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BACKGROUND: Refeeding syndrome is the gravest possible medical complication in malnourished patients undergoing refeeding in the hospital. We previously reported that males with malnutrition secondary to eating disorders required more calories and had longer hospital stays than females; however, sex differences in electrolyte abnormalities indicating refeeding syndrome risk remain unknown. The objective of this study was to assess differences in electrolyte abnormalities indicating refeeding syndrome risk among male and female adolescents and young adults with eating disorders hospitalized for medical instability. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of 558 patients aged 9-25 years admitted to the University of California, San Francisco Eating Disorders Program for medical instability between May 2012 and August 2020. Serum was drawn per standard of care between 5 and 7 am each morning and electrolyte abnormalities indicating refeeding syndrome risk were defined as: hypophosphatemia (

OBJECTIVE: The StRONG trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of higher calorie refeeding (HCR) in hospitalized adolescents and young adults with malnutrition secondary to restrictive eating disorders. Here we compare refeeding outcomes in patients with atypical anorexia nervosa (atypical AN) versus anorexia nervosa (AN) and examine the impact of caloric dose. METHOD: Patients were enrolled upon admission and randomized to meal-based HCR, beginning 2000 kcal/day and advancing 200 kcal/day, or lower calorie refeeding (LCR), beginning 1400 kcal/day and advancing 200 kcal every other day. Atypical AN was defined as %median BMI (mBMI) > 85. Independent t-tests compared groups; multivariable linear and logistic regressions examined caloric dose (kcal/kg body weight). RESULTS: Among n = 111, mean ± SD age was 16.5 ± 2.5 yrs; 43% had atypical AN. Compared to AN, atypical AN had slower heart rate restoration (8.7 ± 4.0 days vs. 6.5 ± 3.9 days, p = .008, Cohens d = -.56), less weight gain (3.1 ± 5.9%mBMI vs. 5.4 ± 2.9%mBMI, p

Objective: To assess current practices of U.S. professionals providing outpatient ALS nutrition care. Methods: A cross-sectional survey assessing nutrition care practices was distributed in February/March 2023 through electronic mailing lists of relevant professional organizations. Results: Of the 87 professionals completing the survey, 85.1% were registered dietitians and 50.6% had five or fewer years of experience in ALS care. Many (44.2%) professionals reported receiving no training on the nutrition care of people with ALS (PALS), and 40.2% reported having no other ALS dietitians in their close network. Methods utilized to estimate calorie and protein requirements in PALS varied widely. Although 95.4% of respondents reported that their clinic's dietitian participates in feeding tube discussions, many practitioners may be waiting until ALS symptoms negatively impact PALS' breathing, eating, swallowing, or weight to begin discussing feeding tubes. Additionally, few professionals reported institutional practices conducive for refeeding syndrome prevention or monitoring. Conclusions: Many professionals providing outpatient nutrition care to PALS possess limited experience, received insufficient training, and are not connected to other ALS dietitians. Specific nutrition care practices, including nutrient need estimation, vary widely among health professionals. Practices surrounding feeding tube discussions and refeeding syndrome may be suboptimal at many institutions. These findings highlight the need for initiatives that educate and connect practitioners providing nutrition care to PALS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Refeeding syndrome (RFS) and starvation-associated injuries are significant complications in malnourished patients. Severe weight loss after obesity surgery is frequently associated with malnutrition, consequently increasing the likelihood of RFS and starvation-related injuries as postoperative complications. RFS and starvation-induced injury in a single patient has rarely been reported. In this paper, we present, for the first time, a case of hepatic injury attributed to both refeeding syndrome and starvation-induced hepatic injury in a malnourished woman following bariatric surgery. Case Report: A 27-year-old female patient was admitted to the hospital for severe malnutrition after sleeve gastrectomy. Her body mass index (BMI) dropped from 37.2 kg/m² to 12.4 kg/m² 1 year after surgery. After nutritional supplementation, her liver enzymes levels increased significantly, with severe hypophosphatemia suggesting the development of RFS. During the calorie restriction treatment for RFS, the patient unexpectedly exhibited the recurrent increase of liver enzyme levels and severe reduction in body weight, albumin, and hemoglobin, which is considered to be caused by starvation-induced injury during the treatment of RFS. Following precise nutritional re-supplementation, her liver enzyme levels were dramatically decreased, with significant elevated hemoglobin and albumin levels at discharge and during the follow-up visit. Conclusions: Chronic malnutrition and extreme weight loss can occur following bariatric surgery. Our report highlights the potential for RFS and starvation-related liver injuries as postoperative complications for high-risk patients after bariatric surgery. Liver injury can occur in both RFS and starvation-induced hepatitis. Nutrition initiation and supplementation should be carefully balanced in high-risk patients during nutritional treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Refeeding syndrome (RFS) is a potentially life-threatening condition that can occur in preterm infants if nutritional support is initiated or increased after a period of starvation or malnutrition. Objectives: The current study aimed to examine the short-term clinical outcomes of RFS in preterm infants born at ≤32 weeks of gestation. Methods: Infants with a gestational age of ≤32 weeks and a birth weight of <1500 g who were born and admitted to the level III neonatal intensive care unit and received parenteral nutrition upon admission were retrospectively evaluated. The modified log Poisson regression with generalized linear models and a robust variance estimator was applied to adjust the outcomes of infants. Results: In total, 760 infants met this study's inclusion criteria. Of them, 289 (38%) developed RFS. RFS was significantly associated with a composite outcome of mortality and intraventricular hemorrhage. Based on the multivariate Cox regression analysis adjusted for significant potential confounders, RFS was significantly associated with increased mortality risk, with a hazard ratio for death in infants with RFS being 1.74-fold higher compared to those without RFS. Conclusions: Preterm infants born at ≤32 weeks of gestation who develop RFS within the first week of life are at increased risk for both intraventricular hemorrhage and mortality. This study underscores the need for standardized clinical approaches for managing RFS in the neonatal intensive care unit to improve outcomes. Future research should establish a unified RFS definition and conduct clinical trials to optimize parenteral nutrition strategies for this vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Eating disorders (EDs) are debilitating mental illnesses that can lead to significant medical complications from malnutrition. Eating disorders are on the rise in Asia and the prevalence is expected to increase. The aim of this study was to understand the characteristics of local patients and evaluate our current inpatient nutritional rehabilitation protocol for anorexia nervosa (AN). Methods: Retrospective