manohra dance on physical performance, which were postural balance, muscle strength, and flexibility. Twenty-four female students aged 12-13 years old were included in the training program. They were randomly divided into two groups, experimental and control groups, twelve in each group. All subjects were trained with a strength and flexibility program as circuit training, only the experimental group was additionally trained with eight specific postures of the Manohra dance. All subjects were performed 3 times a week for 8 weeks continuously. The study involved three testing sessions pre-training, after 4-weeks and 8-weeks intervention. Compared between groups by using an independent t-test, significant at p<0.05. The results of experimental group showed higher significant difference in postural balance in all directions during the performance of YBT (p<0.05; YBT 1 p=0.044, YBT 2 p=0.004 and YBT 3 p=0.017) and flexibility (p<0.05; p=0.047) than the control group at week 8th. While there was no significant difference between groups of leg muscle strength (p>0.05). As a result, it was determined that the Manohra dance shows advantages, which are charming, conservation, and good for health, it can be suggested to use the Manohra dance posture in a training program to improve postural balance and flexibility in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the program evaluation of the national potential young athlete training centre. particularly the evaluation approach, using the Context model, Input, Process, and Product (CIPP). The triangulation data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, document studies and observation. The total population was athletes from 32 provinces, and the sample was 324 athletes representing each province by random sampling and 60 coaches from all province. Data analysis applied description frequency analysis, particularly SPSS. The research results indicate that this study evaluates the program of the national potential young athletes training centre by focusing on four types of evaluation. 1) Context Evaluation, 2) Input Evaluation, 3) Process Evaluation, and 4) Product Evaluation. Regarding the Context Evaluation, the results show that the program has a solid legal and policy foundation, and the government's intentions and objectives are excellent, but it still needs to be on target. Concerning Input Evaluation. The data were analysed by using the description frequency analysis, particularly SPSS. Context Component of support personnel is categorized as Good, Input Component in categorized as Very Good, the Process Components in is categorized as Very Good. Product Components in is categorized Very Good. The conclusion of this study for potential young athletes in Indonesia has referred to the achievements of athletes both at national levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the 2022 Vietnam SEA Games National Program. This research used a qualitative design with an evaluation approach using the Context model, Input, Process, and Product (CIPP). The data of this study were obtained through the triangulation of questionnaires, interviews, document studies, and observations. The 37 provincial sports branches and a sample of 300 athlete respondents represented each sport by random sampling. Data were analyzed using description frequency analysis, particularly SPSS. This study investigated four evaluation types (Context, Input, Process, and Product). Concerning the Context Evaluation, the research results show that the program has a solid legal and policy foundation, government goals, and objectives, but it has yet to be on target. Regarding the Input Evaluation, the results show that participants, organizing, financing, and committees need to be carried out correctly and improved following the development of the National Potential Young Athlete Training Center every year. The results of the Process Evaluation indicate that sports match rules should constantly be updated following the development of the Vietnam SEA Games National Plate 2022. The implementation of the match still needs to be maximized well. Apart from that, the Product Evaluation results show an increase in community participation and interest in organizing training camps for young athletes with national potential every year. The potential of athletes from the community must be optimized. The evaluation of the 2022 Vietnam SEA Games National Training Center refers to achievements and can be implemented for further national training implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study endeavors to evaluate the benefits and contributions of the Learning Management System (LMS) employed in Senior High School-level Physical Education instruction. Employing a qualitative methodology, the research employs systematic content analysis in conjunction with numerical data, visually depicting user responses to the utilization of the Learning Management System. The study encompassed 130 high school students from diverse regions in East Java, specifically: (1) the northern region (Surabaya), (2) the central region (Malang), (3) the southern region (Blitar), (4) the eastern region (Banyuwangi), and (5) the western region (Madiun). The findings reveal that 85.72% of participants expressed a positive perception of the overall supportive aspects of the Learning Management System. In conclusion, this research contends that the Learning Management System imparts benefits and makes a substantial contribution to the implementation of learning in Physical Education at the Senior High School level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid Prototyping (RP) is a technology used to incrementally shape products or add material using 3D printing equipment. 