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Transde rm al deliv ery of an active substance is promising, but a challenging option is available for local and systemic effects. The prolonged residence of formulation in the skin is important for topical delivery. In this study, it was aimed to develop a formulation that can overcome the stability and absorption problems of the vitamin C active substance by preparing nanogels. Nanogel-based materials have high drug loading capacity, biocompatibility, stability, and biodegradability, which are the key points to design a topical drug delivery system. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and chitosan (CS) were used to prepare nanogels by a simple green self-assembly technique. Prepared nanogels were successfully used to entrap vitamin C, with an entrapment ratio between 86.08% ± 1.29% and 107.93% ± 1.04%. The studies started with vitamin C analysis and continued with characterization studies such as homogeneity, pH, viscosity, rheological properties, zeta potential, polydispersity index, particle size, and in vitro dissolution studies of nanogels. The antioxidant activities of the formulations were also tested by cell culture studies. The antioxidant activities of the nanogels were also tested by in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. Although topical vitamin C is effective in many ways, it has a risk of serious stability and absorption problems. The present work was aimed at developing pharmaceutically optimized topical nanogel formulations of vitamin C for antioxidant effect. An optimum nanogel formulation was composed of a 1:4 ratio of CS:BSA with (F19 formulation) in terms of entrapping vitamin C, formulation homogeneity, pH, viscosity, rheological properties, zeta potential, PI, particle size, in vitro dissolution and cell culture studies. The optimized formulation showed higher antioxidant efficacy in vitro than vitamin C. In conclusion, prepared topical nanogel of vitamin C was stable and could be used with promising potential for topical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to develop dexamethasone loaded nanoparticles for the local treatment of oral precancerous lesions. Dexamethasone loaded nanoparticles were prepared using the emulsification/solvent evaporation method. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized for pH, particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, morphology, encapsulation efficiency and drug loading. Furthermore, in vitro drug release, stability, ex vivo drug diffusion, and cell culture studies were undertaken. The particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency were found to be approximately 200 nm, 0.2, –10 mV, and 95%, respectively. Atomic Force Microscopy results showed that the formulated nanoparticles had uniform and spherical shape. In vitro release studies demonstrated 80% release of dexamethasone from nanoparticles; the nanoparticles were stable for 6 months. The ex vivo studies revealed no drug diffusion into the receptor media phase which suggests a possible local effect. Cytotoxicity studies showed that nanoparticles were non-cytotoxic against the HK-2 and NIH-3T3 cell lines. Findings of this study suggest that dexamethasone loaded PLGA nanoparticles are promising and can be further investigated as potential treatment of oral precancerous lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our previous study, colon targeted tablets of ornidazole were prepared with compression coating technique. Pectin was used as the coating layer and different ethyl cellulose (EC) types (EC N7, N 10 and N 100) were added to Pectin to enhance mechanical and release properties. The object of the present study was performed stability testing of these coated tablets of ornidazole in a high density polyethylene plastic bottle with/without silica gel as per ICH guidelines. For this aim, several quality-control parameters such as uniformity of weight, diameter and thickness of tablets, tablet hardness, friability, content uniformity and tablet dissolution rate are determined in stability conditions (25±2°C / 60±5% relative humidity and 40±2°C / 75±5% relative humidity). These parameters were evaluated at 0 month, 3 month, 6 month and 12 month intervals. It was concluded that the coated ornidazole tablets should be stored in a high density polyethylene plastic bottle with silica gel at controlled room temperature (25°C) or below their relative humidities and the presence of desiccant in the market package was essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to develop a suitable mucoadhesivein situgel formulation of clotrimazole (CLO) for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. For this aim, the mixture of poloxamer (PLX) 407 and 188 were used to preparein situgels. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) K100M or E50 was added toin situgels in 0.5% ratio to improve the mucoadhesive and mechanical properties of formulations and to prolong the residence time in vaginal cavity. After the preparation of mucoadhesivein situgels; gelation temperature/time, viscosity, mechanical, mucoadhesive, syringeability, spreadibility and rheological properties,in vitrorelease behavior, and anticandidal activities were determined. Moreover vaginal retention of mucoadhesivein situgels was investigated within vivodistribution studies in rats. Based on the obtained results, it was found that gels prepared with 20% PLX 407, 10% PLX 188 and 0.5% HPMC K100M/E50 might be suitable for vaginal administration of CLO. In addition, the results ofin vivodistribution studies showed that gel formulations remained on the vaginal mucosa even 24 h after application. In conclusion, the mucoadhesivein situgels of CLO would be alternative candidate for treatment of vaginal candidiasis since it has suitable gel properties with good vaginal retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzoyl peroxide is a widely used active agent for acne vulgaris treatment that has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, keratolytic and wound-healing properties. The common complaints for benzoyl peroxide are skin irritation and dryness. To reduce these side effects, microsponge formulations are used as an effective tool in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In this study, a medical plaster was developed containing benzoyl peroxide microsponges which gives an opportunity to explore the potential of the microsponge systems in textile industry. Benzoyl peroxide microsponge was obtained by using quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method and characterized by SEM, FT-IR, particle size analysis and porosity studies. The microsponges were applied onto 100% cotton woven fabric by using dip-coating technique. In the treatment solution, different binding agents as acrylic binder, and cross-linking agents as poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether and 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid were used. Microsponges were around 78.4 µm in diameter and had a spherical porous surface. SEM analyses of the treated fabrics proved that the microsponges were succesfully transferred on cotton fabrics. The drug contents of the fabrics containing Benzoyl peroxide loaded microsponge were found to be within the range of 68.512–102.873%. The in vitro drug release results show that the release from both samples was more than 40% within 6 h. The water vapor permeability of plaster prepared with acrylic binder (S1) was significantly higher than the other plasters. This study presents a novel approach for acne treatment based on textiles containing microsponges. The results revealed that microsponges had a promising potential in textile field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, numerous scientists have gained interest in nanotechnology- based systems, especially for biomedical applications. Then, nanocarriers present tunable abilities and can be easily functionalized to target specific epithelial cells, tissues, and organs, while various materials can be chosen and generate nanosized particles. At present, nanoparticles that possess bioadhesion have been studied as potent drug carriers since they can easily penetrate and target organs., Objective: Aim of this study was to explore the various applications of the bioadhesive nanoparticles found in the literature., Methods: Authors have studied the literature finding that bioadhesive nanoparticles can be administered via routes such as oral, topical, ocular, dermal, vaginal, etc., according to the clinician's opinion and treatment choice. Therefore, the knowledge of general characteristics of bioadhesive nanoparticles, the bioadhesion theory, and other properties of nanoparticles should be known for developing innovative bioadhesive drug nanocarriers., Results: In this review article, the authors state the current knowledge of theories. In addition, the present categories of nanoparticles and their basic characteristics are also discussed. Finally, the biomedical applications of bioadhesive nanocarriers and the several administration routes are extensively reviewed., Conclusion: The review article aims to cover the most current bioadhesive nanoparticles for drug delivery to assist any scientist who desires to study or develop innovative bioadhesive formulations., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)