descriptive data were gathered from 47 patients diagnosed with AN. Patients with admissions were further stratified according to their nutritional management based on whether they were on the AN protocol or standard hospital care. Data on their rate of weight gain, length of stay and calorie prescription were collected. Results: Similar to previous studies, the majority of AN patients were female (96.7%). However, the age at presentation of AN in this study, as compared with previous local studies, had decreased (14 vs. 16 years). We also found that patients on the AN protocol were prescribed a higher amount of calories than those given standard care (2,700 vs. 2,317 calories). Patients on the AN protocol achieved a higher rate of weight gain per week (1.15 vs. 0.29 kg) and had a shorter length of hospital stay (23 vs. 36 days). Conclusion: Patients with AN appear to be presenting at a younger age. Medical stabilisation of AN patients can be achieved more quickly through a higher calorie inpatient AN treatment protocol. Future local studies examining actual calorie consumption, its effect on weight gain trajectory, severity of refeeding syndrome and time to remission will be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Refeeding syndrome (RFS) is recognized as a potentially fatal metabolic disturbance, particularly concerning for non-critically ill patients who do not receive frequent electrolyte assessments. Assessing the risk of developing RFS and implementing preventive strategies is essential in these cases. We investigated the proportion of risk and its association with prognosis in a high-dependency unit (HDU). Method: This observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital's HDU in Japan. We consecutively enrolled all patients who had been admitted urgently to the HDU and hospitalized for three days or more. We evaluated the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) RFS risk factors at admission and classified patients into four groups based on the modified NICE criteria. The primary outcome was 30-day in-hospital mortality. The secondary outcome was a composite of 30-day in-hospital mortality and transfer to the intensive care unit, or discharge to locations other than home. Using logistic regression, we assessed the association between the four risk groups and outcomes, using the no-risk group as a reference. Results: A total of 955 patients were analyzed, of which 33.1%, 26.7%, 37.8%, and 2.4% were classified into the no-risk, low-risk, high-risk, and very high-risk groups, respectively. The 30-day in-hospital mortality was 4.4%, 5.5%, 5.0%, and 21.7%, respectively (Log-rank trend test: p = 0.047). In multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for sepsis, comorbidities, and age, only the very high-risk group was associated with 30-day in-hospital mortality (odds ratio: 5.54, 95% confidence interval: 1.73–17.79) A similar association was observed for the secondary outcomes. Conclusions: For patients admitted urgently to the HDU, there may be an opportunity to improve outcomes for very high-risk patients through preventive strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Undernourishment is a common health problem among elderly individuals, and its prevalence grows among frail patients, which makes nutritional support a priority, especially in acute diseases. However, providing nutritional support to undernourished patients or to those under acute caloric deprivation may lead to electrolyte disturbances associated with neurological, respiratory, and cardiac symptoms, including cardiac arrest. These disturbances occur a few days after receiving nutritional support, and characterize the refeeding syndrome. METHODOLOGY: Five elderly patients hospitalized for clinical reasons and who developed refeeding syndrome during the duration of the stay, were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: All patients analyzed were malnourished and frail, of whom four were women. The age group ranged between 82 and 85 years, and food deprivation time ranged between 7 to 15 days. Three patients had severe dementia and were admitted with hypoactive delirium. Hypophosphatemia occurred in 100% of the sample, followed by hypokalemia (60%) and hypomagnesemia (40%). Four patients developed peripheral edema, two developed metabolic ileus and three elderly persons (who had lower phosphorus values) died during the hospital stay. CONCLUSION: All refeeding syndrome patients developed hypophosphatemia, with fatal outcome among those whose phosphorus values were lower. The development of peripheral edema and metabolic ileus was frequent. Owing to the lack of data in literature, new researches on refeeding syndrome are extremely important. Electrolyte evaluation before and after nutritional support in patients at risk, is indispensable to facilitate recognition and treatment of this severe condition.

Abstract Hypophosphatemia (serum phosphate

Background. Refeeding syndrome is a complication developed by children being managed for severe acute malnutrition (SAM). It is caused by changes in electrolyte balance once high‐caloric feeding is reinitiated. Phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium are the main electrolytes affected when it occurs. However, hypophosphatemia is the hallmark of the diagnosis of refeeding syndrome. WHO recommends inpatient management of patients with complicated SAM with initially F75 which is low in calories and later transitioned to RUTF which is high in calories but also has a higher phosphorus content. Objective. This study aims to determine the incidence and factors associated with refeeding syndrome in the transition phase when treating children aged 6 to 59 months with severe acute malnutrition at the Mwanamugimu Nutritional Unit, Mulago. Methods. We conducted a prospective cohort study at the Mwanamugimu Nutritional Unit of Mulago National Referral Hospital. A total of 150 children between 6 and 59 months with SAM were enrolled into the study. We measured serum electrolytes (phosphorus, sodium, and potassium) at admission, initiation of RUTF, and 48 hours after transition. The refeeding syndrome was diagnosed by a drop in serum phosphorus of more than 0.3 mmol from baseline. The data were analyzed using STATA 17.0. Incidence of refeeding syndrome was determined as the proportion of participants whose serum phosphorus declined by more than 0.3 mmol from baseline. For factors associated, a multivariate‐modified Poisson regression analysis reporting relative risk was performed with a 0.2 level of significance at bivariate and 0.05 at multivariate analyses. Results. Of the 150 children recruited, 35 were lost to follow‐up and 115 children had their data analyzed. Of the 115 participants in the study, 40 developed refeeding syndrome indicating a cumulative incidence of 34.8% with a 95% CI of 26.5–44%. A low baseline serum sodium (RR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.80–0.99, and P value: 0.038) and having edematous malnutrition (RR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.81–0.99, and P value; 0.042) at admission were found to be significant (P < 0.05) risk factors of refeeding syndrome. Conclusion. The cumulative incidence of RFS of 34.8% is very high. RFS is found to be associated with low baseline sodium and pedal edema. Children with a low baseline sodium and edema should undergo a cautious transition of feeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Patients with acute ischaemic stroke are more likely to develop refeeding syndrome due to increased need for nutritional support when suffering alterations of consciousness and impairment of swallowing. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of refeeding syndrome in stroke patients. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study, using the prospective stroke database from hospital, included all consecutive acute ischaemic stroke patients who received enteral nutrition for more than 72 h from 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2022. Refeeding syndrome was defined as occurrence of new‐onset hypophosphataemia within 72 h after enteral feeding. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate risk factors and relationships between refeeding syndrome and stroke outcomes. Results: 338 patients were included in the study. 50 patients (14.8%) developed refeeding syndrome. Higher scores on National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and Nutritional Risk Screening 2002, albumin <30 g/L and BMI <18.5 kg/m2 were risk factors for refeeding syndrome. Moreover, refeeding syndrome was independently associated with a 3‐month modified Rankin Scale score of >2 and 6‐month mortality. Conclusions: Refeeding syndrome was common in stroke patients and higher baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, higher Nutritional Risk Screening 2002, albumin <30 g/L and BMI <18.5 kg/m2 were independent risk factors of refeeding syndrome. Occurrence of refeeding syndrome was significantly associated with higher 3‐month modified Rankin Scale and 6‐month mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Refeeding syndrome (RFS) is defined by the presence of acute electrolyte disturbances, including hypophosphatemia. Underlying disease(s), malnutrition and hospitalisation are known risk factors for RFS. It can occur in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to determine the frequency of hypophosphatemia and the relationship between hypophosphatemia, disease severity and nutritional status in hospitalized patients with IBD. Methods: This study was performed prospectively in hospitalized adult patients for the treatment of IBD in a tertiary-care hospital. Disease severity was assessed using Truelove and Witts score for ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease Activity Index for Crohn's disease (CD). Nutritional status was determined using Subjective Global Assessment (SGA). Serum phosphate concentration was recorded for first 7 days after hospitalization, and less than 0.65 mmol/l was defined as hypophosphatemia. Results: Fifty participants (33 with UC and 17 with CD) were included in the study. The mean age of the study sample was 43.4±14.9 years, of which 64% were male. A total of 8.8% of patients with UC and 37.5% of patients with CD had severe (>moderate) disease upon study admission. Seventeen patients (34%) were malnourished. During the 7 study days, 23 participants (46%) had at least one episode of hypophosphatemia. Serum phosphate concentration was significantly and moderately correlated with serum potassium concentration in both the patients and the hypophosphatemia group on study day 3 (p<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of malnutrition [odds ratio (OR) = 3.64, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.52-5.58, p=0.008), the administration of parenteral nutrition (OR=2.91, 95%Cl: 1.37-4.63, p=0.015), and severe IBD (OR=1.74, 95%CI: 1.03-3.42, p=0.020) were associated with hypophosphatemia. Conclusions: Approximately half of the participants exhibited at least one instance of hypophosphatemia during the study period. Hypophosphatemia was found to be associated with malnutrition, parenteral nutrition, and severe disease in patients with IBD requiring hospitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypophosphatemia (serum phosphate < 2.5 mg/dL) is a major concern when initiating nutritional support. We evaluated which factors contribute to hypophosphatemia development in critically ill patients, as well as the association between hypophosphatemia and mortality. A retrospective cohort study of patients who were ventilated for at least 2 days in a 16-bed mixed ICU. Data collected includes demographics, Acute Physiology & Chronic Health Evaluation 2 (APACHE2) admission score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score at 24 h (SOFA24), hourly energy delivery, plasma phosphate levels during the first 2 weeks of admission, ICU length of stay (LOS), length of ventilation (LOV), and mortality (ICU and 90 days). For the hypophosphatemia development model, we considered mortality as a competing risk. For mortality analysis, we used the Cox proportional hazards model considering hypophosphatemia development as a time-varying covariate. 462 patients were used in the analysis. 59.52% of the patients developed hypophosphatemia. Several factors were associated with a decreased risk of hypophosphatemia: age, BMI, pre-admission diabetes diagnosis, APACHE2, SOFA24, first kidney SOFA score, hospital admission time before ICU admission, and admission after liver transplantation. Admission due to trauma was associated with an increased risk of hypophosphatemia. Survival analysis with hypophosphatemia as a time-varying covariate showed a protective effect of hypophosphatemia from mortality (HR 0.447, 95% CI 0.281, 0.712). Age, APACHE2, and SOFA24 score were found to be significantly associated with ICU mortality. Fasting duration in the ICU before nutritional support initiation was not found to be significantly associated with hypophosphatemia. We examined several fasting intervals (12 h, 24 h, 36 h, 48 h, 60 h, 72 h). In each fast interval, we compared the prevalence of hypophosphatemia among patients who fasted the specified length of time, with those who did not fast for the same length of time. In each fasting interval, hypophosphatemia prevalence was lower in the fasting group compared to the non-fasting group. However, this difference was insignificant. BMI, APACHE2, and hospital LOS before ICU admission were inversely associated with hypophosphatemia development. Fasting for up to 72 h in the ICU before starting nutritional support did not affect hypophosphatemia occurrence. Hypophosphatemia was associated with lower mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and risk factors associated with refeeding syndrome (RFS) in preterm infants (≤32 weeks gestational age) during their first week of life. Infants (gestational age ≤ 32 weeks; birth weight < 1500 g) who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), level III, and received parenteral nutrition between January 2015 and April 2024 were retrospectively evaluated. Modified log-Poisson regression with generalized linear models and a robust variance estimator was applied to adjust the relative risk of risk factors. Of the 760 infants identified, 289 (38%) developed RFS. In the multivariable regression analysis, male, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and sodium phosphate significantly affected RFS. Male infants had significantly increased RFS risk (aRR1.31; 95% CI 1.08–1.59). The RFS risk was significantly higher in infants with IVH (aRR 1.71; 95% CI 1.27–2.13). However, infants who received higher sodium phosphate in their first week of life had significantly lower RFS risk (aRR 0.67; 95% 0.47–0.98). This study revealed a notable incidence of RFS among preterm infants aged ≤32 gestational weeks, with sex, IVH, and low sodium phosphate as significant risk factors. Refined RFS diagnostic criteria and targeted interventions are needed for optimal management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eating disorders affect individuals of all ages, genders, sexual orientations, ethnicities, races, and socioeconomic statuses. They can lead to serious medical complications that require inpatient treatment. The eating disorders that are most likely to lead to medical complications requiring medical inpatient stabilization include anorexia nervosa, atypical anorexia nervosa, avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder, bulimia nervosa, and purging disorder. There are criteria that can help determine if a patient requires inpatient stabilization. Nearly all body systems may be affected. Patients are often treated by following a refeeding protocol that reduces the risk of developing refeeding syndrome, a dangerous and life-threatening state of metabolic derangements that can arise when a malnourished individual begins a renourishment process. Following stabilization, patients should receive further care through a number of different treatment options directed at their underlying eating disorder and by working with a multidisciplinary team. [Pediatr Ann. 2024;53(8):e283–e287.