3D printing is extensively utilized throughout several industries, particularly in the medical sector. This study aims to make a valuable contribution to the field by specifically focusing on the manufacturing of foot prosthetics for patients who have undergone below-knee amputations. The design step on Solidwork software is initiated, followed by the realization of the chosen design utilizing a 3D printing machine, which utilizes PLA as the preferred material. The main focus of this study is to optimize the manufacturing process in order to determine the parameters that result in the most effective production of foot prosthesis, while minimizing the time required for machining. Optimization analysis revealed that the most effective parameters for producing PLA foot prosthesis using a 3D printing machine are a layer height of 0.1 mm, infill density of 100%, print speed of 100 mm/s, and nozzle temperature of 210°C. These adjusted parameters are essential benchmarks for the production sector of foot prostheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research and development is to provide multimedia animated shooting learning content for basketball games. Research and Development (R&D) design from Borg and Gall was used in this research. The research subjects were 130 students taking part in physical education classes consisting of 50 students in small group tests, 80 students in field trials, and 50 students who were assessed for media effectiveness. Test the effectiveness of media using basketball to determine the level of proficiency in students' basketball playing techniques before and after receiving the basketball learning media treatment in question, treatment with interactive animated multimedia-based basketball learning materials. The level of basketball technique was determined from the initial test at 36.42. The findings of this research are to produce interactive multimedia animation-based basketball learning media with the resulting products in the form of interactive mobile applications, independent study guidebooks to facilitate the delivery of basketball learning material and make it easier for lecturers and students to achieve it. The findings in the research were to produce basketball teaching material products for universities. The students' ability to execute basketball movements after receiving multimedia animation-based therapy was 73.42 and p-value = 0.00 < 0.05). The results of this development research conclude that animation and multimedia-based teaching materials can be used to teach basketball techniques to students. Multimedia animation-based interactive teaching materials created for learning basketball techniques show that there are quite large differences between before and after treatment based on differences in students' pretest and posttest scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed at investigating the effects of six-week Plyometric, Functional, and Interval training on body composition, power, and kicking speed. The study employed an experimental research design involving twenty male university students who were practitioners of Pencak Silat sports, following informed consent (average age 20.2 ± 1.32 years, height 168.9 ± 5.70 cm, body weight 63.74 ± 11.54 kg). The students were not isolated; their food intake and sleep patterns were not controlled, but they were advised not to stay up late and to avoid smoking and consuming alcoholic beverages. Participants engaged in Plyometric training once a week on Mondays, functional training once a week on Wednesdays, and interval training once a week on Fridays. Plyometric, Functional training and Interval training (PFIT) was performed for 70-80 minutes per session, for six weeks, with low intensity and moderate volume on 90 -120 contacts. There were significant improvements (p <0.05) in flexibility, force and pear power, jump height and left kick speed. Body fat, muscle mass, visceral fat and bone density also experienced significant changes (p <0.05). However, the PFIT training did not cause significant changes in right kick speed, as well as fat content, protein content and basal metabolism (p > 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the contribution of emotional regulation to mental toughness among athletes with disabilities. The approach used in this research is quantitative. The sampling technique used in this study is saturated sampling. All members of the population became participants in this study. A total of 69 athletes with disabilities who are members of the East Java National Paralympic Committee in Indonesia took part in the XVI National Paralympic Week. Participants aged 14-56 years (mean 29.855; SD 12.008) were grouped into three research based disabilities categoriies based on IPC (International Paralympic Committee) namely physical impairment, intellectual impairment, and vision impairment. The instruments used were the IERQ4S (Indonesian Emotion Regulation Questionnaires for Sport) and the Mental Toughness Scale. JASP (Jeffyes's Amazing Statistic Program) software was used to analyze the data using linear regression. The results of the study show that emotional regulation contributes 57.6% to the mental toughness of athletes with disabilities in Indonesia with p < .001 and r 0.759. Through the emotional regulation mechanism, athletes with disabilities are able to have mental toughness during training and competition. This study has highlighted the contribution that emotional regulation to mental toughness in athletes with disabilities. This study suggests that athletes with disabilities should be aware of the importance of emotional regulation if they want to be mentally tough. As a conclusion, in addition to physical exercise, sports mental training programs in the field of emotional regulation must be designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to determine the impact of integrating life skills in a football training program on the positive youth development. This research method uses qualitative research design with pretest-posttest control group design. The sampling technique used purposive sampling technique and sports students, Universitas Negeri Padang were the samples for this research. The research sample was divided equally (each group had 50 people) divided into 2 groups, namely; 1) integrated life skills group (Group A) and non integrated life skills group (Group B). Each group carried out the exercise 16 times. This research uses a questionnaire as a way to distribute instruments. The instrument used is the LSSS questionnaire instrument. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. The research results show that t-count is 17.687, which means it is bigger than t-table (1.671). Apart from these calculations, a p value <0.001 was also obtained, which means there was a significant difference in results between the group that was integrated with life skills compared to the group that was not integrated with LS. Based on these differences, it can be seen that the LS integration group is better than the group that is not life skills integrated. This research provides recommendations for teachers and coaches to be able to create programs that are intentionally or integrated into various sports activities to provide better results than those that do not. These results certainly provide recommendations for futur e researchers to continue and conduct research that can also have a good impact on athletes in sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The affective domain is very important in supporting students' social skills as a predictor of academic success. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of the Jigsaw learning model compared to the Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) learning model as an effort to improve students' social skills. The method in this study uses an experimental method with a 2x2 factorial design. The population in this study were 270 students of the Department of Physical Education who contracted the Taekwondo Learning course. The sample involved in this research was 64 people using a cluster random sampling technique. The instruments used were the VARK Questionnaire to determine student learning styles, and the Social Skills Improvement System questionnaire. Data analysis technique using Factorial ANOVA test. The results showed that the value of the main effect on the learning model has a significant value. 0.274 > 0.05, which means that there is no significant difference in the effect of applying the learning model on students' social skills, but there is an interaction between the learning model and learning styles. The Jigsaw learning model has a significant effect compared to the STAD learning model for students with the Kinesthetic learning style, whereas for students with the Aural learning style there is no significant difference between the two models. Both social skills can be improved through the Jigsaw and STAD learning models, but when students who have a Kinesthetic learning style are more advised to use the Jigsaw learning model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current research was to explore the key factors in the development of grass-roots football in Indonesia, including the current development process and challenges. This research was qualitative research. A semi-structured interview was conducted to gather the data. Through interviews, the researcher gathered the participants overview and perspective regarding the current practice and challenges of grass-roots football in Indonesia. In this case, 7 coaches at a grassroots football academy in Indonesia were involved in this research, as determined by the purposive sampling method. The participants were chosen based on their coaching experience, which ranged from 5 to 16 years. A qualitative data analysis application, namely N-Vivo, was utilized to analyze the data. The finding indicated that two big themes were created: the current development of grassroot football academy in Indonesia and the current challenges of grassroot football academy in Indonesia. Both themes have several sub-themes, which are discussed in the discussion of the themes. For the first theme, the researcher discussed the purpose of the grassroot academy in Indonesia, the selection process in the grassroot football academy in Indonesia, the player condition, the coach condition, the guideline material used, and the coach teaching strategy. For the second theme, researchers discussed the challenges of grassroots football academy based on player awareness, player environment conditions, player discipline, and player attitude. Therefore, the current research revealed the current practices and challenges in grass-roots football academy in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral Palsy (CP) Football is explicitly played for people with physical disorders in the category of cerebral palsy. People with CP experience damage to parts of the brain that result in impaired motor skills, especially in eye-hand-foot coordination. This study aimed to analyze the eye-hand-and-foot coordination ability of CP football players. This quantitative research was conducted using descriptive methods. The subjects used 50 CP football players participating in the 2022 Asean Para Games XI in Solo. The UMAC-CPF coordination test model measures the eye-hand-and-foot coordination ability of CP football players. The research results show that, in general, the coordination ability of the FT1 class is in a good category, as well as in the FT2 and FT3 classes. However, in the FT1 and FT2 classes, it was found that there were still 1 or 2 CP football players who had poor coordination abilities. Through the UMAC-CPF test model, CP football players in each class's eye, hand, and foot coordination abilities were generally categorized as good. However, it was found