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Late‐onset sepsis (LOS) is common in extreme prematurity. These infants are at risk of refeeding syndrome‐associated hypophosphataemia. Our objective was to investigate whether hypophosphataemia predisposes to LOS in extremely premature neonates. Methods: A retrospective case–control study of neonates born before 29 weeks' gestation in an Australian NICU from 2016 to 2020. Cases developed LOS or localised infection. Two controls, matched within 2 gestational weeks and 90 calendar days, were selected per case. Results: Amongst 48 cases and 93 controls, cases were smaller at birth (767 g vs. 901 g, P = 0.01), but were otherwise comparable. Hypophosphataemia was more common in cases (26% vs. 15%, P = 0.18). Increased intravenous protein intake in the first week was protective against LOS (OR = 0.9, 95% CI 0.76–1.00, P = 0.04); median 2.1 g/kg/day in cases, 2.3 g/kg/day in controls. Conclusions: Hypophosphataemia as part of refeeding syndrome is prevalent and under‐recognised in extremely premature neonates. We did not find an association between hypophosphataemia and LOS. Low intravenous protein may be an independent risk factor for infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichobezoar with Rapunzel syndrome is a rare condition seen in young females. Refeeding syndrome is a rare phenomenon that can occur in any chronically malnourished person after starting feeds. We discuss and review available literature of extremely rare cases of 11-year-old girl, with trichobezoar with refeeding syndrome with subacute intestinal obstruction in the postoperative period.

Refeeding syndrome is a serious complication of malnutrition that occurs when someone who has been starved begins feeding again. Due to the lack of specificity, it is difficult to distinguish and the incidence is relatively high. Patients with severe acute pancreatitis are vulnerable to refeeding syndrome as high level of metabolism caused by serious condition or infection. Current researches mainly focus on pathogenesis, risk factors, prevention and nursing care of the refeeding syndrome. Because of the complexity and variation of clinical manifestations and weak specificity, the clinical practice of patients with refeeding syndrome is still controversial. This paper reviews studies on concept, current research status, pathogenesis, risk factors and other issues of refeeding syndrome in patients with severe acute pancreatitis, and puts forward suggestions for clinical practice, in order to provide reference for clinical diagnosis, prevention and treatment of refeeding syndrome. (再喂养综合征(RFS)是长期营养不良患者重新摄入营养初期机体代谢异常所导致的一系列代谢紊乱症候群, 由于缺乏特异性, 不易辨别, 发生率较高。重症急性胰腺炎患者因病情危重、感染等原因, 机体处于高分解、高代谢状态, 发生RFS风险较高。目前国内外关于RFS的研究, 涉及发病机制、危险因素、预防及护理等多方面, 但由于RFS的临床症状复杂多样且缺乏特异性, 易被临床医护人员忽视, 且具体护理措施仍然存在争议。本文通过对再喂养综合征定义、国内外现状、发生机制、危险因素等进行综述, 并提出护理建议, 以期为医护人员观察、识别和预防RFS提供参考依据。)

Abstract Background Refeeding syndrome is the gravest possible medical complication in malnourished patients undergoing refeeding in the hospital. We previously reported that males with malnutrition secondary to eating disorders required more calories and had longer hospital stays than females; however, sex differences in electrolyte abnormalities indicating refeeding syndrome risk remain unknown. The objective of this study was to assess differences in electrolyte abnormalities indicating refeeding syndrome risk among male and female adolescents and young adults with eating disorders hospitalized for medical instability. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of 558 patients aged 9–25 years admitted to the University of California, San Francisco Eating Disorders Program for medical instability between May 2012 and August 2020. Serum was drawn per standard of care between 5 and 7 am each morning and electrolyte abnormalities indicating refeeding syndrome risk were defined as: hypophosphatemia (

Refeeding Syndrome (RS) is poorly understood and remains under-diagnosed, -despite its clinical consequences and the risk of death. It is defined by the clinical and biological manifestations that occur during the refeeding of patients after prolonged fasting or in the context of undernutrition. It results from the abrupt shift from catabolism to anabolism. The intracellular displacement of electrolytes (phosphorus, magnesium, potassium) in response to insulin secretion after -refeeding, and thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, play a major role in the pathophysiology of RS. Clinical symptoms are associated with hydroelectrolyte disorders, -hydrosaline retention, and/or organ failure. Patient management should be immediate with regular clinical examinations and close biological monitoring, including electrolytes monitoring. Correction of hydroelectrolyte disorders and systematic thiamine supplementation are essential during refeeding. Whether oral, enteral, or parenteral, refeeding should be cautious and very progressively. Identifying patients at risk of RS and preventive measures are crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutrition of preterm infants remains contaminated by wrong beliefs that reflect inexactitudes and perpetuate old practices. In this narrative review, we report current evidence in preterm neonates and in preterm neonates undergoing surgery. Convictions that necrotizing enterocolitis is reduced by the delay in introducing enteral feeding, a slow advancement in enteral feeds, and the systematic control of residual gastric volumes, should be abandoned. On the contrary, these practices prolong the time to reach full enteral feeding. The length of parenteral nutrition should be as short as possible to reduce the infectious risk. Intrauterine growth restriction, hemodynamic and respiratory instability, and patent ductus arteriosus should be considered in advancing enteral feeds, but they must not translate into prolonged fasting, which can be equally dangerous. Clinicians should also keep in mind the risk of refeeding syndrome in case of high amino acid intake and inadequate electrolyte supply, closely monitoring them. Conversely, when preterm infants undergo surgery, nutritional strategies are still based on retrospective studies and opinions rather than on randomized controlled trials. Finally, this review also highlights how the use of adequately fortified human milk is strongly recommended, as it offers unique benefits for immune and gastrointestinal health and neurodevelopmental outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since many acutely admitted older adults display signs of dehydration, treatment using balanced crystalloids is an important part of medical care. Additionally, many of these patients suffer from chronic malnutrition. We speculated that the early addition of glucose might ameliorate the hospital-related drop of caloric intake and modify their catabolic status. Methods: We included patients 78 years and older, admitted acutely for non-traumatic illnesses. The patients were randomized into either receiving balanced crystalloid (PlasmaLyte; group P) or balanced crystalloid enriched with 100 g of glucose per liter (group G). The information about fluid balance and levels of minerals were collected longitudinally. Results: In the G group, a significantly higher proportion of patients developed signs of refeeding syndrome, i.e., drops in phosphates, potassium and/or magnesium when compared to group P (83.3 vs. 16.7%, p < 0.01). The drop in phosphate levels was the most pronounced. The urinalysis showed no differences in the levels of these minerals in the urine, suggesting their uptake into the cells. There were no differences in the in-hospital mortality or in the 1-year mortality. Conclusion: The short-term administration of balanced crystalloids with glucose induced an anabolic shift of electrolytes in acutely admitted older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypophosphatemia due to excessive carbohydrate administration is considered the primary pathogenesis of refeeding syndrome. However, its association with liver injury and hypoglycemia, often seen in severe malnutrition before re-nutrition, remains unclear. Autophagy reportedly occurs in the liver of patients with severe malnutrition. This study aimed to clarify the pathophysiology of liver injury and hypoglycemia by focusing on liver volume. Methods: Forty-eight patients with anorexia nervosa with a body mass index (BMI) of < 13 kg/m2 were included (median BMI: 10.51 kg/m2 on admission). Liver volume was measured in 36 patients who underwent abdominal computed tomography (CT), and the "estimated liver weight/ideal body weight" was used as the liver volume index. Seventeen blood test items were analyzed during the first 60 days. Results: Liver volume significantly decreased when abdominal CTs were conducted shortly before or after hypoglycemia compared to when the scans were performed during periods without hypoglycemia. Five patients with severe hypoglycemia on days 13–18 after admission had a very low nutritional intake; of them, four showed a marked decrease in liver volume. Severe hypoglycemia was accompanied by low serum triglycerides and liver dysfunction. Patients experiencing hypoglycemia of blood glucose levels < 55 mg/dL (< 3.05 mmol/L) (32 patients; median lowest BMI: 9.45 kg/m2) exhibited significantly poorer blood findings for most of the 17 items, except serum phosphorus and potassium, than did those not experiencing hypoglycemia (16 patients; median lowest BMI: 11.2 kg/m2). All patients with a poor prognosis belonged to the hypoglycemia group. Empirically, initiating re-nutrition at 500 kcal/day (20–25 kcal/kg/day), increasing to 700–800 kcal/day after a week, and then gradually escalating can reduce serious complications following severe hypoglycemia. Conclusions: Liver volume reduction accompanied by hypoglycemia, low serum triglyceride levels, and liver dysfunction occurs when the body's stored energy sources are depleted and external nutritional intake is inadequate, suggesting that the liver was consumed as a last resort to obtain energy essential for daily survival. This pathophysiology, distinct from refeeding syndrome, indicates the terminal stage of malnutrition and is a risk factor for complications and poor prognosis. In treatment, extremely low nutrient levels should be avoided. Plain English summary: This study aimed to clarify the pathophysiology of severe malnutrition in patients with anorexia nervosa by focusing on liver volume. The small size of the liver was almost always accompanied by hypoglycemia within a week. In several cases, extremely low nutritional intake, continued for approximately 2 weeks after admission, resulted in severe hypoglycemia and a marked decrease in liver volume. The 32 patients with hypoglycemia presented worse blood test items related to liver function, nutrition, and blood cell count compared to the 16 patients without such a condition. All cases with poor prognosis were in the hypoglycemia group. These findings suggest that severe hypoglycemia with decreased liver volume indicates the end stage of malnutrition. Liver volume reduction is considered a reflection of the liver's consumption of itself as a last resort for energy procurement for daily survival when the body's stored energy sources are depleted, and external nutritional intake is insufficient. When managing such patients, extremely low nutritional administration should be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: intestinal failure (IF) is an organic failure classified into three types (I-III); it conditions inability to absorb nutrients and water, so parenteral nutrition (PN) is required. Objective: to evaluate the characteristics of hospitalized patients with IF, and their association with clinical and nutritional outcomes. Methods: historical cohort of hospitalized adults with IF and PN. Variables of the nutritional care process (screening, anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, nutritional), mortality and hospital stay were recorded. Results: six hundred and ninety-seven patients aged 56 (41-68) years, 327 women (46.8 %), with body mass index (BMI) 22.4 (18.3-25.9), were included. Diagnosis: 577 patients with IF-I, 96 patients with IF-II, and 24 patients with IF-III. The most frequent causes were malignant neoplasms, IF-I (26.7 %) and surgical complications in IF-II (21.9 %) and IF-III (37.5 %). The most common pathophysiology in all types of IF was motility disorders (40.6 % in IF-I; 43.8 % in IF-II; 33.8 % in IF-III). The majority of patients had high nutritional risk (92.4 %) and refeeding syndrome (65.6 % high and very high). In acute IF (FI-I) compared to prolonged IF (If-II/IF-III) there is a higher BMI (p = 0.039), visceral fat (p = 0.041) and over-hydration (p = 0.014), but they have a smaller phase angle (p = 0.004), with a lower adequacy percentage than what is prescribed in relation to their energy expenditure (p < 0.001). Conclusions: during the nutritional care process there are differences between the types of IF, which are relevant to optimize their multidisciplinary management and avoid related complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intragastric administration of small volumes of sodium enema solution containing phosphorus as phosphorus replacement therapy in critically ill patients with traumatic injuries who required continuous enteral nutrition. Adult patients (>17 years of age) who had a serum phosphorus concentration <3 mg/dL (0.97 mmol/L) were evaluated. Patients with a serum creatinine concentration >1.4 mg/dL (124 µmol/L) were excluded. Patients were given 20 mL of saline enema solution intragastrically, containing 34 mmol of phosphorus and mixed in 240 mL water. A total of 55% and 73% of patients who received one (n = 22) or two doses (n = 11) had an improvement in the serum phosphorus concentration, respectively. The serum phosphorus concentration increased from 2.5 [2.1, 2.8] mg/dL (0.81 [0.69, 0.90] mmol/L) to 2.9 [2.2, 3.0] mg/dL (0.94 [0.71, 0.97 mmol/L) for those who received two doses (p = 0.222). Excluding two patients with a marked decline in serum phosphorus by 1.3 mg/dL (0.32 mmol/L) resulted in an increase in the serum phosphorus concentration from 2.3 [2.0, 2.8] mg/dL (0.74 [0.65, 0.90] mmol/L) to 2.9 [2.5, 3.2] mg/dL (0.94 [0.81, 1.03] mmol/L; n = 9; p = 0.012). No significant adverse effects were noted. Our data indicated that intragastric phosphate administration using a small volume of saline enema solution improved the serum phosphorus concentrations in most patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We previously reported that participants with atypical anorexia nervosa (atypical AN) had higher historical and admission weights, greater eating disorder psychopathology, but similar rates