that several players still lacked their abilities. This can be used as a basis for coaches or management teams to evaluate the achievements of CP football players, especially the ability to coordinate eyes, hands, and foot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the field of sport business management develops, it is critical to assess its literature. A content analysis of 34 sport business management journals between 2002 to 2012 was conducted relative to sports, physical activity, recreation, and leisure for individuals with disabilities. Journals were selected based on their alignment with sport management curriculum standards. Results show that of the 5,443 articles reviewed in this study, merely 89, or .016%, pertained to disability sport, leisure, recreation, or physical activity. Information insufficiency was found across all sport management curriculum domains. Similarities and differences are discussed relative to other content analyses conducted in sport management and disability sport. Results provide direction for future scholarship and advancement of studies in disability sport in sport business management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to review the literature of physical activity interven Lions among adults with disabilities, focusing on interventions designed to increase physical activity. Keyword searches were used to identify articles from Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Physical Education Index, PsycINFO, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus from 1998 to 2009. Relevant data such as participant characteristics, research designs, outcome measures, intervention types, theoretical models, and results were extracted. Thirteen studies met all inclusion criteria. Overall, most studies focused on women. Intervention approaches were mixed and ranged from educational workshops to exercise support groups. Interventions ranged from one week to six months. Fewer than 50% of the studies specified a theoretical framework to guide the intervention. In addition to physical activity, most studies included other outcomes (e.g., fitness, function, etc). Implications and future recommendations are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study described the dietary intake profiles of 14 female (F) and 9 male (M) trained British wheelchair games players. The M group showed significantly higher daily energy (2060 ± 904 vs. 1520 ± 342 kcal·day-1), carbohydrate and protein intakes than the F group (p < .05). The energy derived from carbohydrate, protein, and fat for both F and M groups were similar (53.6%, 16.9% and 29.3% and 53.3%, 19.0% and 26.8%, respectively), yet the carbohydrate intakes were slightly lower than those recommended for athletes. Only two participants from the F group showed adequate intakes of iron, and 19 participants from both F and M groups did not meet the dietary fiber recommendation but this may be related to individualized bowel management strategies. Overall, the dietary practices encompassed aspects of the dietary guidelines recommended for sport, but balancing the energy needs of wheelchair games play with the promotion of long-term health still needs careful consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate satisfaction with campus recreation facilities among college students with physical disabilities. One hundred twenty-two college students with various physical disabilities participated in the study. This study found that use of and satisfaction with campus recreation facilities were significantly low among college students with disabilities. Specifically, 68% of college students with physical disabilities used campus recreation facilities less than 5 time per semester, and 37% of participants never used the facilities. The personnel in the area of campus recreation programs and facilities for students with disabilities should use the findings and suggestions of this study to provide better accessibility and accommodation of campus recreation facilities to students with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study's purpose was to identify the mediating role of intention and the stages of change (SOC) in physical activity (PA) over a 6-month period using two models (theory of planned behavior [TPB] and TPB/SOC). Participants were 143 adults with physical disabilities (70.68% response rate; M age = 46.03). The TPB constructs, SOC (time 1), and PA (time 2) were assessed using standardized self-report questionnaires. Based on path analyses, attitude had the highest effect on intention and SOC followed by perceived behavioral control within both well-fit models. The variance in PA explained by the first (TPB) and second (TPB/SOC) models was 16% and 28% respectively. In the just identified model of TPB/SOC, the direct effect of SOC on physical activity remained strong (gamma(soc.pa) = .45) and SOC approached full mediation through attitude. Health promotion interventions need to include both intention and behavior elements (SOC) reinforcing increased PA value and barrier elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines whether people with disabilities(PWD) participate in leisure and travel activities with their desired companions and if there are discrepancies between their social networks and real recreation companions. The recreation companionship and travel behaviour of PWD have not been thoroughly explored, particularly in non-Western contexts. Accordingly, data were collected from 494 respondents in South Korea, and findings suggest that there was a significant gap between companions PWD desire and those they actually maintain. Travel and tourism were the least frequent recreation activities for PWD. The results can provide managerial implications regarding practices of inclusive and accessible tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of participation