of amenorrhea and weight suppression at baseline as compared to anorexia nervosa (AN); here, we compare 1‐year outcomes. Method: Weight, % median body mass index (%mBMI), Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE‐Q) scores, resumption of menses, and rehospitalizations were examined at 3, 6, and 12 months post‐discharge. Analyses (N = 111) compared changes in %mBMI, weight suppression, and EDE‐Q scores over time between atypical AN and AN. Results: Among the participants (48 atypical AN, 63 AN), both groups gained weight but those with atypical AN had lower gains than those with AN in %mBMI (p =.02) and greater weight suppression (p =.002) over time. EDE‐Q scores improved over time, independent of weight suppression, with no significant difference between atypical AN and AN. Groups did not differ by rates of resumption of menses (80% atypical AN, 76.9% AN) or rehospitalization (29.2% atypical AN, 37.9% AN). Greater weight suppression predicted longer time to restore menses and more days of rehospitalization. Discussion: Individuals with atypical AN regained a smaller proportion of body mass and were more weight suppressed over time. Change in eating disorder cognitions, resumption of menses, and rehospitalization rates at 1‐year follow‐up did not differ between groups. There was no significant difference in weight suppression between groups for those who were psychologically improved at 12 months. Findings highlight limitations in our understanding of weight recovery in atypical AN. New metrics for recovery are urgently needed. Public Significance: Little is known about outcome in atypical anorexia nervosa (atypical AN). We examined recovery metrics in young people with atypical AN and anorexia nervosa (AN) 1 year after medical hospitalization. Individuals with atypical AN showed slower weight gain and remained further from their pre‐illness weight. There were no differences in the rates of psychological recovery, resumption of menses, or rehospitalization. New metrics are needed to assess recovery in atypical AN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the potential correlation between the use of olanzapine, a psychopharmacological intervention commonly prescribed in Anorexia Nervosa treatment, and the occurrence of Refeeding Syndrome. Despite the acknowledged nutritional and biochemical impacts of olanzapine, the literature lacks information regarding its specific association with Refeeding Syndrome onset in individuals with Anorexia Nervosa. This is a naturalistic, retrospective, observational study, reporting the occurrence of Refeeding Syndrome in children and adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa, treated or untreated with olanzapine. Dosages and serum levels of olanzapine were assessed for potential associations with the occurrence of Refeeding Syndrome and specific variations in Refeeding Syndrome–related electrolytes. Overall, 113 patients were enrolled, including 46 (41%) who developed a Refeeding Syndrome. Mild (87%), moderate (6.5%), and severe (6.5%) Refeeding Syndrome was described, at a current average intake of 1378 ± 289 kcal/day (39 ± 7.7 kcal/kg/die), frequently associated with nasogastric tube (39%) or parenteral (2.2%) nutrition. Individuals receiving olanzapine experienced a more positive phosphorus balance than those who did not (F(1,110) = 4.835, p = 0.030), but no difference in the occurrence of Refeeding Syndrome was documented. The mean prescribed doses and serum concentrations of olanzapine were comparable between Refeeding Syndrome and no-Refeeding Syndrome patients. Conclusion: The present paper describes the occurrence of Refeeding Syndrome and its association with olanzapine prescriptions in children and adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa. Olanzapine was associated with a more positive phosphorus balance, but not with a different occurrence of Refeeding Syndrome. Further, longitudinal studies are required. What is Known: • Refeeding Syndrome (RS) is a critical complication during refeeding in malnourished patients, marked by electrolyte (phosphorus, magnesium, potassium) imbalances. • Olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic with nutritional and biochemical impacts, is used in Anorexia Nervosa (AN) treatment, however data concerning its association with RS are lacking. What is New: • The study observed RS in 46/113 (41%) young patients with AN. • Olanzapine-treated individuals showed a higher improvement in serum phosphate levels than untreated ones, although no impact on the occurrence of Refeeding Syndrome was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a long history of starvation, including reports dated back to antiquity. Despite exceptional scientific developments, starvation still exists today. The medical aspects of starvation were well established in the twentieth century, particularly following studies related to the 1943–1944 Bengal famine in India and starved prisoners of war and survivors of World War 2. The refeeding of the starved victims provided disappointing results. Nevertheless, those studies eventually led to the development of a new branch of research in medicine and to the definition of what is now known as refeeding syndrome. This paper briefly reviews the history and groundwork that led to today's understanding of starvation and refeeding, with a particular emphasis on the observations from studies on starved Holocaust survivors and prisoners of war after World War 2. The relevance of these studies for modern times is briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refeeding syndrome (RFS) is a potentially life-threatening complication in malnourished (critically ill) patients. The presence of various accepted RFS definitions and the inclusion of heterogeneous patient populations in the literature has led to discrepancies in reported incidence rates in patients requiring treatment at an intensive care unit (ICU). We conducted a prospective observational study from 2010 to 2013 to assess the RFS incidence and clinical characteristics among medical ICU patients at a large tertiary center. RFS was defined as a decrease of more than 0.16 mmol/L serum phosphate to values below 0.65 mmol/L within seven days after the start of medical nutrition therapy or pre-existing serum phosphate levels below 0.65 mmol/L. Overall, 195 medical patients admitted to the ICU were included. RFS was recorded in 92 patients (47.18%). The presence of RFS indicated significantly altered phosphate and potassium levels and was accompanied by significantly more electrolyte substitutions (phosphate, potassium, and magnesium). No differences in fluid balance, energy delivery, and insulin requirements were detected. The presence of RFS had no impact on ICU length of stay and ICU mortality. Screening for RFS using simple diagnostic criteria based on serum phosphate levels identified critically ill patients with an increased demand for electrolyte substitutions. Therefore, stringent monitoring of electrolyte levels is indicated to prevent life-threatening complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) may develop refeeding syndrome (RFS). This study determined RFS prevalence in hospitalized adults on PN and evaluated whether higher energy delivered by PN on day 1 of PN initiation was associated with RFS development. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of adult patients receiving PN at a Thai quaternary hospital from June 2019 to May 2022. RFS was defined based on the Nutrition Management Clinical Practice Recommendation by the Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition of Thailand. The association between PN energy delivery and RFS development was determined using a generalized estimating equation for multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for NICE guideline risk factors. Results: A total of 547 patients was included (mean age 59.8 ± 17.2 years, mean body mass index 20.7 ± 4.8). The prevalence of RFS was 45%. Factors associated with RFS included energy from PN on the first day of PN initiation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.17; 95% CI 1.04–1.33; for every 5 kcal/kg/day increase), starvation >5 days prior to PN (aOR 1.54; 95% CI 1.04–2.26), concomitant diuretic use (aOR 1.81; 95% CI 1.25–2.64), low baseline potassium level (aOR 1.79; 95% CI 1.19–2.70), and individual compounding PN (aOR 1.61; 95% CI 1.04–2.51). Conclusion: RFS was common among hospitalized patients receiving PN. The amount of energy delivered on the first day of PN was independently associated with RFS, raising a concern regarding initiation of PN with higher energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peroneal neuropathy and polyneuropathy are displayed with a variable percentage in subjects affected by eating disorders and in particular by anorexia nervosa. Actually, little is known on features of these complications during the paediatric age. We describe the case of a female adolescent with right peroneal palsy and subclinical polyneuropathy associated with anorexia nervosa (AN). We review previous research about peroneal mononeuropathy and polyneuropathy associated with AN, and we develop a diagnostic and therapeutic protocol to help clinicians recognize and treat these disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Refeeding syndrome (RFS) is a potentially serious complication that can occur during the reintroduction of nutrition in individuals who have experienced a period of malnutrition or starvation. The pathophysiology of RFS is multifaceted and primarily driven by shifts in electrolytes, fluids, and metabolic substrates, including phosphate, potassium and magnesium, as well as thiamine deficiency. RFS can be easily overlooked due to the wide range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic electrolyte disturbance to multiorgan failure. It is vital to recognize the condition to identify at-risk patients and implement preventive measures. OBJECTIVES: This review article aims to increase awareness of refeeding syndrome, educate physicians and other healthcare professionals, especially those outside of nutrition support teams, and provide a concise overview of the existing knowledge and suggested guidelines regarding RFS. CONCLUSIONS: Although refeeding syndrome is potentially fatal, its occurrence is preventable. During the initial 2-5 days of increased calorie intake, it is crucial to monitor the concentrations of phosphate and other electrolytes, as well as to check for any new symptoms. The key components of RFS therapy include slow increases in feeding rates, phosphate and potassium replacement, fluid management, and thiamine supplementation. Further research is required on refeeding syndrome, including epidemiological studies, investigations into pathophysiology such as the role of magnesium, and large-scale randomized controlled clinical trials to establish a consensus on management.

“Refeeding syndrome” is described in the literature as a range of metabolic and electrolyte disorders that result from starting nutritional rehabilitation in malnourished patients. Without a universally accepted definition, data on “refeeding syndrome” incidence are heterogeneous. In most cases, a clinician will subjectively identify “refeeding syndrome,” many authors have developed their purposes and criteria for it in their studies. Using the PubMed database and the appropriate filters (“refeeding syndrome”-related terms: refeeding syndrome, pediatrics, child, nutrition support, nutrition assessment, malnutrition), a search of the published literature was conducted. The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition’s 2020 recommendations are the only guidelines for identifying children with or at risk for “refeeding syndrome”. High-quality scientific evidence regarding the clinical syndrome is absent, so we need further research in all “refeeding syndrome”-related areas, from validation to better identification of risk factors, definitions of “refeeding syndrome,” and standardization of treatment protocols. For now, clinicians must remain vigilant to protect patients from the potentially devastating consequences of the “refeeding syndrome.”

Objective: Nutritional rehabilitation and weight restoration are often critical for the treatment of eating disorders (ED), yet are restricted by the potential risk of refeeding syndrome (RFS). The primary objective was to determine the incidence of RFS. Secondary objectives were to explore predictive factors of RFS and describe its impact on treatment goals for patients with ED. Method: This retrospective observational study reviewed the nutrition management for patients admitted to a quaternary hospital for ED treatment from 2018 to 2020. Data were collected during the first 4 weeks of admission and included anthropometry, energy prescription, incidence and severity of RFS, and electrolyte and micronutrient prescription. Outcomes included incidence of RFS, energy prescription and advancement, and weight change. Results: Of 423 ED admissions, 217 patients (median [interquartile range, IQR] age 25 [21–30.5] years; 210 [97%] female) met inclusion criteria. Median (IQR) body mass index (BMI) on admission was 15.5 (14.1–17.3) kg/m2. The mean (standard deviation) length of admission was 35 (7.3) days. Median (IQR) initial energy prescription was 1500 (930–1500) kcal/day. Seventy‐three (33%) patients developed RFS; 34 (16%) mild, 27 (12%) moderate, and 12 (5%) severe. There was no association between RFS severity and admission BMI, energy prescription, or prescription of prophylactic electrolytes or micronutrients. Lower admission weight was associated with RFS (odds ratio 0.96, 95% confidence interval [0.93–1.00], p =.035). Less than half of the participants met the weight gain target (>1 kg per week) in the first 3 weeks of admission. Discussion: The incidence of severe RFS was low in this cohort and was associated with lower admission weight. Public Significance: This study is one of the largest studies to utilize consensus‐defined criteria to diagnose RFS among adult patients admitted for treatment of an ED. This population is still considered to be at risk of RFS and will require close monitoring. The results add to the growing body of research that restriction of energy prescription to prevent RFS may not require the level of conservatism traditionally practiced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anorexia nervosa (AN) remains a challenging condition in psychiatric management and its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. An imbalance in the gut microbiota composition may contribute to its pathophysiology. This review aims to explore the link between the human gut microbiota and AN (objective 1) or refeeding syndrome in AN (objective 2). The online databases MEDLINE and PsycINFO were searched for relevant studies. A total of 14 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and only answered objective 1. A total of 476 AN patients, 554 healthy-weight (HC) controls, and 0 patients with other psychiatric disorders were included. Compared to HC, there were consistently reduced abundances of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Roseburia inulinivorans, and increased Methanobrevibacter smithii, in AN patients. Changes in alpha diversity were inconsistent, while beta diversity increased in four of six studies. Our model suggests that an imbalance in gut microbiota composition leads to reduced short-chain fatty acids, contributing to a proinflammatory state in AN, which is also common in other psychiatric comorbidities. Microbial changes may also contribute to the semistarvation state through endocrine changes and altered energy utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a multifactorial disorder. A possible role of the social network and the gut microbiota in pathogenesis has been added. Exogenous shocks such as the COVID19 pandemic have had a negative impact on patients with AN. The potential medical and nutritional impact of malnutrition and/or compensatory behaviors gives rise to a complex disease with a wide range of severity, the management of which requires a multidisciplinary team with a high level of subject matter expertise. Coordination between levels of care is necessary as well as understanding how to transition the patient from pediatric to adult care is essential. A proper clinical evaluation can detect possible complications, as well as establish the organic risk of the patient. This allows caregivers to tailor the medical-nutritional treatment for each patient. Reestablishing adequate nutritional behaviors is a fundamental pillar of treatment in AN. The design of a personalized nutritional treatment and education program is necessary for this purpose. Depending on the clinical severity, artificial nutrition may be necessary. Although the decision regarding the level of care necessary at diagnosis or during follow-up depends on a number of factors (awareness of the disease, medical stability, complications, suicidal risk, outpatient treatment failure, psychosocial context, etc.), outpatient treatment is the most frequent and most preferred choice. However, more intensive care (total or partial hospitalization) may be necessary in certain cases. In severely malnourished patients, the appearance of refeeding syndrome should be prevented during renourishment. The presence of AN in certain situations (pregnancy, vegetarianism, type 1 diabetes mellitus) requires specific care. Physical activity in these patients must also be addressed correctly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Gastric outlet obstruction can be a dangerous complication of intragastric balloons, as it can result in severe metabolic alkalosis. As weight loss procedures and medical tourism become more popular, physicians should have a high index of suspicion for complications of invasive procedures, particularly in returning travelers. Intragastric balloons for weight loss have decreased in frequency in the United States. However, they are still frequent in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Severe complications occur in less than 3% of patients who undergo this procedure. Herein, we present a case of gastric outlet obstruction, severe metabolic alkalosis, and refeeding syndrome in a patient returning from the Dominican Republic. She presented with 2 weeks of emesis and obstipation, followed by a pre‐syncope and altered mental status. An intragastric mass was observed on computerized tomography, which was characterized as an intragastric balloon and retrieved endoscopically. All metabolic derangements were corrected, and the patient improved without sequelae. As weight loss procedures and medical tourism become more popular, physicians should have a high index of suspicion for complications of invasive procedures, particularly in returning travelers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refeeding syndrome (RFS) is a series of life-threatening clinical symptoms caused by abnormal metabolism in the early stage of re-intake of nutrition in the patients with chronic malnutrition. Due to the lack of specificity it is difficult to identify, and has higher mortality in ICU patients. At present, there are few studies on the management and prognosis of RFS by domestic scholars, moreover the specific management measures are still controversial. In addition, there are also differences in the methods and conclusions of RFS prognostic studies. Thus this paper systematically reviews the diagnostic criteria, occurrence status, management status and disease prognosis of RFS, aiming at offering the experience to medical staffs on RFS management and providing reference for follow-up related research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many patients undergo small bowel and colon surgery for reasons related to malignancy, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), mesenteric ischemia, and other benign conditions, including post-operative adhesions, hernias, trauma, volvulus, or diverticula. Some patients arrive in the operating theatre severely malnourished due to an underlying disease, while others develop complications (e.g., anastomotic leaks, abscesses, or strictures) that induce a systemic inflammatory response that can increase their energy and protein requirements. Finally, anatomical and functional changes resulting from surgery can affect either nutritional status due to malabsorption or nutritional support (NS) pathways. The dietitian providing NS to these patients needs to understand the pathophysiology underlying these sequelae and collaborate with other professionals, including surgeons, internists, nurses, and pharmacists. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the nutritional and metabolic consequences of different types of lower gastrointestinal surgery and the role of the dietitian in providing comprehensive patient care. This article reviews the effects of small bowel resection on macronutrient and micronutrient absorption, the effects of colectomies (e.g., ileocolectomy, low anterior resection, abdominoperineal resection, and proctocolectomy) that require special dietary considerations, nutritional considerations specific to ostomized patients, and clinical practice guidelines for caregivers of patients who have undergone a surgery for local and systemic complications of IBD. Finally, we highlight the valuable contribution of the dietitian in the challenging management of short bowel syndrome and intestinal failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refractory osteomyelitis can lead to recurrent cellulitis and pathological fractures in patients with advanced mandibular osteoradionecrosis (ORN), the optimal treatment for which remains to be established. In addition, difficulties in intake due to trismus and severe pain caused by mandibular ORN may lead to malnutrition and underweight. Therefore, refeeding syndrome (RFS) should be considered when highly invasive surgical procedures are performed. In this report, we discuss the case of an 80-year-old woman with underweight status who had undergone radiotherapy for oropharyngeal malignant melanoma, following which she developed severe pain and a pathological fracture in the right mandible. Given her advanced age and cognitive decline, decision-making regarding the treatment plan was difficult. After repeated consultations with the patient and her family members, the treatment priorities were established as pain control, infection control, and increased mouth opening. A segmental mandibulectomy was performed. After nutritional intake was initiated postoperatively, a marked decrease in serum potassium and phosphorus levels was observed. Because there were no symptoms suggestive of RFS, imminent RFS was considered. Appropriate management in accordance with the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines prevented progression to RFS. Overall, surgery was successful in achieving the initial treatment objectives, and the patient exhibited a general improvement in quality of life. Careful perioperative management for RFS prevention should be considered necessary when performing surgical procedures for advanced mandibular ORN, especially in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]