in recreational activities on perceptions of the physical and social selves of individuals with physical disabilities was explored. Eleven women (ages 19 to 54) and 12 men (ages 20 to 36) participated in individualized recreational programs including horseback riding, swimming, fitness, weightlifting, racquetball, bowling, tennis, fishing, walking, and tai chi. Tape-recorded interviews were conducted with these individuals following participation. Content analyses of the interview responses indicated that participation impacted four aspects of the physical self: (a) experiencing the body in new ways, (b) enhancing perceptions of physical attributes. (c) redefining physical capabilities, and (d) increasing perceived confidence to pursue new physical activities. Modifications in respondents' perceptions of the social self were reflected in two themes: (a) expanding social interactions and experiences, and (b) initiating social activities in other contexts. The gains discussed by respondents suggest that individuals developed an enhanced sense of control in both their physical and social lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifty-two male elite wheelchair basketball athletes, classified into four functional ability classes, were studied to determine whether overall wheelchair basketball performance in a game situation is related to the onal ability level of the participant. To determine the quality of the individual's game performance. 18 championship games were videotaped and analyzed by means of the Comprehensive Basketball Grading System. Physical fitness parameters (propulsive force and aerobic power) were determined in specific laboratory conditions. Force application on the wheelchair handrims was measured by means of an crgodyn device. Finally, the subjects, while in their wheelchairs, performed a maximal exercise capacity test on a motordriven treadmill. The analyses indicated significant differences in field performance and aerobic power between Class I and the rest of the classes. However, isometric and dynamic force application on the handrims could not be proven to be functional ability dependent. In conclusion, reducing the number of classes to improve fair and equitable competition in wheelchair basketball was considered viable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is understood that when an individual takes a stand on an issue that may be controversial, this position is open to criticism. Some may find it necessary to vehemently reject this individual's philosophy. As such, Thiboutot, Labanowich, and Smith (1992) have been extended the opportunity to express their opinions relative to an article titled "Wheelchair Sports: A New Perspective on Integration" (Brasile, 1990a). The editors of the Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly should be commended for extending the opportunity for these individuals to respond to this issue. They should also be commended for extending the courtesy to write a rejoinder to the diatribe. What follows, therefore, is a rejoinder that will focus on the major issues that Thiboutot et al. have so eloquently raised: the rehabilitative aspects of sport, sport and skill, freedom of choice, and the inclusion of individuals without permanent physical disabilities into the sport of wheelchair basketball. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brasile (1990) has proposed a "new perspective" on efforts in the United States to integrate persons without disabilities in activities currently limited exclusively to those with disabilities (i.e., wheelchair sports). It is contended herein that Brasile's rationale for "reverse integration" is based upon faulty logic; moreover, it violates fundamental concepts that form the foundation of the wheelchair sports movement in the U.S. Not only would it reduce competitive opportunities for persons with disabilities, but reverse integration reflects an outdated perspective that wheelchair sports is primarily a form of rehabilitation rather than sports competition. Finally, the fundamental issue in this debate is identified: who will ultimately decide who is or is not eligible for participation in wheelchair sports in the U.S.? In 1987 the players (i.e., team delegates) within the National Wheelchair Basketball Association voted overwhelmingly against the inclusion of players without disabilities. The athletes themselves should continue to have control of wheelchair sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present aspirations for equality, normalization, and integration have given rise to increased demand for further development of sport for special groups.This is dependent upon an understanding of the existing sporting behavior. This article describes several Finnish studies of the sporting behavior of persons on disability pension, war veterans, those chronically ill or disabled, the mentally handicapped, and the visually impaired. Sporting behavior depends on one's free time, interests, earlier practices, age, gender, and state of health. Poor health or a disability limits sporting activity, but it may also lead to more rehabilitative sport and exercise. The findings of the studies reveal features that need to be developed in sport for special groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By virtue of decisions made by the sports office of the Finnish Ministry of Education, the status of the disabled and other special groups in physical culture has been improved throughout the 1980s, to the point that formal equality will soon be achieved. Some 5% of the state funds allocated for sport are used to promote exercise for the disabled, the chronically ill, and pensioners, and 10% for research into physical education. Organizations concerned with exercise for the disabled are represented on the decision-making bodies for the administration of physical exercise; sports organizations for disabled persons receive state aid on the same basis and in the same proportions as other sports organizations. In the 1990s, the focus will remain on improvement of training for physical exercise, teaching, and health care personnel, which is in fact the main area of concern for the State Committee on Adapted Physical Activities for special groups set up by the Ministry of Education in 1987. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation was undertaken to assess the relationship between the disability classification levels of wheelchair basketball players, as used by the National Wheelchair Basketball Association (NWBA), and the skill proficiency levels of the athlete. The assessment tool consisted of seven components deemed necessary for proficiency in basketball; these items were the 20-m sprint, free-throw shooting, obstacle dribble, baskets per minute, rebounding, speed pass, and pass for accuracy. The data used for statistical analysis were based upon the results acquired from 91 subjects who were tested in 1983. These subjects represented 18 NWBA teams from 14 states and Canada. The results of the investigation indicate support for placing less of an emphasis on the disability levels of wheelchair basketball participants, and for the development of functional assessment tools to be used in judging performances of "handicapped" athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents the results of a survey on the preferences of disabled people in wheelchairs for selected features of recreational trails in forests. The study was conducted in in the years 2015 and 2016 with a sample of 109 people from Slovakia and from the Czech Republic (57 respondents in Slovakia and 52 in the Czech Republic). The questions in the survey were designed to determine the preferences concerned in this article: answers regarding the optimal length of the route for one trip and the distance between the accompanying trail elements (information signs, shelters etc.) are presented. We have observed differences between the respondents' preferences in Slovakia and the Czech Republic in the preferred length of the trail. On the other hand, preferences in the distance between the accompanying elements on the trail in the forest did not differ. Respondents in the Czech Republic prefer far longer routes, with relatively larger distances between the recreational elements. The results will be used in the future for designing optimal trails for visitors on wheelchairs in the Masaryk Forest Křtiny, property of the Mendel University in Brno. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leisure is an instrument used to facilitate the social integration of people with disabilities. However, it requires significant knowledge of the needs and expectations of this clientele, who often experience isolation, especially in rural areas. The general objective of this study was to attempt to identify and understand the realities experienced by the partners of the Quebec Association for Leisure for People with Disabilities, who offer various services and leisure activities to people with disabilities in rural Quebec. Through focus groups and semi-structured interviews with seventy local stakeholders, this study highlights the fact that the needs of organizations offering recreational activities to people with disabilities are increasingly urgent, especially in terms of finances, paratransit, accessibility, specialized human resources and consultation. This study also demonstrates that recreational activities are essential for the social and identity development of people with disabilities, but also for the development of more inclusive and connected rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Framed by a social approach to disability and leisure constraints theory, this paper presents the results of a national study examining the constraints to sport participation for people with disability. Responses were obtained from a multi-platform questionnaire survey capturing data on constraints to participation, dimensions of disability, and level of support needs. The Exploratory Factor Analysis identified five structural together with intrapersonal and interpersonal constraint factors. While intrapersonal and interpersonal considerations were found to constrain sport participation and nonparticipation, the five structural factors had the most significant constraining impact on sport participation. The findings showed that disability type and level of support needs explain significant variations in constraints to participation and nonparticipation. When the 2-Way MANOVA included type of disability and level of support needs as contingent independent variables, the level of support needs was the most significant indicator of the likelihood of having constraints to participation or nonparticipation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article presents summaries of studies in the field of physical activity including "Increasing Level of Activity Through Recreation," "Treatment Effectiveness in Cerebral Palsy," "Do Congenitally Blind Persons Have Visual Imagery Deficit?" "Exercise for Hemophiliac Children," Effects of an Aquatic Program on Muscular Strength of Patients With Multiple Sclerosis," and "Brain Injuries in Boxers."

The article focuses on the extent to which recreation commissions of Connecticut towns, required by federal and state law to provide adaptive recreational programming for their citizens unable to engage sports and leisure activities, due to the severity of their disabilities. It mentions that need to encourage municipal recreation commissions to welcome the profoundly disabled in recreational programming under the U.S. Americans with Disabilities Act.

The Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) is the most comprehensive federal legislation impacting facility accessibility spanning across the whole spectrum of publically accessed facilities including those used for physical activity and sport. This landmark legislation and its initial standards for implementation have greatly impacted facility design and use; however, these initial implementation standards did not specifically address many of the unique aspects of the golf course as a recreational facility. New standards for ADA interpretation were developed in 2010 that included specifics related to golf course accessibility. The purpose of this paper was to examine the new standards related to accessible routes, golf cart passages, and weather shelters and to address the legal implications as well as provide practical suggestions for golf course managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the contribution of holiday trips to the life satisfaction (LS) of people with disabilities as compared to people without disabilities. Particular attention is paid to the effects of the intensity of taking part in holiday trips on LS. We are interested in testing two different hypotheses: (a) holiday trips increase individuals' LS and (b) the effects of holiday trips on LS are different for people without and with disabilities, being greater for this latter group. Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we estimate LS equations (running generalised least square random-effects models) for people without and with disabilities which include a set of variables measuring participation or not in holiday trips and its intensity. Although people with disabilities are less likely to participate in holiday trips than people without disabilities, the results indicate that people with disabilities obtain higher levels of LS than people without disabilities from their participation in holiday trips, especially when this participation is more intense. Policy-makers and the tourism industry must promote and facilitate full access and participation of people with disabilities in holiday trips by eliminating all barriers, understanding their differential needs and providing an inclusive leisure environment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To effectively market a sport event, it is necessary to determine the factors that influence spectator attendance. While a developed line of inquiry exists on the marketing of able-bodied sports, a gap in the literature exists in the disability sport context. Thus, there is a need to examine the synergy between existing motives that have been confirmed in traditional sport versus those that are unique to disability sport. This line of inquiry will help future researchers determine whether additional factors should be considered when marketing disability sport. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively explore the explicit and tacit motives of spectator attendance at disability sport. Findings from the Quad Rugby Nationals indicate that while some of the traditional sport spectator motives in the literature are the same, there are also unique motives, which should be used to accurately measure spectator interest in this emerging context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the actual participation in leisure activities by a sample of Norwegian adolescents with Down syndrome aged 14. Representing a first generation to grow up in a relatively inclusive context, they live with their families, attend mainstream schools, and are part of common community life. Leisure information was obtained in individual, structured parent interviews, and added to existing longitudinal data from a project following the sample. Generally, the leisure activity may be viewed as varying along a continuum—reaching from formal, organized, and assisted activity participation outside home, to informal, self-organized, and independent participation at home. Formal leisure activities were either organized “for all” or “adapted for disabled.” The adolescents’ leisure appears as active and social. However, social participation largely involved parents and family, while socializing with other adolescents mainly took place within formal activities adapted for disabled. Clearly, formal and informal activities provide rather different opportunities for social encounters and assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of this study was to understand the perceptions of people with disabilities and their families about involvement in inclusive and segregated recreation programming. Many in the field have promoted inclusive services over segregated services, pointing out that segregated services are "separate but not equal" (Snow, 2013b, p. 1). Despite the promotion and expansion of inclusive services, segregated programs persist in numerous service settings and people with disabilities and their families continue to use these services. When the benefits of inclusion are well documented, why do people with disabilities and their families continue to participate in segregated services? In this qualitative study, a purposeful sample of 15 individuals with varying disabilities was interviewed. Results showed that people with disabilities and their families chose segregated recreation programs for the program structure, such as competition level and skill development. The exclusiveness of segregated programs was viewed negatively. The role that support systems play in the choice between segregated or inclusive programs emerged as a significant theme, and the influence of supports appeared to be a strong determinant in whether participants were involved in segregated or inclusive recreation. Social relationships and other benefits such as physical activity were important to participants. It is important for service professionals to provide information on inclusive programs and supports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]